考研考博-英語-北京工商大學(xué)嘉華學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京工商大學(xué)嘉華學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Theyarestillinthe（）stagebetweentheoldandnewgovernment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transaction

B.transplanting

C.transitional

D.transforming

【答案】C

【解析】形近異義詞詞義辨析。transaction“交易”；transplanting“移植”；transitional“過渡期的”；transforming“轉(zhuǎn)化，轉(zhuǎn)變”。句意：他們還處在新政府到舊政府的過渡期。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.單選題

Russia’sgovernmenthas,ineffect,defaultedonitsdebt;itseconomicpredicamentworsensbytheday.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.danger

B.depression

C.slump

D.crisis

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.danger危險(xiǎn)；風(fēng)險(xiǎn)B.depression抑郁；不景氣

C.slump（銷售量、價(jià)格、價(jià)值等的）驟降；蕭條期D.crisis危機(jī)；危難時(shí)刻

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)前半句句意“俄羅斯政府已經(jīng)拖欠債務(wù)”，結(jié)合關(guān)鍵詞worsen可推知，economicpredicament是指經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)，predicament在句中指“危機(jī)，困境”的意思，D項(xiàng)詞義與之相近，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、C項(xiàng)不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】事實(shí)上，俄羅斯政府已經(jīng)拖欠債務(wù)；它的經(jīng)濟(jì)困境日益惡化。

3.單選題

Hisguesswas______ofthemark.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distant

B.far

C.broad

D.wide

【答案】D

【解析】8.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)distant“遙遠(yuǎn)的；不同的”；B選項(xiàng)far“遠(yuǎn)方的”；C選項(xiàng)broad“寬的；廣泛的”；D選項(xiàng)wide“寬闊的；寬度為……的”。D選項(xiàng)bewideofthemark“離題萬里，文不對(duì)題”，其余選項(xiàng)非固定搭配，用法錯(cuò)誤。句意：他猜得太離譜了。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Stunkardandhiscolleaguesemphasizedthatthosewith“fatgenes”arenotdoomedtoalifetimeofobesity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.subjected

B.destined

C.endured

D.sustained

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.subjected（v.）使順從，（尤指）壓服B.destined（adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定

C.endured（v.）忍耐，忍受D.sustained（v.）維持（生命、生存）

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義辨析。

【解題思路】doomed的意思為“使……注定失?。ɑ蛟庋?、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一輩子肥胖，無法改變，destined與之詞義相近，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、C、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】斯圖卡德和他的同事們強(qiáng)調(diào)，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。

5.單選題

Topleasenoone[A]Iwillprescribeadeadlydrug,[B]norgiveadvicewhichmaycausehisdeath.[C]NorwillIgive[D]awomanapessarytoprocureabortion.ButIwillpreservethepurityofmylifeandmyart.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Iwillprescribe

B.norgiveadvice

C.NorwillI

D.awoman

【答案】A

【解析】A選項(xiàng)所在內(nèi)容應(yīng)該用倒裝句式，將Iwillprescribe改為willIprescribe。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

6.單選題

Plentyoffacts____himtoourpointofview.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consented

B.converted

C.conversed

D.conformed

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.consented同意；準(zhǔn)許B.converted（使）改變（觀點(diǎn)、習(xí)慣等）

C.conversed交談；談話D.conformed與……一致

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】句意：許多事實(shí)使他……我們的觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該是大量的事實(shí)證明我們的觀點(diǎn)正確，所以這些事實(shí)使他的觀點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變到我們的觀點(diǎn)。convert常與to連用。因此選B。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)consented“同意；準(zhǔn)許”，不與to連用；

C選項(xiàng)conversed“交談；談話”，不符合語境；

D選項(xiàng)conformed“與……一致”不與to連用。

【句意】許多事實(shí)使他同意了我們的觀點(diǎn)。

7.單選題

Whypickupwhatliteraryhistorysoresolutelydiscards?Anystudyofbestsellersconfrontsthesamequestionasdoesthedecaf,no-fatlattedrinkerinStarbucks:‘whybother?’Onejustification,andtheeasiestdemonstrated,istheirinterestingpeculiarity.Likeotherephemeraofpasttimes,bestsellersofferthecharmofantiquarianquaintness.Andsoshortistheirlifespan,thattoday’sbestsellersbecomeyesterday'sfictionalmostassoonasonehasreadthem.

Lookingbackthroughthelistsistouncoverdelightfulculturaloddities.Consider,forexample,thetop-sellingnovelof1923intheUnitedStates,BlackOxen,byGertrudeAtherton.RecalltoothatthediscriminatingreaderofthatyearhadJamesJoyce’sUlyssesandT.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLandtochoosefrom.

TheallusionofAtherton'stitlesignalsgrandliterarypretension;pretensionabsurdlyunmerited.Nonetheless,thenovel’sthemewas,forthetime,bothtopicalandsensational—rejuvenation.Forhumans,thatis,notcattle.

ThenarrativeopensinaNewYorktheatre.Abrilliantyoungnewspaperman,LeeClavering,isstruckbyabeautifulwomanintheaudience.Investigationrevealsthatsheisfaciallyidenticalwithayoung‘belle’ofthirtyyearsbefore,MaryOgden.MissOgdenmarriedaHungariandiplomat,CountZattiany,andhasneverbeenheardofsince.Speculationrages,buteventuallythetruthcomesout:Ogden/ZattianyhasbeenrejuvenatedinViennabyDrSteinach’snewX-raytechnique.Bybombardingawoman’sovariesattheperiodofmenopause,theageingprocessisreversible.

Whennewsofthewonderfulprocesshitsthenewspapers,‘civilwarthreatens’.AndlucklessClaveringfindshimselfinlovewithawomanoldenoughtobehismother.Ontheotherside,hehimselfisobsessivelylovedbyaflapper,Janet,youngenoughtobehisdaughter,whodrinksillegalhoochandattends‘pettingparties’.Theplotthickens,madlythereafter.Itisnonsense-justas,medically,Stcinach’sX-raymiraclewasnonsense.In1922AthertonherselfhadreceivedtheViennesedoctor’srejuvenationtreatment.Itseems,frompublicitypictures,tohavedonelittleforherbeauty.Buttoshfictionandquackscienceasitmaybe,BlackOxenfits,hand-in-glove,withitsperiod.Andnootherperiod.

Howeverabsurditseemstothemodernreader,Atherton’snovelreflects,anddramatizes,contemporaryanxietyaboutwomen’sfreedoms.The1920swastheeraofthe'flapper'--theperpetuallyyounggirl-woman.Britishwomeninthisdecadehad,afterlongstruggle,thevote-butonlyiftheywereover30,afterwhichtheheydayinthefemalebloodwasconceivedtohavebeensufficientlycooledtomakerationalpoliticaldecisions.

BlackOxen,thetopnovelintheUSin1923,isinextricably‘ofitsperiod.Itcouldhavebeenpublished15yearslater.Butoutofitsimmediatetime-and-placeframe,BlackOxenwouldhavenomore‘worked’thanafishoutofwater.Norwouldit,inotherdays,havebeenwhatitwas,‘thebookoftheday’.Thedaymadethebook,asmuchaseventsofthedaymadenewspaperheadlinesin1923.Thishand-in-glovequalityisinextricablylinkedwiththeephemeralityofbestsellerism.

1.WhydoestheauthormentionUlyssesandTheWasteLandinparagraph2?

2.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutBlackOxenEXCEPT（

）.

3.Theword“rage”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingsentencecanbestexpressthemeaningofthehighlightedsentenceintheLastparagraph?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutabestseller?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheywerebestsellersjustsecondtoBlackOxenin1923.

B.TheyweremorepopularthanBlankOxenin1923.

C.AscontemporarynovelsofBlackOxen,theywerenotpopularin1923.

D.Asbestsellersof1923,theywerenotaspopularasBlackOxen.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThoughthewriterofBlackOxendidgetatreatmentforkeepingyoung,butitlookedunsuccessful.

B.BlackOxenimpliedtheX-raytechniquewaswelcomedbywomenwhowereinmenopause.

C.BlackOxenwasverypopularin1923whenpeoplebelievedinpseudoscienceaboutrenewalofyouthfulness.

D.CountZattianyappearedinBlackOxenasaminorcharacter.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.angergreatly

B.prevailuncontrollably

C.rakelip

D.presumedaringly

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theethosof1923forBlackOxenisjustlikewaterforfish.

B.Withoutitstime-and-space,BlackOxenwouldhaveenjoyeditspopularityforalongertime.

C.Withoutwater,BlackOxenwouldloseitspopularity.

D.BlackOxenwouldnothavebeenproducedifitwasn’ttreatedlikeafish.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Abestselleronlycatersforitsowntime.

B.Abestsellerisliabletotellalovetrianglestory.

C.Abestsellercannotbewrittenbyanoldfemalewriter.

D.Abestsellerisagreatliterarywork,thoughitisstrange.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Andsoshortistheirlifespan,thattoday’sbestsellersbecomeyesterday'sfictionalmostassoonasonehasreadthem.”，可知作者的觀點(diǎn)是暢銷書的壽命是短暫的，以至于今天的暢銷書幾乎一讀完就變成了昨天的小說。所以在文章第二段作者用《尤利西斯》和《荒原》兩本書的例子和《黑色公?！纷隽藢?duì)比，說明與同時(shí)代的暢銷書《黑色公?！芬粯樱鼈?cè)?923年并不受歡迎。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段，“In1922AthertonherselfhadreceivedtheViennesedoctor’srejuvenationtreatment…tohavedonelittleforherbeauty.”，可知雖然她接受了Viennese恢復(fù)治療，但是并沒有效果。選項(xiàng)A符合文意，可排除。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Bybombardingawoman’sovariesattheperiodofmenopause,theageingprocessisreversible.”，可知通過這種技術(shù)，處理更年期女性的卵巢，衰老過程是可以消除的。選項(xiàng)B符合文意，可排除。根據(jù)文章第四段，“MissOgdenmarriedaHungariandiplomat,CountZattiany,andhasneverbeenheardofsince.”，可知瑪麗?奧格登嫁給了一個(gè)匈牙利的外交官Zattiany伯爵，所以Zattiany伯爵在《黑色公牛》中扮演一個(gè)次要角色。選項(xiàng)D符合文意，可排除。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句，“BlackOxen,thetopnovelintheUSin1923,isinextricably‘ofitsperiod.”，可知《黑色公牛》受歡迎的原因是由于小說與時(shí)代的不可分割性。所以原因并沒有提及人們相信青春再生的偽科學(xué)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Speculationrages,buteventuallythetruthcomesout:Ogden/ZattianyhasbeenrejuvenatedinViennabyDrSteinach’snewX-raytechnique.”，可知瑪麗?奧格登嫁給外交官的事情迅速傳播蔓延，但是最后真相說明：Ogden/Zattiany通過Steinach醫(yī)生新發(fā)明的X射線技術(shù)重新煥發(fā)活力。所以rage在這一句的意思應(yīng)該是迅速傳播和蔓延。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Butoutofitsimmediatetime-and-placeframe,BlackOxenwouldhavenomore‘worked’thanafishoutofwater.”，可知如果沒有1923年的時(shí)代和背景框架，《黑色公牛》就會(huì)像魚離開水一樣無法存活。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.主旨題?？v觀全文，作者的對(duì)于暢銷書的觀點(diǎn)為：暢銷書因?yàn)楹彤?dāng)時(shí)所處的時(shí)代和思潮是相符的，所以會(huì)帶來小說的短暫暢銷。又根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thedaymadethebook,asmuchaseventsofthedaymadenewspaperheadlinesin1923.”，可知1923年的暢銷書就像那個(gè)時(shí)代的新聞?lì)^條一樣，所以反應(yīng)的是那個(gè)時(shí)代的思想和潮流?？芍獣充N書只適合于自己的時(shí)代符合文意。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.

TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.

Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearth-quakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.

Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.

ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalwouldstarve.

Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.

Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.

Inthesameway,onplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.

Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.

Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofdie“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thendeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.

Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.

Inecology,thesamewouldhappeningif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.

Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.

AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.

ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.

Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithit.

Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.

Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjusticeasthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theanalogybetweentheentireplanetandthehumanbodyisbasedonallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisNOTtrueaboutthepopulationintheworld?

4.In“Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice”(lastparagraph),whichofthefollowingdoes“this”referto?

5.“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”(12thparagraph)means______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ittooktheuniverse5billionyearstoformtheearth.

B.Evaporation,condensation,solution,weatheringarefourmajorfactorsthatcontributedtotheformationoftheearth.

C.Lifeformswerefirstdevelopedindeepwaterbetween2billionand3billionyearsago.

D.Lifeisasmuch,partofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionisandinreverse,theinanimateportionoftheEarthisshapedandmodifiedbylife.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothcomposedofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions.

B.Theyarebothenormouslyintricateandinterrelatedsystems.

C.Theyarebothmadeupof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.

D.Theiroverallgrowthmaybedisruptedifagroupofcellsoraparticulartypeoforganismbeginstogrowwithoutlimit.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Forthousandsofyears,humanpopulationhasbeenincreasinginnumber.

B.AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,humanpopulationwasincreasingslowly.

C.Today,theEarth’spopulationisestimatedtodoublein35years.

D.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthoftheEarth’spopulationwillneverstop.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thehumanpopulationexplosionbeingstopped.

B.Raisingthedeathrateorloweringthebirthrate.

C.Thedeathraterisingspontaneouslyandcatastrophically.

D.Reductionofthebirthrate.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopmentofanorgan.

B.Thepurecostofdevelopmentwithinorganism.

C.Theveryslowdevelopmentwithinorganism.

D.Therapiddevelopmentoforganism.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的？”根據(jù)第二段第一句TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.（地球自從呈現(xiàn)目前的形狀近50億年以來，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的演化）可知，50億年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50億年才形成，A項(xiàng)“宇宙花了50億年才形成了地球”錯(cuò)誤；由第三段前兩句Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.（海洋、大氣和固體地殼在形成后也不是相互獨(dú)立的。總是有相互作用：蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化。）可知，蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化只是地球形成后海洋、大氣層以及地殼之間作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B項(xiàng)“蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化是促成地球形成的四個(gè)主要因素”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第四段第一句Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.（在20億到30億年前，部分地表水沐浴在太陽的高能輻射下，發(fā)展出結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能豐富的化合物，可以稱得上是我們所說的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面發(fā)展來的，C項(xiàng)“生命形式最初是在20億到30億年前的深水中發(fā)展起來的”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第五段第一句ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.（但是生命形式是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，就像任何無生命的部分一樣）和第六段首句Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.（反之亦然，地球上無生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D項(xiàng)“生命和任何無生命的部分一樣，都是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，反過來說，地球的無生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正確。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的說法，整個(gè)地球和人體之間的類比是基于以下幾個(gè)，除了……？”。根據(jù)文章的第七段Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).（整個(gè)地球，加上太陽能，是一個(gè)龐大而錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)地球是一種由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成的生命形式，就像我們自己的身體是由骨頭中的無生命晶體和血液中的無生命水，以及各種各樣的生命部分組成。）和第八段Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.（事實(shí)上，我們可以進(jìn)行類比。一個(gè)人由50萬億個(gè)不同類型的細(xì)胞組成，它們都是相互關(guān)聯(lián)、相互依賴的。失去其中一些細(xì)胞，比如構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體的細(xì)胞，將嚴(yán)重阻礙整個(gè)有機(jī)體的其他部分：一個(gè)器官中相對(duì)少數(shù)的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，如心臟或腎臟，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致50萬億個(gè)細(xì)胞全部死亡。）可知，A項(xiàng)“它們都是由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成”、B項(xiàng)“它們都是非常復(fù)雜和相互關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)”和D項(xiàng)“如果一組細(xì)胞或某種生物體開始無限制地生長，它們的整體生長可能會(huì)受到干擾”是符合文意的；C項(xiàng)“它們都是由50萬億個(gè)不同類型的細(xì)胞組成的，都是相互聯(lián)系和相互依賴的”是人體的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，并不是地球的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，關(guān)于世界人口，哪些是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第十五段的內(nèi)容：AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.（在凱撒時(shí)代，地球人口估計(jì)有1.5億，如果這個(gè)速度保持不變，人口將在1000年內(nèi)增長一倍。今天，地球上的人口估計(jì)約為40億，它的增長速度如果穩(wěn)定的話，將使其在35年內(nèi)翻一番。）可知，A項(xiàng)“幾千年來，人類人口一直在增加”和C項(xiàng)“今天，地球的人口估計(jì)在35年內(nèi)翻一番”正確；文中提到如果按凱撒時(shí)代的人口增長速度，在1000年內(nèi)人口將增長一倍，即2億，但如今地球上人口是40億，是凱撒時(shí)代的26倍，所以B項(xiàng)“在凱撒大帝時(shí)期，人口增長緩慢”正確；D項(xiàng)“如果我們什么都不做，地球人口的增長將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)停止”文章并未提及。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“最后一段‘如果做不到這一點(diǎn)，人類就會(huì)站在抽象的正義面前’中的‘這個(gè)’指的是什么？”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.（怎樣才能阻止人口爆炸？通過提高死亡率或降低出生率。沒有其他選擇。如果我們什么都不做，死亡率會(huì)自然上升，最終導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性的后果，而且是在幾十年內(nèi)。無論如何，降低出生率肯定是可取的，因此這是當(dāng)今人類的首要任務(wù)。）可知，倒數(shù)第二段主要闡述我們需要降低出生率或者提高死亡率來阻止人口爆炸，但無論如何降低出生率肯定是可取的；接著最后一段就說如果我們做不到這點(diǎn)，人類就會(huì)成為大屠殺者；綜合推斷可知，“this”指的是降低出生率，D項(xiàng)“降低出生率”正確；A項(xiàng)“人口爆炸停止了”，文章并沒有說人口爆炸停止，而是建議采取措施阻止人口爆炸；B項(xiàng)“提高死亡率或降低出生率”，文中沒有提到提高死亡率肯定是可取的，且最后一段講到如果我們不降低出生率，那么人類就會(huì)成為屠殺者，所以可以看出提高死亡率實(shí)不可取的；C項(xiàng)“死亡率自發(fā)地、災(zāi)難性地上升”也不符合段落前后邏輯。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“第十二段中的‘Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism’是什么意思？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章的第十二段：Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.（在一個(gè)有機(jī)體中，比如人類，凈增長有時(shí)候會(huì)受到干擾，一群細(xì)胞開始無限制地增長，原因我們尚且不知。這是一種可怕的癌癥，除非這一生長的細(xì)胞群以某種方式停止生長，否則這種瘋狂的生長將破壞所有的身體結(jié)構(gòu)，最終殺死生物體本身。），結(jié)合上一段講到了生物之間的相互依存關(guān)系，綜合可以推斷，“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”指的是機(jī)體內(nèi)部的良性發(fā)展，A項(xiàng)“機(jī)體的平衡和相互關(guān)聯(lián)的發(fā)展”正確；B項(xiàng)“有機(jī)體內(nèi)部發(fā)展的純代價(jià)”、C項(xiàng)“有機(jī)體內(nèi)部的緩慢發(fā)展”和D項(xiàng)“有機(jī)體的快速發(fā)展”表述都不準(zhǔn)確。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyearsandwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionwhichhaveinterestedthemodemphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodemphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodemeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodemsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodemscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservationthesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodems;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodemispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticular,classoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,ariddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmodemtimesis

（

）.

3.Thedifferencebetween“fact”andtheory”

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodemscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aninductivescience

B.nneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章主要是在對(duì)為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人這一問題進(jìn)行科學(xué)探究，所以D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)探究的方法”適合做文章標(biāo)題。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistorical