考研考博-英語-上海工程技術(shù)大學考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海工程技術(shù)大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Themostimportantenvironmentalinfluenceonfishiswatertemperature,forfishtendtotakeonthetemperatureoftheirsurroundings.

問題1選項

A.assume

B.regulate

C.avoid

D.exceed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。takeon表示“呈現(xiàn)，具有”。A項assume“假定，采取”，B項regulate“調(diào)節(jié)，校準”，C項avoid“避免，消除”，D項exceed“超過，勝過”。句意：水溫是對于魚來說最重要的環(huán)境影響因素，魚一般傾向于調(diào)節(jié)自己的溫度以使其與周圍的溫度相同。根據(jù)題意該題選B。

2.單選題

Inthecompetitivemodel—theeconomyofmanysellerseachwithasmallshareofthetotalmarket—therestraintontheprivateexerciseofeconomicpowerwasprovidedbyotherfirmsonthesamesideofthemarket.Itwastheeagernessofcompetitorstosell,notthecomplaintsofbuyers,thatsavedthelatterfromspoliation.Itwasassumed,nodoubtaccurately,thatthenineteenth-centurytextilemanufacturerwhooverchargedforhisproductwouldpromptlylosehismarkettoanothermanufacturerwhodidnot.Ifallmanufacturersfoundthemselvesinapositionwheretheycouldexploitastrongdemand,andmarkuptheirpricesaccordingly,therewouldsoonbeaninflowofnewcompetitors.Theresultingincreaseinsupplywouldbringpricesandprofitsbacktonormal.

Aswiththesellerwhowastemptedtousehiseconomicpoweragainstthecustomer,sowiththebuyerwhowastemptedtouseitagainsthislabororsuppliers,themanwhopaidlessthantheprevailingwagewouldlosehislaborforcetothosewhopaidtheworkerhisfull(marginal)contributiontotheearningsofthefirm.Inallcasestheincentivetosociallydesirablebehaviorwasprovidedbythecompetitor.Itwastothesamesideofthemarket—therestraintofsellersbyothersellersandofbuyersbyotherbuyers,inotherwordstocompetition—thateconomistscametolookfortheself-regulatorymechanismsoftheeconomy.

Theyalsocametolooktocompetitionexclusivelyandinformal;theorystilldo.Thenotionthattheremightbeanotherregulatorymechanismintheeconomyhadbeenalmostcompletelyexcludedfromeconomicthought.Thus,withthewidespreaddisappearanceofcompetitioninitsclassicalfromanditsreplacementbythesmallgroupoffirmsifnotinovert,atleastinconventionalortacit,collusion,itwaseasytosupposethatsincecompetitionhaddisappeared,alleffectiverestraintonprivatepowerhaddisappeared.Indeed,thisconclusionwasallbutinevitableifnosearchwasmadeforotherrestraints,andsocompletewasthepreoccupationwithcompetitionthatnonewasmade.

Infact,newrestraintsonprivatepowerdidappeartoreplacecompetition.Theywerenurturedbythesameprocessofconcentrationwhichimpairedordestroyedcompetition.Buttheyappearednotonthesamesideofthemarketbutontheoppositeside,notwithcompetitorsbutwithcustomersorsuppliers.ItwillbeconvenienttohaveanameforthiscounterpartofcompetitionandIshallcallitcountervailingpower.

Tobeginwithabroadandsomewhattoodogmaticallystatedproposition,privateeconomicpowerisheldincheckbythecountervailingpowerofthosewhoaresubjecttoit.Thefirstbegetsthesecond.Thelongtrendtowardconcentrationofindustrialenterpriseinthehandsofarelativelyfewfirmshasbroughtintoexistencenotonlystrongsellers,aseconomistshavesupposed,butalsostrongbuyers,afacttheyhavefailedtosee.Thetwodeveloptogether,notinprecisestep,butinsuchmannerthattherecanbenodoubtthattheoneisinresponsetotheother.

21.Theword“spoliation”inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans（）.

22.Howiseconomicpowerappliedwhenamanufacturerwantstohiremoreworkers?

23.Economistsdidn’tsearchforotherrestraintsotherthancompetitionbecause（）.

24.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofothereconomists’predictionabouttheoutcomesofconcentration?

25.Thepassagemainlydiscussesabout（）.

問題1選項

A.loot

B.spoil

C.restraint

D.agitation

問題2選項

A.Heoffersthemwelfarefunds.

B.Hepaysthemaccordingtotheirwork.

C.Heprovidesfreeboardandlodging.

D.Hegivesthemchancesofgettingpromoted.

問題3選項

A.theysolelyfocusedoncompetition

B.theyhadnoideaofotherrestraints

C.theyhadmoreinterestincompetition

D.otherrestraintswereoflittleimportance

問題4選項

A.Theyhavemadewildpredictions.

B.Theyfailedtoseetheriseofmerger.

C.Theyforesawtheappearanceofstrongbuyers.

D.Theirsuppositionwaspartiallytrue.

問題5選項

A.business

B.buyersandsellers

C.businessmodel

D.economicpower

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】21.語義題。根據(jù)題干信息將信息點定位到原文第一段。根據(jù)下文“…wouldpromptlylosehismarkettoanothermanufacturerwhodidnot（會很快把市場拱手讓給另一家沒有這么做的制造商）”“…exploitastrongdemand,andmarkuptheirpricesaccordingly（利用強勁的需求，相應(yīng)地抬高價格）”即可得出本題答案。

22.

事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息將信息點定位至原文第二段第一句?！癆swiththesellerwhowastemptedtousehiseconomicpoweragainstthecustomer,sowiththebuyerwhowastemptedtouseitagainsthislabororsuppliers,themanwhopaidlessthantheprevailingwagewouldlosehislaborforcetothosewhopaidtheworkerhisfull(marginal)contributiontotheearningsofthefirm.（對于那些想要用他的經(jīng)濟實力來對付顧客的賣方，同樣對于想要用經(jīng)濟實力來對付他的勞動力或供應(yīng)商的買方，支付低于當時工資的人將會失去他的實驗室，或者被迫接受那些向工人支付他對公司收入的全部（邊際）貢獻的人。）”即可得出本題答案。

23.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干信息將信息點定位至原文第三段第一句。根據(jù)“Theyalsocametolooktocompetitionexclusivelyandinformal;theorystilldo.（他們也開始只關(guān)注正式的競爭；理論仍然如此。）”即可得出本題答案。

24.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“othereconomists’prediction”“theoutcomesofconcentration”可將信息點定位至原文最后一段第三句。根據(jù)“Thelongtrendtowardconcentrationofindustrialenterpriseinthehandsofarelativelyfewfirmshasbroughtintoexistencenotonlystrongsellers,aseconomistshavesupposed,butalsostrongbuyers,afacttheyhavefailedtosee.（長期以來，工業(yè)企業(yè)集中在相對較少的公司手中的趨勢，不僅像經(jīng)濟學家所認為的那樣，帶來了強勁的賣方，也帶來了強勁的買方，這是他們沒有看到的事實。）”即可得出本題答案。

25.

主旨大意題。通讀全文即可發(fā)現(xiàn)作者全篇談?wù)摰慕允巧虡I(yè)方面的內(nèi)容。從而得出本題答案。

3.單選題

（）nativetoNorthAmerica,cornhasnowspreadallovertheworld.

問題1選項

A.Inspiteof

B.Thatitis

C.Itwas

D.Although

【答案】D

【解析】考查讓步狀語從句。A選項Inspiteof“盡管”，后應(yīng)接名詞；B選項Thatitis“那是”；C選項Itwas“這是”；D選項Although“盡管”。句意：雖然玉米原產(chǎn)于北美，但現(xiàn)在已遍布世界各地。如果狀語從句中的主語和主句中的主語一致，就可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞，從而使句子更加簡潔明了。在這句話中，從句中的主語也是corn，因此其主語corn和is可以省略。因此D選項正確。

4.單選題

Shewasanexperiencedtravelerwhohad（

）bothAfricaandEuropeinhertwenties.

問題1選項

A.traversed

B.transferred

C.trampled

D.trespassed

【答案】A

【解析】考查形似詞辨析。traversed橫越，穿過；transferred使轉(zhuǎn)移，使調(diào)動；trampled踐踏，無視；trespass侵占，侵入。句意：她是一個有經(jīng)驗的旅行者，在她二十多歲的時候就穿越了非洲和歐洲。只有A項符合題意，答案A

5.單選題

Onestrategyissimplytopersuadepeopletostaylonger,whichprovidesmoretimeforemployerstospotand（

）thebestperformers.

問題1選項

A.extinguish

B.siege

C.seduce

D.estimate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。extinguish“熄滅；償清”；siege“圍攻”；seduce“引誘”；estimate“估計；評價”。句意：一個簡單的策略是盡量挽留員工待久點，為雇主提供更長的時間來發(fā)掘和評估最優(yōu)秀的員工。由moretimeforemployerstospot可知D項正確。

6.單選題

Wemustallowplentyoftimetogettotheairport——wecan’t（）ontheroadbeingclear.

問題1選項

A.draw

B.capitalize

C.gamble

D.decide

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。draw“畫，拉”；capitalize“估計…的價值”；gamble“打賭，冒險”，gambleon對…打賭；decide“決定”。句意：我們必須保證足夠的時間到達機場——我們不能打賭路上暢通無阻。C項正確。

7.不定項選擇題

ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere”.

Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.Sayshe,“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushroomsmightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’regotfarworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”

Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.

1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmerican’sviewoftheirfood?

2.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause（）.

3.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Paragraph2,Line4),BruceAmesmeans（）.

4.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson（）.

5.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Theyoverstatethegovernment’sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.

B.Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.

C.Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.

D.Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.

問題2選項

A.nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironment

B.pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculture

C.manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals

D.almostallfoodshaveadditives

問題3選項

A.plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseases

B.plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowth

C.farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants

D.farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases

問題4選項

A.thegovernment

B.theprocessor

C.theconsumer

D.thegrower

問題5選項

A.Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.

B.Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.

C.Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.

D.Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章第一段第一句“ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.許多美國人對圍繞食品的大多數(shù)風險持有嚴重扭曲和夸大的看法?！笨芍狢項“他們高估了食物的危害?！迸c原文相符；A項“他們夸大了政府對食品工業(yè)的干預(yù)”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；B項“他們對食品的安全性過于樂觀?！?，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；D項“他們忽略了他們所吃食物的風險?！?，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達。因此C選項正確。

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章第二段第二句“…upto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.……高達植物重量10%的成分是天然殺蟲劑。”可知A項“沒有一種食物是不受環(huán)境污染的”與原文相符。B項“農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)業(yè)中被廣泛使用”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；C項“許多蔬菜包含危險的天然化學物質(zhì)”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；D項“幾乎所有的食品都含有添加劑”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達。因此A選項正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段第三句“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves...因為植物沒有頜或牙齒來保護自己……”可知這里的“theyemploychemicalwarfare它們使用化學武器”代指“植物產(chǎn)生某些化學物質(zhì)來對抗蟲害和疾病”，由此知A項“植物產(chǎn)生某種化學物質(zhì)來對抗病蟲害”與原文相符。B項“植物吸收有用的化學物質(zhì)來促進它們的生長”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；C項“農(nóng)民使用人造化學物質(zhì)溶解植物中的天然化學物質(zhì)”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；D項“農(nóng)民使用化學藥品保護植物免受病蟲害”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達。因此A選項正確。

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到文章最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.也許最重要的是，消費者將不得不更好地學習如何正確處理和烹飪食物?！笨芍狢項“消費者”正確。A項“政府”；B項“加工者”；D項“種植者”。因此C選項正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章最后一段第二句“WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.雖然美國人沒有理由害怕坐在餐桌前吃飯，但他們完全有理由要求顯著改善食品和水安全?！笨芍狣項“關(guān)于食物消費，有理由謹慎，但沒有理由驚慌?！迸c原文相符。A項“飲食變得比以前更危險。”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；B項“必須立即采取措施改善食品生產(chǎn)和加工。”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表達；C項“健康食品在現(xiàn)代社會不再是一個夢?！保牟]有相關(guān)表達。因此D選項正確。

8.填空題

Thestoresaresocrowdedtodayandthefilmatthetheatreisterrible.（1）juststayhomeand（2）televisioninstead.Ofcourse,ifyou’dreally（3）goout,wecandothat.I’llleaveituptoyou.

句意:今天商店特別擁擠，劇院里面的電影也難看，我們還是待在家里看電視吧。當然，如果你真的想出去，我們可以出去。出去與否由你做決定。

【答案】1.Let’s

2.watch

3.rather

【解析】1.語義題。letus縮寫為let’s后跟動詞原形,表示提議。

2.固定搭配?？措娨曈脀atchtelevision。

3.語義題。句意:如果你真想出去，我們可以出去。

9.翻譯題

DoingaPhDiscertainlynotforeverybody,andIdonotrecommenditformostpeople.However,IamreallygladIgotmyPhDratherthanjustgettingajobafterfinishingmyBachelor’s.ThenumberonereasonitthatIlearnedahellofalotdoingthePhD,andmostofthethingsIlearnedIwouldnevergetexposedtoinatypicalsoftwareengineeringjob.TheprocessofdoingaPhDtrainsyoutodoresearch,toreadresearchpapers,torunexperiments,towritepapers,togivetalks.Italsoteachesyouhowtofigureoutwhatproblemneedstobesolved.YougainaverysophisticatedtechnicalbackgrounddoingthePhD,andhavingyourworksubjecttotheintensescrutinyoftheacademicpeer-reviewprocess-nottomentionyourthesiscommittee.

IthinkofthePhDalittleliketheGrandTour,atraditioninthe16thand17thcenturieswhereyouthswouldtravelaroundEurope,gettingarichexposuretohighsocietyinFrance,ItalyandGermany,learningaboutart,architecture,language,literature,fencing,riding,ect...alloftheessentialliberalartsthatagentlemenwasexpectedtohaveexperiencewithtobeaninfluentialmemberofsociety.

ThetopPhDprogramssetanincrediblyhighbar:alotofcoursework,teachingexperience,qualifyingexams,athesisdefenseandofcoursemakingagroundbreakingresearchcontributioninyourarea.Havingtogothroughthisprocessgiveyouatremendousamountoftechnicalbreadthanddepth.

SomeimportantstuffIlearneddoingaPhDisasfollows.

Howtowritepapersandgivetalks.Beingfluentintechnicalcommunicationsisareallyimportantskillforengineers.I'venoticedabiggapbetweenthesoftwareengineersI’veworkedwithwhohavePhDsandthosewhodon’tinthisregard.PhD-trainedfolkstendtogiveclearwell-organizedtalksandknowhowtowriteuptheirworkandvisualizetheresultofexperiments.Asaresult,theycanbemuchmoreinfluential.

Howtofigureoutwhatproblemtoworkon.ThisisprobablythemostimportantaspectofPhDtraining.DoingaPhDwillforceyoutocastawayfromshoreandexploretheboundaryofhumanknowledge.(MattMight’scartoononthisisagreatvisualizationofthis.)Ithinkthatatleast80%ofmakingascientificcontributionisfiguringoutwhatproblemtotackle-aproblemthatisatonceinteresting,openandgoingtohaveimpactifyousolveit.Therearelotsofopenproblemsthattheresearchcommunityisnotinterestedin.Therearemanyinterestingproblemsthathavebeensolvedoverandoverandover.There’sarealtricktopickinggoodproblemsanddevelopingatasteforitisakeyskillifyouwanttobecomeatechnicalleader.

SoIthinkit’sworthhavingaPhD,especiallyifyouwanttoworkonthehardestandmostinterestingproblems.Thisistruewhetheryouwantacareerinacademia,aresearchlabormoretraditionalengineeringrole,butasmyPhDadvisorwasfondofsaying,“doingaPhDcostsyouahouse.”(IntermofthelostsalaryduringthePhDyears)

【答案】攻讀博士學位的過程能訓練你做研究、讀文獻、做實驗、寫論文和做演講。它還會教你如何弄清楚需要解決的問題。

頂尖的博士計劃設(shè)置了一個極高的標準：大量的課程作業(yè)、教學經(jīng)驗、資格考試、論文答辯，當然，還包括在你的領(lǐng)域做出了開創(chuàng)性的研究貢獻。

接受博士訓練的人往往能發(fā)表條理清晰而有組織的演講，并且知道如何詳細記錄他們的工作，并將實驗結(jié)果可視化。因此，他們具有很大的影響力。

如何找出需要解決的問題，這可能是博士培訓最重要的方面。攻讀博士學位會迫使你遠離當下領(lǐng)域，探索人類知識的邊界。

所以，我認為，讀博是值得的，尤其是如果你想研究最難且最有興趣的問題。無論你是想在學術(shù)界、實驗室或者更傳統(tǒng)的工程職業(yè)中謀職，讀博都是正確的選擇。

10.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Oneofthemoststrikingresultsofmoderndemocracyhasbeenthegradualbutsteadyerosionofallclassesofdistinctionandthesubsequentlevelingofsocietytothepointwhereeveryoneisexpectedtotreateveryoneelseinexactlythesameway.Wemustmakenodistinctionbetweenyoungandold,maleorfemale,distinguishedordissolute.Asaresult,commoncourtesyisatanalltimelowandanunhealthyreservoirofresentmentatanalltimehigh.Everypersonsuspectsheisnotreceivinghisdueandissuspiciousthatdeference(尊重)intheformofcourtesyonhispartwillbemistakenassubmission.Authorityissuspectedtobenothingbuttheunfairabuseofpowerandyetpeopleseemtobeseekingtruesourcesofauthorityamidtherulingrelativismbyfollowingfadsandtheever-changinggurus(領(lǐng)袖)oftheself-helpindustry.Thepressuretoconformtopop-culturestandardsisalsoimmense,somuchso,thatindividualityitselfisthreatened.

(SelectedfromTheMythOfEqualitybyRebeccaBynum,2008)

【答案】現(xiàn)代民主最引人注目的結(jié)果之一就是逐漸的但是穩(wěn)定地削弱階級差別，同時把社會平等推進到人人期待他人用完全相同的方式平等對待自己的地步。我們必須消除老與少、男與女、高貴與低俗之間的任何差別。結(jié)果，共同的禮貌處于歷史最低點，不健康的怨憤情緒處于最高點。人人都懷疑自己沒有得到足夠重視，人人都擔心自己以禮貌的方式表現(xiàn)出來的尊重被錯誤地當作順從和屈服。權(quán)威被人質(zhì)疑，除了不公正地濫用權(quán)力，什么也不是。但人們似乎從控制一切的相對主義中尋找真正的權(quán)威，聽命于時尚潮流和自我?guī)椭a(chǎn)業(yè)中不斷更新的大師。與大眾文化標準保持一致的壓力非常巨大，以至于人們的個性本身遭受威脅。

11.問答題

Thesecond,orproblem-oriented,approachistheexactopposite.Aspecifichistoricalquestionisformulated,usuallypromptedbyareadingofthesecondaryauthorities,andtherelevantprimarysourcesarethenstudied;thebearingthatthesesourcesmayhaveonotherissuesisignored,theresearcherproceedingasdirectlyaspossibletothepointwhereheorshecanpresentsomeconclusions.Eachmethodencounterssnags.Thesource-orientedapproach,althoughappropriateforanewlydiscoveredsource,mayyieldonlyanincoherentjumbleofdates.Theproblem-orientedapproach,soundslikecommonsenseandprobablycorrespondstomostpeople'sideaofresearch.Butitisoftendifficulttotellinadvancewhatsourcesarerelevant.Aswillbeshownlater,themostimprobablesourcesaresometimesfoundtobeilluminating,whiletheobviousonesmayleadthehistorianintotoocloseanidentificationwiththeconcernsoftheorganizationthatproducedthem.Moreover,foranytopicinWesternnineteenth-ortwentieth-centuryhistory,howevercircumscribedbytimeorplace,thesourcesaresounwieldythatfurtherselectioncanhardlybeavoided,andwithittheriskofleavingvitalevidenceuntouched.

Inpracticeneitheroftheseapproachesisusuallypursuedtothecompleteexclusionoftheother,butthebalancestruckbetweenthemvariesagooddeal.Somehistoriansbegintheircareerswithanarrowlydefinedprojectbasedonalimitedrangeofsources;othersareletlooseonamajorarchivewithonlythevaguestofbriefs.Theformerisonthewholethemorecommon,becauseofthepressuretoproducequickresultsthatisimposedbythePh.Ddegree-theformalapprenticeshipservedbymostacademichistorians.Agreatdealofresearchconsistsnotinferretingoutnewsourcesbutinturningtowell-knownmaterialswithnewquestionsinmind.Yettoosingle-mindedapreoccupationwithanarrowsetofissuesmayleadtoevidencebeingtakenoutofcontextandmisinterpreted-'source-mining'asonecritichascalledit.Itisvital,therefore,thattherelationshipbetweenthehistorianandhisorhersourcesisoneofgiveandtake.Manyhistorianshavehadtheexperienceofsettingoutwithonesetofquestions,onlytofindthatthesourceswhichtheyhadsupposedwouldfurnishtheanswersinsteaddirectedtheirresearchontoquiteadifferentpath.EmmanuelLeRoyLaduriefirstturnedtotheland-taxregistersofruralLanguedocwithaviewtodocumentingthebirthofcapitalisminthatregion;hefoundhimselfinsteadinvestigatingitssocialstructureinthebroadestsense,andinparticulartheimpactofdemographicchange.

Minewastheclassicmisadventure;Ihadwantedtomasterasourceinordertoconfirmmyyouthfulconvictions,butitwasfinallythesourcethatmasteredmebyimposingitsownrhythms,itsownchronology,anditsownparticulartroth.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whatisthefirstapproachtohistoricalstudies?

3.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheproblem-orientedapproachsoundslikecommonsenseandprobablycorrespondstomostpeople'sideaofresearch?

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby'"Inpracticeneitheroftheseapproachesisusuallypursuedtothecompleteexclusionoftheother"?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatshouldbetheappropriatewayofstudyinghistoricalsources?

【答案】1.Itmainlydiscussesabouttwowaysofresearchinghistory.

2.Thesource-orientedapproach.

3.Becausethesource-orientedapproach,althoughappropriateforanewlydiscoveredsource,mayyieldonlyanincoherentjumbleofdates.

4.Theauthormeansthatweshouldusethesource-orientedapproachandproblem-orientedapproachatthesametime.

5.Combinethetwowaysofstudyinghistoryandfindabalancepoint.

12.單選題

EuropeanUnionenvironmentalofficialshavedeterminedthattwokindsofgeneticallymodifiedcorncouldharmbutterflies,affectfoodchainsanddisturblifeinriversandstreams,andtheyhaveproposedabanonthesaleoftheseeds,whicharemadebyDuPontPioneer,DowAgrosciencesandSyngentA.ThepreliminarydecisionsarecirculatingwithintheEuropeanCommission,whichhasthefinalsay.SomeofficialsthereareskepticalofabanthatwouldupsetthepowerfulbiotechnologyindustryandcouldexacerbatetensionswithimportanttradingpartnersliketheUnitedStates.TheseedsarenotavailableontheEuropeanmarketforcultivation.

Inthedecisions,theenvironmentcommissioner,StavrosDimas,contendsthatthegeneticallymodifiedcom,ormaizecouldaffectcertainbutterflyspecies,specificallythemonarch,andotherbeneficialinsects.Forinstance,researchthisyearindicatesthatlarvaeofthemonarchbutterflyexposedtothegeneticallymodifiedcom“behavedifferentlythanotherlarvae.”InthedecisionconcerningthecornseedsproducedbyDowandPioneer,Mr.Dimascalls“potentialdamageontheenvironmentirreversible.”InthedecisiononSyngenta’scom,hesaysthat“thelevelofriskgeneratedbythecultivationofthisproductfortheenvironmentisunacceptable.”

AdecisionbytheEuropeanUniontobarcultivationofthegeneticallymodifiedcropswouldbethefirstofitskindinthetradebloc,andwouldintensifythecontinuingbattleovergeneticallymodifiedcorn.BanningtheapplicationsforcorncropsalsowouldmarkaboldnewstepforEuropeanenvironmentalauthorities,whoarealreadyaggressivelypursuingregulationsonemissionsfromcarsandaircraft,settingitatoddswiththeUnitedStatesandangeringindustries.

“TheseproductshavebeengrownintheU.S.andothercountriesforyears,”saidStephenNorton,aspokesmanfortheUnitedStatestraderepresentative,“WearenotawareofanyothercasewhenaproducthasbeenrejectedafterhavingbeenreviewedanddeterminedsafebyEuropeanfoodsafetyauthorities,”hesaid.

BarbaraHelfferich,aspokeswomanforMr.Dimas,declinedtocommentonthespecificsoftheprocedurebecausecommissionershadnotyetmadeafinaldecision.ButshesaidthattheEuropeanUnionwaswithinitsrightstomakedecisionsbasedonthe“precautionaryprinciple”evenwhenscientistshadfoundnodefinitiveevidenceprovingproductscancauseharm.ShesaidthatthedecisionsbyMr.Dimascouldgobeforethecommissionwithinafewweeks,butshesaidthatnodatehadbeenset.Inthedecisions,Mr.Dimascitedrecentresearchshowingthatconsumptionofgeneticallymodified“combyproductsreducedgrowthandincreasedmortalityofnon-targetstreaminsects”andthattheseinsects“areimportantpreyforaquaticandriparianpredators”andthatthiscouldhave“unexpectedecosystem-scaleconsequences.”

Althoughstillpreliminary,hisdecisionscoulddrasticallytiltthepolicyagainstfutureapprovalsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,saidNathalieMoll,aspokeswomanforEuropabio,anindustrygroupwith80membersincludingSyngenta,PioneerandDow.EuropabiosaysthatthecropsgrownusingthegeneticallymodifiedcomarealreadyimportedintoseveralEuropeancountries,includingFranceandGermany,wheretheyareusedtofeedanimalslikecowsandchickens.

RobGianfranceschi,spokesmanattheUnitedStatesmissiontotheEuropeanUnioninBrussels,saiditwastooearlytocommentonadecisionthathadnotyetbeenformalizeD.ButhemadeclearthattheUnitedStatesremainedfrustratedwithEuropeanpoliciesongeneticallymodifiedcrops.

1.Thepreliminarydecisionsaremadeby______.

2.Tothedecisions,theEuropeanCommissionofficials’attitudesare______.

3.Aboutthedecisions,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

4.Mr.Dimascitedmanyresearchesonthegeneticallymodifiedcorninhisdecisioninorderto______.

5.Theword“tilt”inParA.6mostprobablymeans______.

問題1選項

A.StavrosDimas

B.EuropeanUnionenvironmentalofficials

C.EuropeanCommission

D.DuPontPioneer,DowAgrosciencesandSyngenta

問題2選項

A.skeptical

B.controversial

C.divergent

D.contradictory

問題3選項

A.Thedecisionsaimtoputabanonthesaleoftheseedsofgeneticallymodifiedcornduetopoliticalandbiologicalconcerns

B.Thedecisionscouldprobablybemadeevenifnodefinitiveevidenceprovingtheproductsharmfulisfound

C.ThedecisionsarewarmlyembracedbyallEUmembersbutbitterlyrejectedbytheirtradepartners

D.ThereishighpossibilitythatthedecisionswouldbeapprovedbytheEuropeanCommission

問題4選項

A.dispelsomeofficials’doubtonhisdecisions

B.assurethattheycanbepresentedbeforethecommissionwithsolidevidence

C.demonstratethelatestachievementofhisdecision

D.enhancethestrengthofhisdecision-making

問題5選項

A.induce

B.affect

C.incline

D.evoke

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“preliminarydecisions”（初步的決定）可定位到文中第一段第二句“ThepreliminarydecisionsarecirculatingwithintheEuropeanCommission,”（初步?jīng)Q定正在擁有最終決定權(quán)的歐盟委員會內(nèi)部流傳），故判斷C選項“歐盟委員會”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“EuropeanCommissionofficial”（歐盟委員會官員）可定位到文中第一段第三句“SomeofficialsthereareskepticalofabanthatwouldupsetthepowerfulbiotechnologyindustryandcouldexacerbatetensionswithimportanttradingpartnersliketheUnitedStates.”（一些官員對這一禁令持懷疑態(tài)度，因為它將擾亂強大的生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，并可能加劇與美國等重要貿(mào)易伙伴的緊張關(guān)系）。A選項“持懷疑態(tài)度的”符合題意，因此A選項正確。B選項“有爭議的”，可排除。C選項“發(fā)散的”，不符合題意，可排除。D選項“矛盾的”不符合題意，可排除。

3.推理判斷題。由