大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)課件：語(yǔ)法

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)-語(yǔ)法篇王穎大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)-語(yǔ)法篇王穎1時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)2時(shí)態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)3大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)課件：語(yǔ)法4時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)： 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 所有的過(guò)去用 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示 現(xiàn)在和將來(lái) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來(lái)完成大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)課件：語(yǔ)法5非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞6非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-不定式

1)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

進(jìn)行式tobedoing

完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-不定式1)形式7a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).

(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與主要謂8

b)進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

b)進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí),不9c)完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.c)完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,10d)被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.d)被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的112)功用:不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a),賓語(yǔ)(b),表語(yǔ)(c),定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.2)功用:不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a),賓語(yǔ)(b),表123)不帶to的不定式:a)在“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.3)不帶to的不定式:13b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.

I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wou14c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

（一頓咒罵）I’veheardtellofhim.（聽(tīng)說(shuō)、聽(tīng)到）c)在makedo,makebelieve,let15d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的16f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí),其后的不定式不帶to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí),其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan17g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果主語(yǔ)是由“all+關(guān)系分句”，“thing+關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果主語(yǔ)是由“all+關(guān)系184)不定式的其他用法a)too…to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ):

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.4)不定式的其他用法19b)如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ):

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ),來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況:

It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.b)如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的,可以在不定式前加20動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞1)是名詞seeingisbelieving2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞21

一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被動(dòng)形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.

一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlik22二)動(dòng)名詞常考的點(diǎn)1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也對(duì)）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.二)動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)23

4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞

admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...

4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞

admit;appre24另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法25

5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可

remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)forgot與remember的用法類(lèi)似。Iregrettoinformyouthat…我很遺憾地通知你…Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.為了"二十年前的離開(kāi)"而遺憾。

5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可

remember,fo26tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try–ing試驗(yàn)Trypracticingfivehoursaday.

Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。tryto努力Youreallymusttry27

prefer的用法：

我寧愿在這里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的話(huà)，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）

prefer的用法：

我寧愿在這里等。28分詞3.分詞1)意義:過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,有的來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞,通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine分詞3.分詞29來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ),能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞,僅表示完成意義,不表示被動(dòng)意義.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分,在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ),能作這樣302)句法作用a)作定語(yǔ):distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無(wú)名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊(duì),cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開(kāi)水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ):simply-furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間,clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù),highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星2)句法作用31b)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.b)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:

se32c)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ),很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.

Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.c)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ),很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)33虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句11/17/2022虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句11/10/202234三種基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if從句用過(guò)去時(shí),主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(從句過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成時(shí))IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(從句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)三種基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwould35if的省略1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.if的省略1.Wereyouinmypositio36IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.IFonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeone’sadvice.IfIcouldonlygototheconcert.IfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldliste37IwishIwishIknewtheanswer.IwishIhadknowntheaddress.IwishIwereyoung.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.IwishedIknewhisaddress.(發(fā)生在過(guò)去=IwassorryIdidn’tknowhisaddress.)IwishedIwereyoung.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.)IwishIwishIknewtheanswer38WouldratherIwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.I’drather(that)hepainteditblue.Iwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.WouldratherIwouldratheryou39Itis(high)timethat…...Itistimewe____(leave).Itistimewe____(go)tobed.It’shightimethatyouwereinbed.It’sabouttimeweleft.Itis(high)timethat…...40It’simportantthat…...Itisimportantthatwe____(speak)politely.Itisimperativethatwe____(practice)criticismandself-criticismstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(絕對(duì)必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willingIt’simportantthat…...41IinsistthatIinsistthatwe____(go)therebybus.Hesuggestedthatwe___(leave)early.Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner___(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.Iinsistthat42這些動(dòng)詞和名詞后的從句為should+Vadvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire(stipulation),,allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command 這些動(dòng)詞和名詞后的從句為should+Vadvise(adv43Mysuggestion…...Mysuggestionisthatweshould

tellhim.Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.requestcommand necessity importancemotion proposalresolution recommendationunderstandingMysuggestion…...Mysuggestion44butfor,otherwise,withoutThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseI’dhavetakenmuchlonger.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyoutimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.butfor,otherwise,withoutThe45情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（modelverb）用來(lái)表示能力、允許、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，其后常跟不帶to的不定式。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（modelverb）用來(lái)表示能力、允許、461.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般用法：

(1)

表示能力:can,could,beabletoHeisover80butstillcanreadwithoutglasses.Shecouldn'tcomeyesterday.Hecan’tcometomorrow.1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般用法：(1)

表示能力:can47

can/could與beableto用法比較1）beableto除有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)外，還可有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式等。ThisistheinformationI’vebeenabletogetsofar.Tobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.Justbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisn’tmuchhelptous.2)could表示過(guò)去總的、經(jīng)常性的能力；was/wereableto表示過(guò)去具體情況下具有的能力，并且做了某動(dòng)作。HecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.3)表示將來(lái)的能力常用willbeableto.Whenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?

can/could與beableto用法比較48(2)

表示許可：can/could,may/might;can’t,maynot,mustn’t,mustnot1)征詢(xún)“許可”或給予“許可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式場(chǎng)合，can用于非正式場(chǎng)合，could用于客氣的詢(xún)問(wèn)，might極少用。Youcangoatfouro’clock.CouldIborrowyourpen?Studentsmaytake3bookseach.MightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?2)表示“不允許”用can’t,maynot,mustn’t；mustnot語(yǔ)氣重。Youcan’tleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.Putthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!3)表示過(guò)去“許可”不用could，might，要用其他表達(dá)方式。Wehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.但在間接引語(yǔ)中表達(dá)過(guò)去“許可”，可用could，might。Thenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.(2)

表示許可：can/could,may/mig49(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;can’t

1）may,might用來(lái)推測(cè)現(xiàn)在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。Whyisn’tJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.

maybe是副詞，不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Maybeheissick.

2)在日?？谡Z(yǔ)中常用can/could表示“可能”。Youcan/couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone.Canthenewsbetrue?No,itcan’tbetrue.3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用can’t表示“肯定不”、“必定不會(huì)”。Youmustbehungryafteralongwalk.Thephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecan’tbeathome.(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/co50（4）表示必須和需要：must,haveto,need

1）must表示說(shuō)話(huà)人認(rèn)為“必須”；否定回答時(shí)用needn’t“不必”。Youmustbehereatnineo’clock.Mustyougosoon?No,Ineedn’tgoyet.2)haveto表示他人或客觀情況要求“必須”。Ihavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.Wedon’thavetowearuniformsinschool.l

口語(yǔ)中常用havegotto表示“必須”。Ihavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.（4）表示必須和需要：must,haveto,need513)need表示動(dòng)作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。Needhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noheneedn’t.l

need常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。Youneedtolearnthevalueoftime.Youdidn’tneedtotellhimthenews.Doessheneedtogo?

3)need表示動(dòng)作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或52（5）表示責(zé)任和勸告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter

1)

用should和oughtto表示責(zé)任和勸告，后者的語(yǔ)氣重些Youshould/oughttodoasyouaretold.Suchthingsshouldn't/oughtnottobeallowed.2)

有時(shí)也用must表示責(zé)任和勸告。Youmustseethemovie.It’swonderful.3)

口語(yǔ)中也常用hadbetter表示勸告，意為“最好做/不做某事”。Youhadbettertakecareofyourself.You’dbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.Hadn’tyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?（5）表示責(zé)任和勸告:should,oughtto,53（6）表示建議：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell

1)

“shallI/we…”表示征求對(duì)方對(duì)建議的看法。Shallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?Let’sgo,shallwe?2)

may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推薦更佳方案，建議另一種做法，意為“倒不如……”，“……不也一樣嗎？”。Wemayaswellstayheretonight.Youmightjustaswelltellthetruth.（6）表示建議：shall，may/mightaswel54(7)

表示許諾：shall

shall用于第二、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的許諾。Youshallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.Ifhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.(7)

表示許諾：shall

shall用于第二、三55(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

1)

you/he/theyshall表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的強(qiáng)烈意愿，甚至威脅。Youshallpayforthis.TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.l

在法律條文、規(guī)章制度中，shall表示“必須”。Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

562)

will/would表示動(dòng)作者愿意。Iwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.Iwon’tdoitagain.Ihavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywon’tturn.l

“willyou/wouldyou…”在下列句中表示客氣的建議、詢(xún)問(wèn)。Willyoupleasehaveadrink?Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?l

would還表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣。等于usedtoOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.

2)

will/would表示動(dòng)作者愿意。57(9)表示勇敢：dare

dare表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句。Hedarenottry.Howdareyouopentheletter?Ifyoudaresayaword,I’llstrikeyoudown.l

dare還常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。Hedaretosurfinheavywaters.l

daresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.Idaresayhewillcomehomelate.(9)表示勇敢：daredare表示“敢于”，用于否定句582.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法

（1）

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式完成時(shí)1）

can/could,may/might,must+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用于肯定句：表示對(duì)過(guò)去事件的主觀判斷，推測(cè)過(guò)去某動(dòng)作“可能”、“也許”、“一定”已發(fā)生。Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.Ican’tfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.用于否定句：表示推測(cè)過(guò)去某動(dòng)作“可能”、“也許”、“一定”沒(méi)有發(fā)生。Shecouldn'thavefinishedherworksosoon.Shemaynothaveseenyou.Dadmustn'thavewashedthedisheslastnight.2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法

（1）

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定592)should/oughtto+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。用于肯定句：評(píng)論過(guò)去“應(yīng)該做”而實(shí)際并未做的動(dòng)作，意為“本應(yīng)該”。Ididn'taskher.It’sapity.Youshouldhaveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.用于否定句：評(píng)論過(guò)去“不應(yīng)該做”而實(shí)際做了的動(dòng)作，意為“本不應(yīng)該”。IonlytoldMike.Youshouldn'thavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.2)should/oughtto+have+動(dòng)詞603)needn’t+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞對(duì)過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行評(píng)論，認(rèn)為“無(wú)須發(fā)生”，“不必做”。Ineedn’thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.Wewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneedn’thavegone.3)needn’t+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞61(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。Shemaybewashingherclothes.Hecan’tbeworkingnow.Hemustbestudyinginthelibrary.Theyshouldn'tbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.(2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式進(jìn)行時(shí)表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在62(3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havebeen+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論過(guò)去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.Theyshouldn'thavebeenchattingwhileworking(3)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+不定式完成進(jìn)行時(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have63一致關(guān)系一致關(guān)系64在Therebe句型中Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.There,here結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果主語(yǔ)有好幾個(gè),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。TherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.Hereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.在Therebe句型中65在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中IneveryprovinceofChi66.

‘a(chǎn)swellas,nottomention,alongwith+名詞’句子中

Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.

Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.

Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.主語(yǔ)后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith＋名詞，不影響其與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系。.

‘a(chǎn)swellas,nottomenti67下列不定代詞或限定詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù)Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool.Neither(one)issatisfactory.Iseitherofthesingersreadingnow?Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.Eachofthestudentshasaschedule.下列不定代詞或限定詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù)68帶有量詞的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致Allofthefruitlooksripe.Hasanyofthisevidencebeenpresented?Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme?Mostofthebookwasinteresting.Someofthebooksareinteresting.Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt.Noneofourstudentswereinvolved.帶有量詞的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致Allofthefrui69帶有量詞的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis40.Anumberofstudentswerelate.Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase.Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop.Themajoritywere/wasinfavoroftheproposal.Themajorityofboyslikefootball.帶有量詞的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致Thenumberofs70andMaryandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize.BothJohnandAnnareready.Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedessert.Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen.Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman.但是形容詞+and+形容詞+名詞指兩類(lèi)不同的人或物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.andMaryandJanecompetewith71or,either…or.Neither…nor,notonly,butalso,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞取決最接近它的名詞或代詞的數(shù) Neithercriticismnorpraiseaffectsthem.Patoryouweresupposedtocall.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.Doesn’theorIdeserveit?Don’tyouorhedeserveit?or,either…or.Neither…nor,72Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.Janeisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Th73倒裝倒裝74倒裝(全部倒裝和部分倒裝)1.全部倒裝(FullInversion),又稱(chēng)主謂倒裝(Subject-verbInversion)。例如:Herearesomelettersforyou.Downpouredtherain.Intothecoachscrambledthechildren.2.部分倒裝(PartialInversion),又稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)與助動(dòng)詞/晴態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝(Subject-operatorInversion)。例如：NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.OnlytodaydidIlearnthedreadfulnews..倒裝(全部倒裝和部分倒裝)1.全部倒裝(FullIn75全部倒裝句的具體用法1.用于由here,there,now,then等副詞引導(dǎo)的句子，通常稱(chēng)作把時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提前的倒裝句，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常跟在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)之后。例如：Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects.Onceuponatime,therelivedamanknownbythenameofJoeBeef.Nowcomesyourturn.全部倒裝句的具體用法1.用于由here,there,no76全部倒裝句的具體用法2.在帶有助動(dòng)詞“be”的句子中，動(dòng)詞-ing和-ed形式可移至句首，主語(yǔ)移至“be”后面，形成全部倒裝。例如：Runningacrossitisastream.Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage.Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwaterchestnuts.全部倒裝句的具體用法2.在帶有助動(dòng)詞“be”的句子中，動(dòng)77全部倒裝句的具體用法3.為了使描寫(xiě)的景象更生動(dòng),常把擬聲詞或away,in,out,up等狀語(yǔ)放在句首,從而引起主謂全部倒裝。例如：Downitfellfromtheappletree.Thedooropened.Inrushedthecrowd.全部倒裝句的具體用法3.為了使描寫(xiě)的景象更生動(dòng),常把擬聲詞或78全部倒裝句的具體用法4.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常將狀語(yǔ)放在句首，主謂全部倒裝使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免頭重腳輕。例如：Faintgrowthesoundofthebell.Attheendofthekaleidoscopearetwoplates,onemadeoftheglassandtheotherofgroundglass.全部倒裝句的具體用法4.當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常將狀79全部倒裝句的具體用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。例如：Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!全部倒裝句的具體用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。80部分倒裝句的具體用法1.句首是否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用部分倒裝。例如：Notasinglebookhereadthatmonth.Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞或短語(yǔ)有：atno/othertime,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,innoway,invain,little,never,rarely,few,nosooner…than,hardly…when,nowhere,notuntil,notonly…butalso,notasingleword,notfrequently部分倒裝句的具體用法1.句首是否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，81部分倒裝句的具體用法2.句首是only引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),需要部分倒裝。例如：Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.常用短語(yǔ)還有：onlybychance,onlythen,onlywithdifficulty,onlyonarareoccasion等等。部分倒裝句的具體用法2.句首是only引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),82部分倒裝句的具體用法3.so…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so置于句首時(shí)，需要部分倒裝。例如：Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.句首是manyatime,tosuchadegree/extent,tosuchaextremes,tosuchalengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子需要部分倒裝。例如：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.部分倒裝句的具體用法83部分倒裝句的具體用法4.用于以neither,nor開(kāi)始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以so開(kāi)始的省略句，表示“也如此”。例如：Idon’tcareforsweet.NeitherdoI.I’mnotveryfondofcarrots.NoramI.Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmysisters.部分倒裝句的具體用法4.用于以neither,nor開(kāi)84部分倒裝句的具體用法5.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，條件從句的if省略時(shí)，had,were,should,could需與主語(yǔ)倒裝。例如：WereIyou,Iwouldn’tasksuchasillyquestion.HadIbeenthere,Ishouldhaveknownwhathadhappened.部分倒裝句的具體用法5.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，條件從句的if省略85部分倒裝句的具體用法6.在比較和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主語(yǔ)不是人稱(chēng)代詞，常在主語(yǔ)前加助動(dòng)詞do/did代替前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞。例如：Ispendmorethandomyfriends.Shetraveledagreatdealasdidmostofherfriends.部分倒裝句的具體用法6.在比較和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果主語(yǔ)不是86倒裝句的特殊用法1.在全部倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，不能將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前移。例如：Awaytheygo.Hereitis.2.在以開(kāi)始的省略句中，表示對(duì)別人所說(shuō)的情況加以肯定時(shí)，不必用倒裝句倒裝句。例如：It’scoldtoday.Soitis.YouhaveacolorTVset.SoIhave.倒裝句的特殊用法1.在全部倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，不能將87介詞介詞88由兩個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成的雙重介詞：

tillafter,frombehind,exceptin…Westayedtheretillafterthesunset.Hepickedupthegunfrombehindthecounter.Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.由兩個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成的雙重介詞：

tillafter,from89beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（兩物接觸）”，underneath有時(shí)用于表示抽象含義。Theearthisbeneathourfeet.Underneaththatsternexteriorwasaheartofgold.beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（90beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁邊”，beyond表示“在……的那一邊”Isatbesidethedriver.TheyliveinasmallvillagebeyondtheGreatWall.beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁邊”，91besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),but都表示“除了……”，但用法有區(qū)別BesidesJohn,allofuspassedtheexam.（John也及格了）AllofuspassedtheexamexceptJohn.（John不及格）Youcanallgo

exceptTom.Wehadaverygoodtimeexceptfortheweather.

在句首須用exceptfor.eg.ExceptforTom,youcanallgo.Except(that)表示“只是……”，后面連接從句。Iwouldwillinglygoexceptthatitistoofar.

besides,except,exceptfor,

92besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),butBut用作介詞時(shí)，常用于all,no,nobody,who,where等詞后面；but不用于句首。Thereisnooneherebutme.Who

butTomwouldhavedonesuchathing?All

but/exceptthecaptainwererescued.besides,except,exceptfor,

93dueto/owingto

dueto用作表語(yǔ)，owingto用作狀語(yǔ)，但現(xiàn)在也常見(jiàn)dueto用作狀語(yǔ)Hisabsencewasduetothestorm.Hearrivedlateowingto/duetothestorm.dueto/owingto

dueto用作表語(yǔ)，o94With引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)with+名詞/代詞+不定式Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldandwouldsucceed.with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式

Withhissatcheltrailingbehindhim,thesmallboyranpast.with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞-ed形式

Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed.

With引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)with+名詞/代詞+不95With引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)

Withchalkinonehandandatextbookintheother,theprofessorrestedagainsttheblackboard.with+名詞/代詞+形容詞

Althoughtheysat

withdoorsandwindowsopen,theywereoverpoweredbyheat.with+名詞/代詞+副詞

Hewentout

withnohaton.With引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)