科技英語(yǔ)綜合教程練習(xí)答案

科技英語(yǔ)綜合教程練習(xí)答案科技英語(yǔ)綜合教程練習(xí)答案科技英語(yǔ)綜合教程練習(xí)答案科技英語(yǔ)綜合教程練習(xí)答案編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Keys:第一章科技英語(yǔ)閱讀第一節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)主要特點(diǎn)ThefirstthreesentencesinPassageOneareallconstructedwithpassivevoicewhilethefirstthreesentencesinPassageTwoareconstructedwithactivevoice.Therefore,thelanguageinPassageOnesoundsmoreformalandobjectivethanthatofPassageTwo.ThewordsspokenbySheilainPassageTwoareinformal.Examples:"There'sRaviatthehomeofthatAmericandoctor."(Contractedform);"Awonderfulguy."(Incompletesentence);"Ravilookssweet,doesn'the"

(Questiontag).

InthesecondparagraphofPassageOne,"it"refersto"touseinsecticideregularly,onaverylargescale."InthesecondparagraphofPassageTwo,"through"means"finish"or"complete."PassageOneiswrittenforacademicpurposeandPassageTwomainlyforentertainment.II.PassageOneAblastofhotairissentintothebottomofthefurnacetomakethecokeburnfiercely.Itisblownintothefurnacethroughpipes.Thesepipesareinstalledaroundthecircumferenceoftheblastfurnaceeightfeetabovethebottom.Whilethecokeisburningandironismelting,gasisformedatthetopofthechamber.Thisisledofffromthetopofthefurnacetobeused.Itcontainscarbonmonoxide,whichiscombustible.Partofthisgasisusedformakingtheairblasthot.Itisledoffintostoves.PassageTwoAllelementsarecomposedofdiscreteunitscalledatoms,whicharethesmallestparticlesthatexhibitthecharacteristicsoftheelement.Atomsaretinyunitsofmattercomposedofpositivelychargedprotons,negativelychargedelectrons,andelectricallyneutralneutrons.Protonsandneutrons,whichhaveapproximatelythesamemass,areclusteredinthenucleusinthecenteroftheatom.Electrons,whicharetinyincomparisontotheotherunits,orbitthenucleusathighspeed.Atomsthathaveanequalnumberofelectronsandprotonsareelectricallyneutral.Thosethathavegainedorlostelectrons,andthereforearepositivelyornegativelycharged,arecalledions.第二節(jié)科技、半科技英語(yǔ)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)I.1.D(自動(dòng)駕駛儀) 2.F(生物鐘) 3.I(熱核的) 4.G(地?zé)岬?5.B(微波) 6.J(放射療法) 7.E(光周期) 8.A(超導(dǎo)體)9.H(遠(yuǎn)距離操縱器) 10.C(超顯微/濾過(guò)性病毒)II.1.一位從事航空醫(yī)學(xué)研究的醫(yī)生 2.防止計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪的措施3.一種新型除霜器 4.一個(gè)用光電池驅(qū)動(dòng)的玩具5.一輛裝有自動(dòng)報(bào)警器的汽車 6.隔音材料7.一種廣泛使用的殺蟲劑（農(nóng)藥） 8.用放射性碳做的試驗(yàn)9.電信業(yè)的發(fā)展 10.一臺(tái)通用機(jī)床III.1.in-(Inorganic) 2.radio-(radioactive)3.hydro-(Hydrotherapy) 4.-free(caffeine-free)5.infra-(infrared)/ultra-(ultrared) 6.mono-(monorail)7.aero-(Aerodynamics) 8.-fold(33-fold)9.geo-(geocentric) 10.-proof(weatherproof)11.bio-(biotechnology) 12.anti-(antibiotic)IV.發(fā)電站 2.礦物燃料 3.太陽(yáng)黑子 4.航天探測(cè)器 5.滾珠軸承6.渦輪 7.航天飛機(jī) 8.樹木的年輪 9.離心調(diào)速器 10.心肌功能V.1.flow 2.laws 3.law 4.conserved5.transferred 6.transformed 7.bond 8.thermodynamics9.work 10.law 11.degraded 12.work13.law 14.state 15.disorder 16.energy17.law 18.biological 19.metabolically 20.cellVI.很明顯，許多家用電器的加熱和照明作用都依靠電阻。氣體如果不封閉在剛性的容器內(nèi)就會(huì)膨脹，受熱的氣球便可說(shuō)明這一現(xiàn)象。在化學(xué)變化中，粒子結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，生成新的物質(zhì)。19世紀(jì)，電力設(shè)備以及由此興起的工業(yè)得到迅速發(fā)展，而當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)電的性質(zhì)還不完全了解。應(yīng)注意保證脈沖信號(hào)本身不出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則現(xiàn)象和中斷現(xiàn)象。可以有把握地說(shuō)，除了琥珀之外，許多其他物質(zhì)通過(guò)摩擦也能帶電。第三節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)中的復(fù)合詞與專有名詞1.H(耐熱的，抗熱的，不傳熱的) 2.E(帶寬)3.J(流線型的) 4.B(基巖)5.G(耗電量大的) 6.A(太空行走)7.I(用水制冷的) 8.D(液態(tài)的)9.F(用防火材料保護(hù)的，阻燃的) 10.C(網(wǎng)絡(luò))II.1.stressshock,stress-relateddiseases2.solid-statesemiconductordevices3.energy-efficientappliances4.topsoil5.steamengine6.soilorganisms7.windbornedust8.thechainreaction9.Fuelwoodshortages10.heat-andscratch-resistantsurfacesIII.1.nylon 2.volt 3.pasteurization 4.Morsecode 5.Bunsenburner 6.mackintosh 7.Dopplereffect 8.Xerox9.newton 10.ampere第四節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)中的復(fù)數(shù)形式與縮略語(yǔ)I.1.bacteria 2.spectra/spectrums 3.radius 4.Fungi 5.nucleus6.formula 7.phenomenon 8.Algae/Algas 9.larvae/larvas 10.stratumII.1.F(computerdiscread-onlymemory)2.J(ear,nose,andthroat)3.A(ribonucleicacid)4.H(unidentifiedflyingobject)5.C(microwavelandingsystem)6.B(video-displayterminal)7.I(personalcomputer)8.E(ultraviolet)9.G(computer-aidedmanufacturing)10.D(artificialintelligence)III.上述定理和定律不但對(duì)直流電路而言是正確的，對(duì)交流電路而言也同樣是正確的。美國(guó)通常的家用電壓是110-220伏，因?yàn)槿藗儼l(fā)現(xiàn)更高的電壓會(huì)造成致命的事故。4500型平版印刷機(jī)（人們給該機(jī)器取的名字）能過(guò)生產(chǎn)1英寸厚的18英寸彩色液晶顯示屏。該發(fā)生器每小時(shí)產(chǎn)生蒸汽20萬(wàn)磅。電離層的結(jié)構(gòu)是變化的，這就意味著，高頻無(wú)線電通信的頻率極限也是變化的。第五節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)的主要句型I.1.Thefirstprogramwouldrequireaminimumof108weeks,whilethesecond72weeks.2.Heatedto100°C,waterwillstartboiling.3.Thenutrientsolutionwillsupportgrowthevenifhighlydilute.4.Twoorthreehundredofthesewires,eachabout0.19inchesindiameter,areclampedtogethertoformasinglestrand.5.ThethreegroupsoftranquilizersaremarketedintheUnitedStates,butnotcommonlyusedinBritain.II.1.Commonsaltissolubleinwater.2.Benzenehasaboilingpointof80.4°Cundernormalpressure.3.Thisplasticsmaterialhasgreaterrigidity.4.ThebeamhasanI-shapedcross-section.5.Thisspecimenhasalengthof3-26cm.6.Thestoragevesselhasacapacityof10,000liters.7.Abriefdescriptionisgivenoftheuseanddevelopmenttrendsoftelecommunication.8.Somescientistshavesuggestedanimmediatebanontheuseoffluorocarbons.III.1.Inplanningaroad,extensivepreliminarysurveysmustbecarriedouttodeterminethepreciselineoftheroad.2.Insuchcases,precautionshavetobetakentoavoiddamagetothemechanism.3.First,thetentsmustbespacedat25-footintervalstopreventflamespread.4.Thesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.5.Electricitycanbetransmittedbymeansofwires.6.Themicroscopeenablessmallobjectstobeobserved.7.Thesemethodsofjoiningmetalarenormallyadoptedforstrongpermanentjoints.8.Theexistenceofthebiologicalclockwasfirstrecognizedintheearly18thcentury.9.Thewaythisdangerhasbeenassessedandtheactiontakenreflectsagrowingawarenessoftheproblem.10.Afterthesoilhasbeenexcavatedtotheappropriatedepthandfilled,itiscompactedbyarolleruntilitisfirm.第六節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)篇章閱讀方法Subject:篇章閱讀答案Keys：IIIpartI:DavidGumpandGaryHudson;anentrepreneurwithfreshideaspartIII:innovativetechnologypartIV:1-5CBADC6-10CDCAA第二章科技英語(yǔ)翻譯I 詞的翻譯1 根據(jù)詞的搭配選擇詞義Solid：h),b),g),d),i),f),j),a),c),k),m),l),e)根據(jù)專業(yè)確定詞義System：(1) humanocularsystem視覺系統(tǒng)(醫(yī)學(xué)) (2) rocketsystem多級(jí)火箭（航天）(3) pillingsystem打樁工程(土木工程) (4) wiringsystem電路圖(電路)(5) transmissionsystem發(fā)送站(無(wú)線電) (6) trunksystem長(zhǎng)途電話網(wǎng)(郵電)(7) stresssystem應(yīng)力狀態(tài)(力學(xué)) (8) phone-visionsystem電視電話(通訊)(9) systemofgovernment政體(政治) (10) stripsystem帶伐作業(yè)(林業(yè))(11) opticalsystem光具組(光學(xué)) (12) parallelsystem平行式布置(設(shè)計(jì))3 根據(jù)詞類或語(yǔ)境確定詞義(1) round錠子同時(shí)繞兩個(gè)垂直的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。粒子每運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)一周都從振蕩電場(chǎng)獲取新的能量。(2) condition數(shù)學(xué)操作或邏輯操作必須符合某種條件。交互編程環(huán)境現(xiàn)在能用于一些商用編程語(yǔ)言。(3) find人們發(fā)現(xiàn)鉆孔速度與工具所受的凈壓力成正比。科學(xué)家們總是力求找到快速而簡(jiǎn)便的方法獲得定量數(shù)據(jù)。(4) work推拉物體不見得就會(huì)做功。這些手表的零件都是國(guó)內(nèi)制造的，性能良好。II 句子的翻譯假說(shuō)是科學(xué)家從觀察中得出的一種特定的論斷。大部分錢是靠出售他培育出的一種馬鈴薯新品種的秘訣而掙得的。如果開關(guān)接通，電流就流過(guò)線路。由于分子運(yùn)動(dòng)而引起的力能使分子分離。很顯然，數(shù)控是指機(jī)床采用數(shù)字來(lái)操縱。電流的變化與電動(dòng)勢(shì)成正比，與電阻成反比。無(wú)線電波與光波相似，只不過(guò)無(wú)線電波的波長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)一些。 自動(dòng)化機(jī)器雖然有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但他們只能做人們吩咐它們要做的事情。 這些新技術(shù)的采用為我們提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗電量小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 即便在同一施工場(chǎng)地，由于地基的性質(zhì)有很大差異，土地的承載力也不相同。不是每次碰撞都能發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，因?yàn)樵S多分子不具有反應(yīng)所需要的能量。絕緣體接上電源后，電不會(huì)像通過(guò)導(dǎo)體那樣通過(guò)絕緣體。III 長(zhǎng)句的翻譯1 正是由于集成電路的研制成功，才有可能把電子器件做得越來(lái)越小。2 在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的工廠和車間里，用機(jī)器人來(lái)充當(dāng)助手越來(lái)越普及，它是經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)并制造出來(lái)的機(jī)器手，可以獨(dú)立從事各種工業(yè)活動(dòng)。3 試圖利用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)復(fù)制人腦活動(dòng)方式的數(shù)學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使運(yùn)用最先進(jìn)的電子設(shè)備，他們也要建造一臺(tái)重1萬(wàn)公斤的計(jì)算機(jī)才行。4 結(jié)果表明，在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，全球平均氣溫都是相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定的，可極小的溫度變化卻意味著環(huán)境的巨大改變。但是，最近發(fā)表在科學(xué)雜志的一對(duì)研究報(bào)告并沒有驗(yàn)證生物燃料的這種作用。并且，事實(shí)上，相對(duì)于要被取而代之的化石燃料來(lái)說(shuō)，生物燃料對(duì)氣候產(chǎn)生的危害是有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。6 盡管備受關(guān)注的是研發(fā)金屬，陶瓷，聚合物與復(fù)合材料材質(zhì)的改善，但有能力生產(chǎn)，制造可以滿足特定需求的材料現(xiàn)在也在漸漸變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。7 信息高速公路是一種電子通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)把所有的人互相聯(lián)系起來(lái)，并可提供任意一種人們想得到的電子通訊方式。8 如果把管子裝成這個(gè)樣子，使最熱的水上升，而最冷的水流下來(lái)后返回鍋爐里去，那么，鍋爐中的熱水系統(tǒng)不用水泵就能循環(huán)，道理就在于此。9 多種因素促使人們更加關(guān)注(垃圾的處理)/這種興趣的產(chǎn)生有很多因素，包括對(duì)垃圾越來(lái)越多，垃圾填埋場(chǎng)地越來(lái)越少，焚燒垃圾造成的空氣污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的擔(dān)心；及對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的必要性已形成的共識(shí)等。10 無(wú)論是用作轎車和公汽的能源，還是發(fā)電作其他的什么用途，燃料電池都是無(wú)需燃燒就可將氫轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。11. 每個(gè)化學(xué)元素在周期表中都有一定的原子數(shù)和位置，可以據(jù)此來(lái)推測(cè)其特性：如何同別的元素相互作用，能形成什么樣的化合物，以及它的物理屬性。12. 固體加熱到足夠溫度時(shí)，它所含的電子就會(huì)有一部分離開固體表面而飛到周圍的空間中去；這種現(xiàn)象稱為熱電子放射；通常，電子管就利用這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生自由電子。第三章科技英語(yǔ)寫作第一節(jié)Ourlatestattemptatmoldingperformanceprotectorshasledtosomepositiveresults.WespentseveralhoursinDept.15tryingdifferentmachinesettingsandtechniques.Severalgoodpartsweremoldedusingtwodifferentsheetthicknesses.Hereisasummaryofthefindings.First,wetriedthethicksheetmaterial.At240°F,Next,wetriedthethinnersheetmaterial.Thethinnermaterialislessforgiving,butafterafewadjustmentsweweremakinggoodparts.Still,thethinmaterialcausedthemosthandlingproblems.第二節(jié)1．引言部分1.ActionsofAntibiotics,（不夠具體）PerformancesofModeratorsinReactors，（不夠具體）AComprehensiveSurveyontheEtiologicalFactorsofStomachCancerinChina，（刪除acomprehensivesurvey）StudiesontheFluctuationofNoiseandRegressionAnalysis（刪除studiesonthe）AComparisonofRadioWaveswithWaterWaves，（不夠具體）2.ApplicationofStatisticalMethodstoDiagnoseCausesofPoorAir-QualityModelPerformance(統(tǒng)計(jì)方法在診斷空氣質(zhì)量模型性質(zhì)差的原因方面的應(yīng)用)InvestigationonHeat-ElectricityCogenerationwithNuclearHeatingReactors(核供熱反應(yīng)堆熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究)LightRadiationfromPulsedDischargesinWater(水中高壓脈沖發(fā)電的光輻射研究)2．摘要部分一、1．Thecurrentcalibrationmethodsoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystemareintroduced,andtheproblemandtheunreasonablenessofthesemethodsareanalyzed.Basedontheprincipleofthemathematicalstatistics,thecalibrationmethodisinvestigatedthatmeasurestheprojectile-velocityatthesametimebythemulti-groupzone-blockdeviceisunbiased,uniformandefficientandusestheaverageofthemeasuredvalueasthetruevalueoftheprojectile-velocityatthepoint.Themethodadvantagesareanalyzedtoo.Thecalibrationsystemoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystembasedonthelaserscreentargetsisestablished.Theexperimentandthedataprocessprovethatthemethodisnotonlyfeasible,butalsoprovidesaneffectivecalibrationmethodforquantificationallygivingtheuncertaintyofmeasuringtheprojectile-velocityquantitatively.2. Anovelwatersolublefluorescentmonomer,4-(N’-methyl-1-piperazinyl)–N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimideallylchloridequaternaryammoniumsalt(FM)issynthesizedfrom4-bromo-1,8-naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructureischaracterizedbyIR,HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)ispreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionareresearched.TheresultsshowthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAare399nmand531nmrespectively,andtheshapesaresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAislinear.Thecorrelationcoefficient(R)is0.9978andthelimitofdetectionis0.95mg.L-1.Bythestaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2is85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis20mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3is70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4is86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionisgood.TheresultsfromSEMshowthatthecopolymerhashighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3.[2010,34(1):151-156] 3.Accordingtotheelectromagneticpropagationruleandthecalculationmethodsofequivalentsurfaceimpedance,anewmicrowaveabsorberbasedonresonanthigh-impedancesurfaceisproposedanddesigned.Thetheoreticanalysisinthefrequencyrangeof2.95to4.15GHz.Butinthisfrequencyrange,itisaperfectabsorberwhiletheresonantsurfaceisloadedwithanultra-thinelectricloss-sheetwithimpedancematchingtothefreespace.Thebandwidthwiththereflectioncoefficientof-10dBorlessisabout700MHz,andthemaximumabsorptionpeakisat3.55GHz.Thesimulatedresultsagreewellwiththeanalysisresults.Thedesignoftheabsorberisnotonlysimpleinstructure,butalsohascharacteristicsofultra-thin(1.5mmthickness),ultra-lightandwiderbandwidth.4.SinceWienerproposedtheCyvernetics,feedbackhasalwaysbeenthemostfundamentalconceptandmethodologyforcontroltheoryandengineering.Thispapersummarizesthedevelopmentoftheexistingfeedbackcontrolandtheemergencyinterconnectionscontrol.Itispointedthatthemechanismoftheclosed-loopfeedbackcanberegardedtobeadesigntorealizethedesiredperformancebychangingtheinterconnectionsofthesystemsviafeedbackgains.However,inmanypracticalsystems,especially,inlarge-scalesystems,someoftheinterconnectionsmayberegulateddirectly.Usually,theinterconnectionscanbedividedintotwoparts:fixedpartandregulatablepart.Theregualtablepartcanbeassigneddirectlyinanopen-loopwaywhiletheclosed-loopfeedbackcontrolisimplementedinacoordinateway.Anovelcontrolwayisthusproposed:itisconsistsofanopen-loopinterconnectionsassigningandaclassicalclosed-loopfeedbackcontrol.Theanalysisshowsthatthistechniquenotonlydescribesalargeclassofemergencycontrolstrategybutalsoextendsthelimitationoffeedbackcontrol.Withthisstrategy,almostallexistingclosed-loopfeedbackcontroltheoriesandtheircorrespondingmethodologycanbeextendedtoanewsphere.5.InordertoimproveGPSsignal’sacquisition,trackingperformanceinhighdynamicenvironment.Throughthesequentiallogic,loopparameters,andhighdynamicchangesundertheDopplerfrequencyshiftanalysis,usingwidebandwidthandhigh-ordertrackingloop,alooptocarrieracquisition,trackingisdesignedbasedonDSP+FPGA.Bysignal’sFouriertransform,FPGAisusedtocompletefastcarrierfirstcaptureandsecondpreciseacquisition,whileDSPisusedtorealizeanautomaticadjustedsecond-orderFLL-assistedthird-orderCostas-PLLwhichmakestheloophavetheanti-highdynamicperformanceandstillhaveahightrackingaccuracy.Simulationresultsshowthat:thedesigncanachieveGPScarrier’sfastacquisitionandaccuratetrackinginhighdynamicenvironment.[2010,34(1):75-79]6.Bythemeasuresofthetheoryofcomplexfunctions,thedynamicpropagationproblemsconcerningmodeIIIasymmetricalinterfacecrackundertheactionofmovingvariableloadsarestudied.Theuniversalexpressionsofanalyticalsolutionsarereadilyattainedbythetechniqueofself-similarfunctionsandcorrespondingdifferentialandintegraloperation.TheproblemdiscussedherecanbeeasilytranslatedintoRiemann-Hibertproblembythisapproach,andtheanalyticalsolutionsofthestress,displacementanddynamicstressintensityfactorunderthecracksurfacessubjectedtomovingvariableloadsarerespectivelyattained.TheirclosedsolutionsareobtainedbymeansofMuskhelishvili’smethod.Thesolutionsofthediscretionallycomplexproblemscanbegainedbythosesolutionsandsuperpositiontheorem.7.Inordertostudythedistributionoftheelectrondensitiesinthelaser-induced-plasma(LIP),theimage-processingmethodsareutilizedtopre-processtheinterferencefringesoflaser-induced-plasma.TheinterogramsoftheLIPisobtainedbyMach-Zehnderinterferometerinexperiment.TheinterferencefringesoftheLIPispretreatedbyfilteringandsharpening.Inordertogetthethinning-imageoftheinterferencefringesoftheLIP,binaryandthinningareusedtotreatthedenoisedinterferogramsoftheLIP.TheinverseAbeltransformisoperatedontheshiftofthethinnedinterferencefringes,andtheradialdistributionofelectrondensityoftheLIPisobtained.二、 1.a.Aimedatthesystemconsistingofsquareplansifterandflexiblesuspenderattachedtosquareplansifter，therigid-flexiblecouplingdynamicmodelingandthefiniteelementsimulationareemployedtostudyit.ThenonlineardynamicequationofsquareplansifterisestablishedbasedontheLagrangeequation,andthekinematiccirclelawisderivedfromstabilizationcondition.ByusingMSC.Patran/Nastran,thefiniteelementmodelofsquareplansifteriscreatedandthetransientresponseanalysisisapplied.Thetheoreticmodelandtheresultsoffiniteelementsimulationareverifiedbyexperimentaldate.Thedynamicmodelandfiniteelementsimulationmethodpresentedinthispaperpossessanimportantreferencevalueandguidancetointensitycheckoutandstructureoptimizationofsquareplansifter.b.Inordertoobtaintheaccurateandefficientsimulationalgorithmfordescribingtherotationofthefuzeballrotor,twokindsofthefuzeballrotorarenumericallysimulatedwiththemathematicalmodelofquaternionasexamples.Runge-KuttamethodandGearmethodareadopted.TheresultsshowthatcomparingwiththenonlinearmathematicalmodelofEulerangles,themodelofquaternionoffuzeballrotorisabletoavoidthesingularitywhenthenutationangleapproaches0°or180°.ThearithmeticalsolutioncanbeobtainedbyRunge-KuttamethodinsteadofusingtheGearmethodwhichiscomplicatedandmoretime-consumedforcalculation. 2. a.4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructurewascharacterizedbyIR,1HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)waspreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionwereresearched.TheresultsshowedthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAwere399nmand531nm,respectively,andtheshapesweresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAwaslinear,andthecorrelationcoefficient(R)was0.9978，thelimitofdetectionwas0.95mg?L-1.Bystaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2was85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas20mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3was70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4was86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionwasgood.TheresultsbySEMshowedthatthecopolymerhadhighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3. b.Inordertoobtainthethermodynamicdataofthesynthesisofethylcarbonate(EMC)fromdimethylcarbonate(DMC)anddiethylcarbonate(DEC),thestandardmolarenthalpiesofformation,GibbsfreeenergyandmolarheartcapacityunderconstantpressurearecalculatedbythemethodofBensongroupcontributions.Theenthalpychange,freeenergychange,equilibriumconstantandequilibriumconversionrateofthereactionarecalculatedanddiscussedaccordingtotheprinciplesofchemicalthermodynamicsunder300-1000K.TheresultsshowthatthefreeenergychangeinthesynthesisofEMCbytransesterificationofDMCwithDECisnegativeandthereactionisthermodynamicallyfeasible.Thefreeenergychangedecreaseswiththeincreasewiththeincreaseinthetemperature,andhighertemperatureisinfavorofthereaction.Theequilibriumconstantofthereactionisonly33.20evenat1000Kandthespontaneousdegreeofthereactionislow. 3. a.Inthispaper,theaccumulativeerroranalysisoftheincrementallocalizationapproach(ILA)isconductedbyMonteCarlosimulationandtheeffectsoftheerrorsonlocalizationaccuracyarerevealed.ThenanimprovedILAisproposedtoreducetheaccumulativeerrors.Thebasicideabehindtheproposedalgorithmistoreducetheerrorpropagationbyusingtheconstraintsonthedistancesbetweentheunknownnodesandthebestaccuratenodesinpreviousknownnodes.ThesimulationresultsshowthattheimprovedILAcansignificantlyreducetheaccumulativeerrorsoftheILA,andthusenhancethelocalizationaccuracy. b.Inthemeasurementoftheperiodoftorsionpendulumusingthephotoelectricitytimingmethod,itisdemonstratedthatonlythefirstsamplingintervalisthemostsimilartotherealperiodoftorsionpendulumwhethercaughtinrisingedgesorinfallingedgesofamplitude,aslongaspositionerrorexists.However,measurementerrorcan’tbereducedthroughmulti-average.Amethodofreal-timecomputingdampingratiousingtheratioofadjacentareaofperiodispresented,andthefeasibilityofthismethodisdemonstratedbytheoreticalanalysis.Theexperimentalresultsshowthatthestandarddeviationofmomentofinertiawiththemethodintroducedinthispaperdecreasesanorderofmagnitudethanthatwithphotoelectricitytimingmethod.4．a(chǎn).Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinengineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Atextbookexampleisgiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.b.Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinEngineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Severaltextbookexamplesaregiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.5.a．Toconsidertheeffectoftheearthonthecalculationofultrarangetrajectorymoreaccurately,anellipticearthtrajectorymodeladoptingaccuratenormalgravityisestablished.Thecalculationmethodfortherocketimpactpointandflightheightisdiscussed.Anaccuratenormalgravitycalculationmethodisdeductedandanellipticearthtrajectorymodelisobtained.Theerrorofrangecalculationbyadoptingaplainearthmodeliscalculatedandanalyzed.Theresultshowsthat,intermsofthelongrangetrajectory,therangecalculationerrorbytheellipsoidearthsurfacetrajectorymodelissmallerthanthatbytheplainearthsurfacetrajectorymodel.b.Inordertobreakthroughtherestrictionoftunnellengthontheapplicationoftailracetunnelventilationtechnologyandextendthetechnologyapplicationscope,aseriesair-handlingsystemofsprayingthetailracetunnelventilationwithlow-temperaturewaterispresented.Themathematicalmodelsofthecounterandconcurrentflowspraysystemsareestablishedandtheanalyticalsolutionsarederived.Theinfluencesofventilationrate,spraycoefficient,waterjetpressureandthelocationofspraydeviceontheoperationperformancesoftheseriesair-handlingsystemareanalyzed.Theresultsindicatethatitisusefultoimprovetheheatandmoisturetreatmentoftheseriesair-handlingsystembyusingthepriorityair-handlingmodeoftailracetunnelventilationandincreasingthespraycoefficient,andtheventilationrateandwaterhetpressurehavethelessinfluenceontheoperatingperformanceoftheseriesair-handlingsystem.6.a.Thetransientreceived-forceresponseandthepenetrationdepthoftheKevlarcompositesimpregnatedwithshearthickeningfluid(STF)arestudiedbyaself-madedrop-hammertester.Theenergy-absorbingmechanismoftheSTF-Kevlarcompositesduringpenetrationisanalyzed.TheexperimentalresultsshowthatthepeakvalueofthestabresistanceandpenetrationforceoftheimpregnatedKevlarfabricsrisestoabout400Nandthefirstlevelstressresponsetimedecreasesto3.5mswhilethepenetrationdepthreducesless.Thecompositesimpregnatedwithmiddleconcentrationdispersionpreparedwith120nmSiO2nanoparticlesshowthegoodstabresistanceincreasesto2.7timesofpureKevlarfabrics,andtheirpenetrationdepthreducesbytenpercent.b.Thepolyacrylonitrile(PAN)-basedfibersarecarbonizedattemperatureof600-900℃.Chemicalcompositionandmicrostructureofthefibersarecharacterizedusingelementalanalyzer,wide-angleX-raydiffractometerandlaserRamanspectrometer.Mechanicalandelectricalpropertiesofthefibersareexamined.Theresultsindicatethatwiththeincreaseofthecarbonizationtemperature,themassfractionofcarbonincreases;nitrogen,hydrogenandoxygenarepartiallyremovedfromthefibers;lineardensityandelongationatbreakofthefibersdecrease,volumedensityandtensilestrengthofthefibersincrease;electricalresistivityofthefibersdecreasesdrasticallyduetotheincreasingvolumefractionofturbostraticgraphitestructureformedincarbonizationprocess;low-temperature7.a.InordertoprovetheexistenceofweaksolutionforthecomplexMonge-Ampèreequationinthepseudoconvexdomain,thesub-solutionisconstructedbythepropertiesofthedomain.Accordingtothetheoremthatthesub-solutioncanimplythesolution,theexistenceofweaksolutioninsomespecialpseudoconvexdomainisobtained.Theresultsshowthatthesub-solutionisbasedonthepropertiesofthedomain.b.Thetemperaturefieldsandthermalstressfieldsoftheintegratecircuitboardswithsingleshipandmultipleshipsaresimulatedusingformulaforthermicinsulantsandcompositematerialsby3DFEM(finiteelementmethod).Thenumericalresultsindicatethattherearegreattangentialthermalstressesbetweenshipsandintegrationcircuitboards,whichmaydopeeleddamagetotheboards.Differentlayoutsofchipsonboardarealsoinvestigated,whichmakesanimpactontemperaturefieldsandthermalstressfields.Bothmaximumvaluesoftemperatureandstressescanbedecreasedeffectivelywhenthechipsaredistributedreasonably.3．正文部分1.上面兩例討論的主題都是疾病對(duì)人的壽命的影響。在第一例中可以清楚地看出所討論的內(nèi)容只不過(guò)是對(duì)主題句的重復(fù)，而且在主題句中對(duì)主要部分也就是主題部分應(yīng)該有個(gè)限制。從第二句到段落結(jié)束給人的感覺是幾乎每個(gè)句子都可以拉出來(lái)單獨(dú)作為一段文字的主題句，所以說(shuō)第一例內(nèi)容缺乏一致性，而且文字中間沒有任何聯(lián)系，也缺乏連貫性。在第二例中，作者在主題句中就明確地限定了該段文字?jǐn)U展的方向，然后在擴(kuò)展句中對(duì)為什么人的壽命得以延長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行了詳盡的論述，所擴(kuò)展的范圍包括飲水、牛奶、食品、工程技術(shù)、公共衛(wèi)生，等等。在段落的最后一句實(shí)際是對(duì)全文一個(gè)概括性總結(jié)，整個(gè)段落所描述的內(nèi)容完整地解答了主題句中提出的擴(kuò)展內(nèi)容要求。第四章機(jī)械類英語(yǔ)閱讀文選Text1I.1-7:FTFTTFFII.Thatbranchofscientificanalysiswhichdealswithmotions,timeandforcesiscalledmechanics.Staticsdealswiththeanalysisofstationarysystems,i.e.,thoseinwhichtimeisnotafactor.Dynamicsdealswithsystemswhichchangewithtime.Geometryandmechanics.BytheseparationofGeometryfromMechanics,thedeterminationofthemotionfromdynamicalprincipleswillbemademucheasierthanifthetwopartswereundertakenconjointly.ThesetwoaspectsofdynamicswerelaterrecognizedasKinematicsandkinetics,anddealwithmotionandtheforcesproducingit,respecti