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第37頁中考英語語法知識難點(diǎn)大全英語語法知識難點(diǎn)(一)(一)形容詞和副詞

I.要點(diǎn)

A.形容詞

1、形容詞的用法

形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的,通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ),有時(shí)還可作狀語。如:

Heishonestandhardworking.

Ifoundthebookinteresting.

某些形容詞及定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時(shí),謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:

Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.

TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.

多個(gè)形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序:

冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如:

thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.

2、形容詞比較等級的形式

(1)規(guī)則形式

一般說來,單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er;--est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級;其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more,most.如:

great-greater-greatest

busy-busier-busiest

important-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant

(2)不規(guī)則形式

good(well)-better-best

bad(ill)-worse-worst

many(much)-more-most

little-less-least

(3)形容詞比較等級的用法

①表示兩者的比較,用形容詞的比較級+than.如:

Heisclevererthantheotherboys.

Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.②表示兩者以上的比較,用"the+形容詞最高級(+名詞)+of(in)…"如:

Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.③表示兩者是同等程度,用"as+形容詞原級+as".如:

HeisastallasI.

Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.④越…越…

例如:ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越小心越好

又如:Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.

你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過分。

⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.

那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。

Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.

這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯⑦M(jìn)yEnglishisnobetterthanyours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。

B.副詞

1、副詞的種類

(1)時(shí)間副詞如:ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等

(2)地點(diǎn)副詞如:here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。

(3)方式副詞如:carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。

(4)程度副詞如:almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。

2、副詞比較等級的用法

其用法及形容詞相似,只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如:

Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.

Wemustworkharder.

3、某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別

(1)already,yet,still

already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生,主要用于否定句和疑問句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句和疑問句,有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如:

We'vealreadywatchedthatfilm.

Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.

Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.

(2)too,aswell,also,either

too,aswell和also用于肯定句和疑問句,too和aswell多用于口語,一般放在句末,而also多用于書面語,一般放在句中及動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句,往往放在句末。如:

Hewenttheretoo.

Hedidn'tgothereeither.

Ilikeyouaswell.

Ialsowentthere.

(3)hard,hardly

hardly意為"幾乎"及hard在詞義上完全不同。如:

Iworkhardeveryday.

Icanhardlyrememberthat.

(4)late,lately

lately意為"最近、近來",late意為"晚、遲"。如:

Henevercomeslate.

Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?II.例題

例1Tom'sfatherthinksheisalready____

AhighenoughBtallenough

CenoughhighCenoughtall

解析:該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。

例2____theworseIseemtobe.

AWhenItakemoremedicine

BThemoremedicineItake

CTakingmoreofthemedicine

DMoremedicinetaken

解析:該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級+…,the+形容詞比較級+…"意為越…,越…。該句意為:吃的藥越多,我的病越是加重。

例3"Ihaven'tbeentoLondonyet".

"Ihaven'tbeenthere____".

AtooBalsoCeitherDneither

解析:該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不",而C-either則用于否定句中,意為"也"。

例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.

AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply

解析:該題正確答案為B。A.deep用于副詞時(shí),修飾具體的深,如digdeep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞,如該題為deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞,不能互相修飾。(二)介詞I.要點(diǎn)

1、介詞和種類

(1)簡單介詞,常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。

(2)復(fù)合介詞,如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。

2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系

(1)和動詞的搭配,如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。

(2)和形容詞的搭配,如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat

(3)和名詞的搭配,如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.

3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語,這種修飾語通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如:

Hecamerightafterdinner.

Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.

4、某些介詞的意義及用法舉例

(1)at,on,in(表時(shí)間)

表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如atfouro'clock,atmidnight等;表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。

指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。

指長于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。

(2)between,among(表位置)

between僅用于二者之間,但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí),也用between,如

I'msittingbetweenTomandAlice.

Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.

among用于三者或三者以上之間。如:

Heisthebestamongthestudents.

(3)beside,besides

beside意為"在…旁邊",而besides意為"除…之外"。如:

Hesatbesideme.

Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?

(4)inthetree,onthetree

inthetree指動物或人在樹上,而onthetree指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上

(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthisway

ontheway指在路上intheway指擋道

bytheway指順便問一句inthisway用這樣的方法

(6)inthecorner,atthecorner

inthecorner指在拐角內(nèi)atthecorner指在拐角外

(7)inthemorning,onthemorning

inthemorning是一般說法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨

(8)bybus,onthebus

bybus是一般說法onthebus特指乘某一輛車II.例題

例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?

AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides

解析:A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but,意為"除了…",C-beside意為"在…旁邊",不符合題意。而D-besides,意為"除了…之外,還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為:除了英語外,你還知道別的語言嗎?

例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.

AonBatCinDduring

解析:我們均知道,atnight這一短語,但如果night前有修飾詞,表具體的夜晚,則要用介詞on來修飾,故該題正確答案為A。

例3I'mlookingforward____yourletter.

AtoBinCatDon

解析:該題正確答案為A。lookforwardto為固定搭配,意為"期望、盼望"。(三)連詞I.要點(diǎn)

1、連詞的種類

(1)并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句,如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。

(2)從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句,如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。

除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語從句)外,還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句),關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語從句)。

2、常用連詞舉例

(1)and和,并且

Theydrankandsangallnight.

(2)both…and和,既…也…

BothmyparentsandIwentthere.

(3)but但是,而

I'msad,butheishappy.

(4)either…or或…或…,要么…要么…

Eitheryou'rewrong,orIam.

(5)for因?yàn)?/p>

Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而,可是

Affirst,hedidn'twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.

(7)neither…nor既不…也不

Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.

(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…

Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.

(9)or或者,否則

Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.

Areyouaworkeroradoctor?

(10)so因此,所以

It'sgettinglate,soImustgo.

(11)although雖然

Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.

(12)assoonas一…就

I'lltellhimassoonasIseehim.

(13)because因?yàn)?/p>

Hedidn'tgotoschool,becausehewasill.

(14)unless除非,如果不

Iwon'tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.

(15)until直到…

Hedidn'tleaveuntileleven.(瞬間動詞用于not…until結(jié)構(gòu))

Hestayedthereuntileleven.

(16)while當(dāng)…時(shí)候,而(表示對比)

WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬間動詞)

Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.

(17)for因?yàn)?/p>

Hewasill,forhedidn'tcome.(結(jié)論是推斷出來的)

(18)since自從…

Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.

(19)hardly…when一…就

Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.

(20)asfaras就…來說

AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.

Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例題

例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.

AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas

解析:該題意為:John踢足球如果不比David好的話,那也踢得和David一樣好。和…一樣好為aswellas.故該題正確答案為B。

例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.

AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile

解析:該處意為"然而",只有while有此意思,故選D。

例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?

A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise

解析:該處意為"或者",正確答案為C。英語語法知識難點(diǎn)(二)(四)動詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)I.要點(diǎn)

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài),常及sometimes,always,often,everyday等時(shí)間狀語連用。如:

Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.

(2)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如:

Theearthgoesroundthesun.

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

(1)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作,常及now,atpresent等時(shí)間狀語連用。如:

Whatareyoudoingnow?

(2)和always,continually等連用,表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動作,常含有某種情感。如:

Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.

3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

主要表示動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在仍有影響,或動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去,常及just,already,sofar,once,never等詞連用。如:

HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?

4、一般將來時(shí)

表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常及tomorrow,nextyear等連用。如:

I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.

We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.

5、一般過去時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常及yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等詞連用。如:

Ithappenedmanyyearsago.

6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動作。如:

Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?

7、過去完成時(shí)

表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。如:

Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.

8、一般過去將來時(shí)

表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動作。如:

Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.

9、被動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài),以give為例。時(shí)/式一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在am

is

given

aream

is

being

arehas

beengiven

have

過去was

given

werewas

beinggivenwere

hadbeengiven將來shall

begiven

will

shall

havebeengiven

will過去將來should

begiven

would

should

havebeengiven

wouldII.例題例1Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.

AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead

解析:該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前,但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語in1950,所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài),而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。例2Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.

AislookedBhaslookedfor

CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析:該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)句中,介詞不能省,否則就變成了不及物動詞短語,而不能用于被動語態(tài)的句子中。(五)動詞虛擬語氣I.要點(diǎn)

表示說的話不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或及事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。

1、虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成情景條件從句的謂語動詞主句的謂語動詞及現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動詞過去式(be要用were)should

+動詞原形

would及過去事實(shí)相反had+過去分詞should

+have+過去分詞

would及將來事實(shí)相反1、動詞過去時(shí)

2、should+動詞原形

3、wereto+動詞原形should

+動詞原形

would

注:如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had,should,could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:

Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.

2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用

(1)在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語形式是"should(可省)+動詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。

句型一:Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…

句型二:Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…

句型三:Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…

如:Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.

Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.

Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.

(2)在賓語從句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等動詞后的賓語從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:

Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.

(3)在表語從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:

Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.

(4)在同位語從句中,謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如:

Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.

(5)在Itistimethat…句型中,其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或

"should+動詞原形",should不可省。如:

It'stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II.例題

例1Wehadhopedthathe____longer.

AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay

解析:該題正確答案為D。hadhoped表示"本希望",同樣用法的動詞還有think,expect等,后面的句子需用虛擬語氣

例2"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".

"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."

AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome

解析:該題正確答案為B。wouldrather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣,用動詞過去時(shí)表示。

例3Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.

AhaddoneBmighthavedone

CmightdoDwoulddo

解析:Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故該題正確答案為B。(六)短語動詞I.要點(diǎn)

英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體,其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動詞,有的相當(dāng)于不及物動詞,有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特征。英語短語動詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種:

(1)動詞+介詞

常見的有l(wèi)ookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如:

Don'tlaughatothers.

Ididn'tcareaboutit.

(2)動詞+副詞

常見的有g(shù)iveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:

You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.

Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.

(3)動詞+副詞+介詞

常見的有l(wèi)ookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如:

Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.

Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.

(4)動詞+名詞+介詞

常見的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如:

Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.

Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.

(5)動詞+形容詞

常見的有l(wèi)eaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞,則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:

Theprisonersweresetfree.

Hecutitopen.

(6)動詞+名詞

常見的有takeplace,makefriends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如:

Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.

Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.

(7)辨析

giveaway(讓給,暴露)和giveup(放棄,停止)

putaway(放起,收起)和putout(撲滅)

turnup(出席,放大)和turnon(打開)

keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不讓靠近)

makeup(編造,補(bǔ)上)和makeout(辨認(rèn))

takeoff(脫,起飛)和takeout(拿出)II.例題

例1Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.

AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup

解析:該題正確答案為A。意為"存";keepup意為"繼續(xù)";giveaway意為"分發(fā)";layup"貯藏"。

例2Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.

AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship

解析:該題正確答案為A.keepintouch為短語動詞,意為"保持聯(lián)系"。

例3____!There'satraincoming.

ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon

解析:該題選A.lookout意為"小心"。(七)動詞不定式I.要點(diǎn)

1、不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。式|語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten進(jìn)行式tobewriting

完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeenwriting

2、不定式的句法功能

(1)作主語

Tohearfromyouisnice.

Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.

不定式作主語時(shí),為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語,而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如:

It'snicetohearfromyou.

It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.

(2)作賓語

通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如:

Iforgottolockthedoor.

Pleaseremembertowritetome.

(3)作表語

Myjobistopickupletters.

Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.

(4)作定語

不定式作定語時(shí),須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如:

Ihavetwoletterstowrite.

Ihavealotofworktodo.

(5)作賓補(bǔ)

通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等詞后。如:

Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.

Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.

(6)作狀語

Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.

Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.

(7)作獨(dú)立成分

Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.

(8)"疑問詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

Idon'tknowhowtochoosethem.

Icannotdecidewheretogo.

(9)不定式的否定式。如:

Idecidednottogo.

(10)不定式的完成式。如:

HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.

Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.

Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高興了,樂意去)

(12)主動表被動。如:

Thebookiseasytoread.

Ihaveabooktoread.II.例題

例1Ihaven'tgotachair____.

AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting

解析:該題選C。不定式tositon在句中作定語,修飾名詞chair.因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動賓關(guān)系",所以不定式必須是及物動詞,故此處on不能省略。

例2Hewasmade____.

AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo

解析:該題選D。makesb.dosth.如果是被動形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.

AtobebuiltBbuilt

CtobuildDtobuilding

解析:該題選A。istobebuilt意為"將要被建"。(八)動名詞I.要點(diǎn)

動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能。

1、動名詞的形式,以write為例。式|語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+動名詞

2、動名詞的用法

(1)作主語

Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.

Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.

作主語的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長時(shí),可用it作形式主語。如:

Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.

(2)作賓語

IenjoyplayingPCgame.

Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.

(3)作表語

Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.

Seeingisbelieving.

動名詞作表語時(shí),句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

(4)作定語

There'sadiningroominmyschool.

Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.

(5)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞(或名詞的所有格)+動名詞"。如:

Tom'sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.

Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?

不過,動名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時(shí),必須用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞的賓格)。

①無生命名詞

Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.

Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.

②有生命名詞,但表泛指。

Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?

③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。

Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3.后面常接動名詞的動詞和短語

mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,

keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,

beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,

can'thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,

lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,

devotetodoing,leadtodoingII.例題

例1Shesaysshedoesn'tfeellike____outwithyou.

AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent

解析:該題正確答案為A。feellike=want,此處like為介詞,后面要接名詞或動名詞作賓語

例2Thegardenneeds____.

AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered

解析:該題正確答案為B。need=want=require.如果物作主語,此三者后要接動名詞或tobedone這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。

例3Excuseme____you.

AinterruptingBtointerrupt

CinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted

解析:該題正確答案為A。excuse后接動名詞作賓語,此句中的me為動名詞的邏輯主語(常用于口語中)。(九)分詞I.要點(diǎn)

分詞既具有動詞的一些特征,又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩類?,F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過去分詞則只有一般式?,F(xiàn)在分詞表動作正在進(jìn)行,表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成,表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經(jīng)完成,表主動。

過去分詞的句法功能:

1、作定語

IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.

Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.

2、作表語

WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.

I'minterestedinthisbook.

3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語

I'mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.

WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.

4、作狀語

Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.

Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。

1、作狀語

Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.

Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.

2、作賓語

Ihatebeingspokenillof.

HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.

3、作表語

Seeingisbelieving.

Thebookisinteresting.

4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語

Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.

Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.

5、作定語

Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?

Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問題

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式

Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.

2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式

Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.

3、現(xiàn)在分詞及過去分詞的不同

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、正在,過去分詞表示被動、完成

Ifoundthemankilledthere.

Ifoundthemanstandingthere.

4、have結(jié)構(gòu)

Wehavethecarrepaired.

Wehaverepairedthecar.

WehaveTomrepairthecar.

WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.

5、分詞作表語

Wewereexcitedatthenews.

Thefootballgameisexciting.

6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II.例題

例1、Time_______,I'llgoonapicnicwithyou.

A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting

解析:該題答案為D。Timepermitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話…"

例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.

A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking

解析:該題答案為C。主語she是被問。英語語法知識難點(diǎn)(三)

(十)情態(tài)動詞及助動詞I.要點(diǎn)

助動詞本身無意義,在句中幫助主要動詞構(gòu)成一定的時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài)、語氣,或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句,常用的助動詞有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).

情態(tài)動詞表一定的詞義,本身并不表示動作或狀態(tài),而僅僅表達(dá)說話人的態(tài)度,它在句中須和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語,主要的情態(tài)動詞有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.

1、can能,可以,表說話人同意,許可還可表客觀條件許可,如:Youcangonow.

提建議或請求時(shí)可用canI,canyou表客氣,如CanIbuyyouadrink?

can和beableto表能力時(shí)的區(qū)別。

can表一般具有的能力,beableto表在特定條件下的能力,如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.

2、may

(1)、可以,表說話人同意,許可或請求對方許可。Youmaygo.

(2)、(現(xiàn)在和將來)可能,也許,只用于肯定句和否定句中,如Hemaynotberight.

3、must,haveto

must表主觀上的必須,haveto表客觀上的必須,如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.

(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)

4、need,dare這二詞有實(shí)意動詞和情態(tài)動詞兩種詞性,如用作實(shí)意動詞后接動詞不定式todo,如用作情態(tài)動詞后接動詞原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)

5、shall用于第一人稱疑問句中表說話人征求對方的意見或向?qū)Ψ秸埱?,如,Shallwebeginourlesson?

用于二、三人稱陳述句,表說話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻,如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.

6、should表應(yīng)該,意為有責(zé)任,有義務(wù)。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.

7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算,如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill.",

8、shouldhavedone表應(yīng)該做而未做

musthavedone表對過去事實(shí)的肯定推測

couldhavedone表本可以做某事

9、判斷句:肯定句用must,否定句用can't,不太肯定用may,might

Hemustbeintheofficenow.

Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.

Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.

Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.

Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.

Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II.例題

例1,They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.

A.didn'tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot

解析,該題答案為A,此空需選一動詞作謂語,因?yàn)楹竺媸莟owalk,didn'tdare是行為動詞dare過去時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式。

例2,Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______

sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.

A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used

解析,該題答案為A,would此處表過去的傾向性,習(xí)慣性動作,意為"總是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.(十一)句子種類I.要點(diǎn)

句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句;按結(jié)構(gòu)又分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。

1、陳述句的否定

(1)在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等,且主句主語是第一人稱時(shí),賓語從句謂語的否定習(xí)慣上要移到主句謂語上,如:Idon'tthinkheisright.

(2)含有否定意義的副詞never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子應(yīng)視為否定句,如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.

2、反意疑問句

(1)need和dare既可作情態(tài)動詞,又可作實(shí)意動詞,在反問部分須加以區(qū)別,如Weneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?

(2)陳述部分出現(xiàn)否定意義的副詞或代詞如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等時(shí),反問部分須用肯定形式如:Heseldomcomes,doeshe?

(3)陳述部分用不定代詞作主語時(shí),反問部分的主語用it,如:Nothingcanstopme,canit?

陳述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,等作主語時(shí),反問部分常用it,有時(shí)也用they,如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?

(4)陳述部分包括usedto時(shí),反問部分可有兩種形式,如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?

(5)陳述部分是"there+be"結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),反問部分用there,如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?

(6)陳述部分是含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí),反問部分的主語和謂語應(yīng)和主句保持一致,如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?

但,如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+賓語從句時(shí),反問部分須和從句的動詞保持一致,如,Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?

3、感嘆句

用what或how,

Whatabeautifulparkitis.

Howbeautifulaparkitis.

Howbeautifultheparkis.

Howweworked!

4、祈使句

Takecare!

Don'tstandthere.

Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II.例題

例1,Don'tforgettoposttheletter,_______?

A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou

解析:該題答案為A,在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?,但肯定的祈使句后可用如,Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2,Let'sgooutforawalk,_______?

A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe

解析:該題答案為C,let's…后加上shallwe來表語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣,而在letus后加上willyou。

例3,Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?

A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe

解析:該題答案為B,hardly否定副詞,反問部分要用肯定形式。(十二)各種從句I.要點(diǎn)

根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能,從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。

1、名詞性從句

(1)主語從句

Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.

Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.

注:主語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

(2)賓語從句

Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.

Doyouknowwherehelives?

(3)表語從句

Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.

ThisiswhyIcamehere.

(4)同位語從句

Ihavenoideawherehewent.

Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.

同位語從句用that引導(dǎo),常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等詞后,that在從句中不作任何成分。

2、定語從句

在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞,或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫做定語從句,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。

(1)that指物時(shí)一般可及which互換,但在下列情況下,要用that而不用which。

a.先行詞有all,everything等不定代詞時(shí),如,

Everything(that)hedidiswrong.

b.先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時(shí),如,

I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.

c.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí),

Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.

d.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí),如

Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.

e.只用which的情況

在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中

Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.

Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.

f.where和when作關(guān)系副詞

ThisistheroomwhereIworked.

ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.

Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.

IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.

g.as和which

as可以放于句首,而which不可以

Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.

threeofthem和threeofwhich

Ihavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.

IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、狀語從句

在復(fù)合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。II.例題

例1、_______

Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.

A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen

解析:該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用,if不可以,此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。

例2、Theway_______

thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.

A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich

解析:該題答案為C,先行詞是way,定語從句中用that或inwhich來引導(dǎo)或不填。

例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.

A.ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe

解析:該題答案為B,Itis+時(shí)間數(shù)+since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型,意為"從…時(shí)候以來過了多久了。"(十三)主謂一致I.要點(diǎn)

謂語受主語支配,須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致,這叫做主謂一致,主謂一致包括語法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。

1、語法上一致

(1)、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞,動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí),謂語動詞要用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.

(2)、用and或both……and連接的并列主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,

BothheandIareright.

但并列主語如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,謂語動詞用單數(shù),如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.

(3)、主語是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù),如,

Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.

(4)、某些不定代詞,如做主語,謂語動詞要用單數(shù),如:Everyonehasabook.

(5)、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如people,cattle,clothes等作主語時(shí),謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù),如,Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.

2、意義上一致

(1)、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動詞通常用單數(shù),如,

Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.

(2)、表示總稱意義的名詞public,police,cattle,clothes等作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.

(3)、有些集合名詞,如family,team等作主語,如作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語動詞用單數(shù),如指其中每個(gè)成員,則用復(fù)數(shù),如,

Myfamilyisabigone.

MyfamilyarewatchingTV.

3、鄰近一致

用連詞or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等連接的并列主語,如果一個(gè)是單數(shù),一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞按就近一致原則,及最靠近它的主語一致,如,

EitheryouorIammad.II.例題

例1、Thechemicalworks_______

wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.

A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt

解析:該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意思上是單數(shù),因此謂語動詞用單數(shù),類似的還有news,maths,politics,physics.

例2、Theyeach_______

acopyofthenewphysics.

A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets

解析:該題答案為A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof這個(gè)詞組作主語謂語用單數(shù)如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework,而theyeach作主語,謂語要隨each前面的詞來變化。英語語法知識難點(diǎn)(四)(十四)倒裝

I.要點(diǎn)

按"主語+謂語"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序,如果變?yōu)?謂語(或謂語的一部分)+主語",就是倒裝語序。

1、全部倒裝

(1)therebe句型

Thereisgoingtobeameeting.

Thereisabookonthetable.

(2)here,there,now,then,in,out等副詞置于句首時(shí),主謂倒裝,但如果主語是人稱代詞時(shí),主語和謂語語序不倒裝,如,

Herecomesthebus.

Herehecomes.

(3)直接引語的部分或全部位于句首時(shí),有時(shí)也用倒裝,如,

"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.

(4)為保持句子平衡,強(qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語,使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)須完全倒裝,如,Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒裝

(1)so,neither,nor置于句首說明及前者情況一致時(shí),如,

Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.

(2)only+狀語放在句首,如,

Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.

Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.

(3)含有否定意義的詞置于句首,如,Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等,如,

NeverhadIheardthat.

LittledidIknowaboutthis.

(4)以often,so+形容詞或副詞開頭的句子,如,

Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.

(5)用于省略if的虛擬條件句中,將had,were,should提前,如,

WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.

Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.

(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中,如,

Mayyoubehappyforever.II.例題

例1、Notonly

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