限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

..限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句提供有關(guān)主語或賓語的重要信息,起限定作用,與被修飾部分的關(guān)系緊密,如果省略該從句會(huì)使主句語義表達(dá)不完整。例如：Thisistheverypersonthatiswantedbythepolice.Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthetime.非限制性定語從句只是用來對(duì)被修飾部分作補(bǔ)充性的說明,與先行詞關(guān)系比較松散,先行詞與從句間可以用逗號(hào)隔開,從句可略去：Hewillnotbeabletospendtheholidaywithhisfamily,whichisabigannoyancetohim.Theminister,whoistovisitouruniversity,issaidtobeaQinghuaUniversityThebook,whichyoursisterboughtyouinXinhuaBookstore,isveryusefulinimprovingyourspokenEnglish.Thebusinessman,whosesuitcasehasbeenfoundbyastranger,hasleftforBeijing.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞<my,his,etc>或形容詞性指示代詞<this,that,etc>作限定詞的名詞詞組,其后的定語從句通常為非限制性的。例如：TheThames,whichisnowcleanenoughtoswimin,waspollutedforoverahundredyears.Mymother,whohasbeenonavisittoAustralia,willflybacktomorrow.Allofthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythechildreninHopeSchool限制性定語從句的先行詞只能是名詞,代詞或名詞性詞組,而非限制性定語從句的先行詞除了是名詞及名詞性詞組外,還可能是句子的一部分或是整個(gè)句子。例如：Theysayheplaystruant,whichhedoesn’t.[which指代playstruant]Themeetingwasputofftillnextmonth,aswehoped.[as指前面的句子]下面的表格歸納了前面已提到的兩者不同之處：表一：限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句1．提供確定或限定主句中某個(gè)名詞的信息。1．提供對(duì)確定主句中某個(gè)名詞的非主要附加信息。2．由深層嵌入句派生而來。2．由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的深層嵌入句派生而來。3．無分隔定語從句和主句和停頓或特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)〔逗號(hào)/插入語/破折號(hào)。3．書面語中用逗號(hào),口語中用特殊的停頓和降低聲調(diào)來把定語從句和主句分隔開來。4．不可以修飾整個(gè)命題,只修飾一個(gè)名詞。4．可以修飾一個(gè)中心名詞,或以評(píng)價(jià)的形式修飾整個(gè)命題。5．可使用that和who<m>,which等關(guān)系代詞。5．That不能當(dāng)作關(guān)系代詞,只可用wh-代詞。6．不常用來修飾專有名詞。6．既可修飾普通名詞,也可修飾專有名詞。7．可修飾帶有any或every等類屬限定詞的中心名詞。7．不可修飾帶有any或every等類屬限定詞的中心名詞。3.2定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞that,which,who在定語從句中做主語在限制性定語從句中,who或that用于指人,that或which用于指物,它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中代替名詞性主語或代詞性主語,不能省略。例如：Heisthemanwho/thatliveshere.[不能說：×Heisthemanwhoheliveshere.]Thebagwhich／thathasbeenputthereforalongtimebelongstoWangHong．who<m>,which,that在定語從句中作賓語表示人的時(shí)候用who<m>或that,它們?cè)趶木渲写婷~性賓語或賓格代詞,作定語從句賓語的whom/that通?？梢允÷?在口語中常用who代替whom。例如：He’sthemanwhom/thatImet.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.表示動(dòng)物和東西的時(shí)候應(yīng)用which/that:Thepiecesofmusic<that>hehascomposedaresungbymanypopsingers.Taxesconsistofmoney<that>peoplepaytosupporttheirgovernment.They’rethepostcardswhichIsentfromAmerica.who<m>,which或that作介詞的賓語,關(guān)系代詞可省略。定語從句的介詞的位置非常重要,我們可以說：HeisthepersontowhomIwrote.[非常正式用法]<但不可以說：×towho>.或：Heisthepersonwho<m>Iwroteto./Heistheperson<whom>Iwroteto.ThisisthepaninwhichIboiledthemilk.[非常正式用法]或：ThisisthepanwhichIboiledthemilkin./Thisisthepan<that/which>Iboiledthemilkin.whose+名詞關(guān)系代詞whose是既可用于限制性定語從句,也可用于非限制性定語從句,在從句中作定語,一般用來指人,代替所有格形容詞〔my,his,your,her,its等,在從句中當(dāng)定語,沒有陰性、陽性或單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)的變化；有時(shí)也可指物,指物時(shí)可以用ofwhich代替。例如：TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.Thebicyclewhosebrakewasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.=Thebicycle,thebrakeofwhichwasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.Edisonisagreatinventorwhosefameisworld-wide.that的用法1、that只用于限制性定語從句,既可指人,又可指物,在句中用做主語或賓語?！惨?、3.2.22、當(dāng)先行詞是all,much,little,theone,anything,something,nothing,everything,none等不定代詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只用that。例如：Thereislittlethatcanbedoneaboutit.That'sallthatIknewaboutit.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Haveyoudoneeverythingthatisassignedtoyou?3、先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只用that。例如：ItisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverread.Thebestthingthathecoulddoatpresentistoleave.Thisisthefirsttimethathehasbeenthere.Sheistheonlyonethathasfinishedhertaskontime.Attheverybeginning,wehavejusttoomuchworkthatneedstobedone.4、在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。例如：TherearesomepeoplethatI’dliketointroducetoyou.Thereisaveryinterestingstorythateverychildwouldliketolistento.5、先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí),用that。例如：Avictimisaperson,animalorthingthatsufferspain,death,harm,etc.Themanandhisdogthatwerenappingoutsidetheroomwerephotographedbythejournalist.6、在"Itis+名詞+定語從句1+定語從句2”的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句2要用that。Itisalwaysthemouthwhichtalkstoomuchthatincurstroubles.〔言多必失。Itisonlyamanwhoisquiteexperiencedthatcanfulfillthistask.which的用法1、which一般只用于指物<a>,有時(shí)也用來指性別不明的嬰兒<b>。例如：a:Thetileswhichfellofftheroofcausedseriousdamage.b:ThebabywhichthenursehasjustbroughtinisJohn’schild.2、如果指物的關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面,只能用which,不能用that。例如：Thisisthehouseinwhichshespentherchildhood.Theagencyfromwhichweboughtourticketsisbankrupt.3、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),用來指物替代名詞詞組。例如：Thisbook,whichhasonlybeenreviewed,waspublishedayearago.4、替代整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分：ThemeetinghasbeenputofftillnextFriday,whichisgoodnewstothem.<指代整個(gè)主句>Shesaidthathersonwouldbecomeascientist,whichwethoughtpossible.<指代that分句>Sheisveryattentiveinclass,whichherarelyis.<指代整個(gè)短語>3.2.7as的用法1、as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí),常與such或thesame連用,構(gòu)成thesame…as;such…as結(jié)構(gòu),as用于代替指人或物的先行詞。例如：Ihavenevereatensuchtastyfoodsasshecookedme.Suchbooksastherewereontheshelfinterestedus.Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe<has>.試比較thesame…as和thesame…that：ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.〔這和我上周讀的那本書是一樣的。ThisisthesamebookthatIreadlastyear.〔這就是我上周讀的那本書。如果先行詞表示抽象概念,則沒有這種區(qū)別,例如：Shetoldmethesamestoryas/thatshehadtoldyou.Ihadthesamedifficultythat/asyouhadlastyear.在as／so…as結(jié)構(gòu)中,后面的as也是關(guān)系代詞,例如：Wetookasmanymenascouldbepermittedtoattendthemeeting.Youcanstayhereaslongasyoulike.Thingsdonotgoonassmoothlyaswehoped.2、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),用于代替整個(gè)主句,意思是"正如",相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。as從句位置較之which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句更加靈活,因而as從句既可以指前面提到的內(nèi)容,也可以指后面將要提到的內(nèi)容,which一般在主句后。例如：Asismentionedabove,thismethodaimsatimprovingthestudents’abilityinamoreeffectiveway.Thetestiscancelled,asyouhavehoped.Thetest,asyouhavehoped,iscancelled.Asemiconductormaterial,asthenameindicates,haspoorerconductivitythanaconductor.▲注：as代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中做主語時(shí)表達(dá)的意思應(yīng)與主句一致,而且從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.例如：Hefailedtopasstheexamagain,asispredicted.Hefailedtopasstheexamagain,whichannoyedhismothergreatly.記住以下的as結(jié)構(gòu)：asisknowntoall<眾所周知>,asisoftenthecase<情況常常如此>,asthenameIndicates／suggests<顧名思義>,asmaybeimagined<可以想象得出>,asoftenhappens<這種情況常常發(fā)生>,ashasbeensaidbefore<如前所述>,ashasbeenpointedout<正如已經(jīng)指出的>,aswillbeshownin<將在…中指出>,asishoped<正如所希望的>but的用法but用作關(guān)系代詞相當(dāng)于who…not,which…not,that…not。but既可指人,也可指物,常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語。but本身含"否定"的意思,它前面的主句通常有"否定"的詞,如：<no,not,little,few,hardly等>.but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用,達(dá)到強(qiáng)烈肯定的修飾效果。例如：Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.<=Thereisnomotherthat／whodoesnotloveherownchildren.>[主語]Thereisscarcelyagoodmoviebuthehasseen.<=thathehasnotseen>.[賓語]Thereisneverafriendbutheremembersthebirthdayof.[介詞賓語]Whoistherebutcommitserrors？[but間或也可用在疑問句后]Thereisnomanbuterrs.=Thereisnomanwhodoesnoterr.[主語]Whathesawinthoseplacesbutwasnotmiserable〔but=whichwasnot<他所到之處,看到的均是凄慘不已的景象。>[主語]Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.〔很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。But=whodon’t[主語]but結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可省略。例如：<Thereis>Norulebuthasexceptions.<ThereareFewbooksbuthaveamisprintortwo.than的用法關(guān)系代詞than一般用于含有比較級(jí)的句子中,兼有連詞和代詞的性質(zhì)。例如：Youspentmoremoneythanwasintendedtobespent.Shehasdonemuchmoreworkthanwasrequiredofher.Thequestionismorecomplicatedthanappearsonthesurface.3.3介詞+關(guān)系代詞"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可以是限制性定語從句,又可以是非限制性定語從句,"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"在從句中做主語、賓語、狀語、定語等,介詞的選擇則要根據(jù)它與其先行詞的關(guān)系或前后名詞、動(dòng)詞等的搭配關(guān)系來決定,同時(shí)還應(yīng)該考慮句子在上下文中要表達(dá)的意思。"介詞+which／whom／whose"這時(shí)應(yīng)注意介詞與句中短語的搭配。例如：TheproblemwithwhichIhavetroublehasnowbeensolved.Oil,ofwhichthereareseveraldifferenttypes,isusedformanypurposesbycountriesallovertheworld.Theman,becauseofwhosehelpthemurdererwascaughtbythepolice,iscomingtoourschooltomorrow.介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前的形式的定語從句較之將介詞至于從句之末的定語從句正式,因此多用于書面語當(dāng)中,但在口語中有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)；或者將介詞后置,或在介詞后置后用that〔人、物／who〔人代替which／whom,并且that可省略。例如；CanyoulendmeapenorpencilwithwhichIcanwrite?Canyoulendmeapenorpencilthat/whichIcanwritewith?Canyoulendmeapenorpencil<that>Icanwritewith?Whoisthemantowhomyouweretalking?Whoisthemanwhom/that/whoyouweretalkingto?Whoistheman<that>youweretalkingto?如果介詞過長(zhǎng),則不適于后置,例如：Soundisatool,bymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Wemaybecaughtbyafire,incaseofwhichwemustfindwaystoescape."名詞+介詞+which／whom"引導(dǎo)的定語從句Hereferredtoapersonthenameofwhomslippedbymemoryatthatmoment.Wehadadiscussionthepurposeofwhichwastofindasolutiontothisproblem.在非限定性定語從句中,ofwhich／whom可用來修飾不定代詞all,each,one,many,much,more,most,any,some,afew,alittle,none,both,several,thelatter,theformer等。練習(xí)時(shí),應(yīng)該判斷填空的部分為主句的定語從句還是與主句并列的成分。例如：Wehaveinterviewedmorethan50students,onlyafewofwhomgavesatisfactoryanswerstoourquestions.[定語從句]Wehaveinterviewedmorethan50students,butonlyafewofthemgavesatisfactoryanswerstoourquestions.[并列]Manypeoplecametohergraduationparty,mostofwhomwereherformerclassmates.[定語從句]Manypeoplecametohergraduationparty,andmostofthemwereherformerclassmates.[并列]Thereare32studentsinourclass,upto20ofwhomarefromthesouth.[定語從句]"介詞+which+名詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句which是一個(gè)代表所有關(guān)系的關(guān)系代詞,可用來代表一個(gè)名詞／代詞或句子的一部分,但更多地是來代表整個(gè)句子。其中的名詞通常是一個(gè)抽象名詞,如case,fact,state,time,point等。例如：Waterboilsatl00℃,atwhichtemperatureitchangesintogasHewasabouttoleave,atwhichmomentIcamebackhome.WeiHuaspentfouryearsintheUnitedStates,duringwhichperiodshestudiedlaw.Reader'sDigest,towhichwehavejustsubscribed,hasanenormouscirculation.3.4定語從句中的關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句〔限制性／非限制性在從句中作狀語,意思相當(dāng)于"介詞+which",常見的引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：where,when和why等,不常見的如表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞：since,after和before。關(guān)系副詞where〔=at,inwhich引導(dǎo)表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句Thisistheplacewherehe’dmostliketolivetherestofhislife.Londonisthecitywhereshewasborn.Thatistheplacewheretheymetforthefirsttime.在表示"情況、方面、狀況"等有地點(diǎn)含義的抽象名詞如case,game,spot,point,conditions,situation,circumstances等作為先行詞的定語從句時(shí),也用where引導(dǎo),其意義相當(dāng)于underwhich。例如：It’sakindofgamewhereyoucantrainyoureyesightEveryonemayfacethesituationwhereyouhavetomakeadecisionyourself.I’llshowhimthepointwherehefailed.Underthecircumstanceswherefoodshortageisthemostseriousproblem,wemusttryourbesttoseekinternationalaid.關(guān)系副詞when〔=at,on,during,inwhich引導(dǎo)表示時(shí)間的定語從句I’llneverforgetthedaywhen<=onwhich>Ifirstcametothisuniversity.Thisistheseasonwhen<=inwhich>mostfisherswillbeverybusy.ThatisthetimewhenmanyAmericanswereoutofwork.MostpeopleliketogothereinMay,whentheflowersareinfullbloom.關(guān)系副詞why〔=forwhich引導(dǎo)表示原因的定語從句Doyouknowthereasonwhyheleftthepartyearlythatnight?Thereasonwhyshemissedthetrainisthatshewasheldupbyanaccident.其他關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句ImissyoueverydaysinceIcamehere.Onthedaybeforeshegotmarried,hermotherhandedherthefamilyheirloom.Themonthaftershetooktheentranceexaminationwasspentinrelaxingherself3.5關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的省略關(guān)系代詞的省略1、關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作直接賓語時(shí)可以省略Hereistheman<who/that/whom>you’vebeenlookingfor.Thewoman<whom/who/that>IwastalkingtoisourEnglishteacher.Isthereanyquestion<that>youwanttoaskme?2、當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語時(shí)可以省略Georgeisnottheman<that>heusedtobe.Heisall<that>ateachershouldbe.3、在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語從句,或在定語從句中出現(xiàn)therebe結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),用做主語的關(guān)系代詞that可省略Thereisamandownstairs<who>wantstoseeyou.Thisisthebestdictionary<that>thereisinthelibrary.That’sall<that>thereistoit.<如此而已。>Haveyounoticedanything<that>thereishappeninginthecompany?關(guān)系副詞的省略1、當(dāng)先行詞是reason,而且在定語從句中做原因狀語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用why或that,可以省略Thereason<why/that>hefailedwashislaziness.Thatisthereason<why>Ididit.2、當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用inwhich或that,可以省略Theway<inwhich/that>thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.Thatwastheway<inwhich/that>sheworkedtheproblemout.注意：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做主語時(shí),不省略。例如：Idon’tknowthewaythat/whichleadstothetopofthemountains.3、當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用when或有時(shí)用that,有時(shí)也可以省略Thesecondtime<that>Isawhimwasin1980.Idon’tknowtheexacttime<when/that>thesportsmeetwilltakeplace.Hisgrandpastillrememberstheday<that/when>thecitywasliberated.4、當(dāng)先行詞表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用where或有時(shí)用that,有時(shí)也可以省略Thisisthevillage<where/that>thegreatmanspenthischildhood.Doyouknowthesite<where/that>thisancienttombwasdiscovered.Iknowtheplace<that/where>shelives.3.6what關(guān)系代詞"whatis〔was+形容詞比較級(jí)"結(jié)構(gòu)what泛指上文或下文,意思是"更……,尤其……"。該結(jié)構(gòu)常為插入語：Sheisveryintelligent,andwhat’smore,veryhard-working.Greatmenareoftenunknown,orwhatisworse,misknown.Shedecided,whatwastheonlychoice,thatshewouldkeepitasecret.what=先行詞+關(guān)系詞what相當(dāng)于thething〔swhich或theperson〔sthat,既可以指人,也可指物,意思相當(dāng)于"……的〔人或物",此種情況的what本身已包含先行詞,因而其前不能再有先行詞。what在其從句中可以做主語、賓語和表語。例如：Thisiswhatyoucallfashion?Thatisexactlywhatyouaretoldtodo?Neverpretendtobewhatyouarenot.Sheiswhatwecallanoptimist."what+名詞"="allthe+名詞+that"what在從句中作定語。例如：Onherdeath,theoldwomangavewhatpropertyshehadtotheyoungmanwhostayedwithherduringthelastyearsofherlife.<=allthepropertythat>Wewillgiveyouwhathelpwecan.<=allthehelpthat>Hesharedwhatlittlewaterhehadwithhiscompanions.<=allthelittlewaterthat>Whatpoemswehavelearnedatpresentareaboutlove.<=allthepoemsthat>3.7先行詞與其定語從句的分割有時(shí)先行詞與其定語從句會(huì)被其他的一些語法成分割裂開來,如：狀語、定語或謂語等。例如：Wehavemadeanumberofcreativeadvancesintheoreticalresearchofappliedsciencewhichareuptoadvancedworldlevels.Doyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenlcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?Duringtheconstruction,problemsoftenarisewhichrequiredesignchanges.3.8定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別〔詳見3.9關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的判斷3.9.1謂語動(dòng)詞是否及物用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。從句中如果及物動(dòng)詞后面接賓語,就必須要用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：Thedayswhenwestayedtogetherareunforgettable.〔stay不及物I’llneverforgetthedayswhichIspentwithyouinTokyo.〔spend及物,有賓語Thisisthereasonwhyhedidnotcomethatmorning.<come不及物動(dòng)詞>Thisisthereasonwhich/thathefoundtoexcuseforhimself.<find及物動(dòng)詞>先行詞在定語從句中的成分〔主、謂、賓、定、狀先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因時(shí),就選用關(guān)系副詞,用when,where或why,在從句中應(yīng)該是做狀語,否則的話則應(yīng)該用which／that等,that有時(shí)可以代替when,where或why,但when,where或why中不能代替that。例如：1.Isthismuseumyouvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseumtheexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到賓語的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D；而在句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn),既可用副詞where,又因inthemuseum詞組,可用介詞in＋which引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中,介詞on用的不對(duì),所以選A。當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing時(shí),常用thereis來引導(dǎo)。例如：Idon’twanttoconcentrateonanythingthereisworryingme.引導(dǎo)條件從句的連詞引導(dǎo)條件從句的連詞比較多,我們可以把它們分為以下幾個(gè)大類：1、表示"只要、只有"：as,as<so>faras,as<so>longas,onlyif,onlythat,butthat：As<So>longaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoovercomethedifficulty.There’swarinsofarasthere’stheearthbeneathourfeet.Butthatheisill,hewouldstayathome.2、表示"如果"：if,incase<that>,provided/providing<that>,suppose/supposing〔that[僅用在問句中],intheevent<that>:Ifyouarenottootired,let’sgooutforawalk.Intheeventthatourteamwins,therewillbeabigcelebration.Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.Suppose<Supposing>wecan’tgetenoughfood,whatshallwedo?Provided/Providing<that>yougivemeareceipt,Iwillpaytherent.3、表示"考慮到"：given/granted<that>[正式用法],assuming<that>,Giventhatx=y,thenn<x+a>=n<y+a>mustbealsotrue.〔多用于論證4、表示"除非"：unless<=ifnot>Let’sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.5、表示"一旦"：onceOnce<=Ifonce>yousmoke,youcan’tgiveupsmoking.Onceshebeginstocry,thereisnostoppingher.6、各種復(fù)雜介詞表示"條件是"：onconditionthat,ontheunderstandingthat,ontheassumption/suppositionthat,withtheproviso/stipulationthat,incaseof,intheeventof等。例如：Iwillgivehimanythinghewantsonconditionthathewillshowgoodmanners.Dial119in不用連詞引導(dǎo)的條件從句WereIabird,Iwouldflytoyou.〔虛擬語氣Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.<祁使語氣>Youdoitagain,I’llkillyou.<口語體>Afewdays’restandyouwillbeallrightagain.<名詞+and>Nothingventure,nothinghave.<沒有主語和動(dòng)詞>Timepermitting,wewillgotraveling.〔分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中,真實(shí)條件句廣泛使用,人們通常用于表示對(duì)話語的態(tài)度〔即起評(píng)注性狀語作用。例如：Ifyoudon’tmind,I’dliketothinkaboutthatforabit.IfIrememberrightly,IthinkIhaveseenyousomewhere.Takeanothercup,ifyouplease.4.2讓步從句<ClauseofConcession>讓步是對(duì)比的一個(gè)特殊變體,表達(dá)的意義是"Yes,but…",使用讓步連接詞時(shí),說話人/作者希望表達(dá)在承認(rèn)一個(gè)命題正確和確信另一個(gè)命題也正確的情況下,削弱第一個(gè)命題的重要性,主句中的意思往往是最重要的中心意思,正是讓步連接詞能讓讀者或聽者做出這樣的推論。它有"雖然,盡管,即使"之意,主要由以下引導(dǎo)詞構(gòu)成：1、though,althoughAlthoughit’sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.Hestillworkshardthoughheisveryold.Thoughthesorebehealed,yetascarmayremain.▲注意：當(dāng)有though,although時(shí),后面的從句不能有but,但是though和yet可連用。例如：Thoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy.though還可以用做副詞,放在句末。例如：Itwashardwork;Ienjoyedit,though.=Itwashardwork,butIenjoyedit.2、everif,eventhough"即使"We’llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.3、whether…or…"不管……都"Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.4、"nomatter+疑問詞<what,who,when,where,which,how>"或"疑問詞+后綴ever<whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however>"Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.NomatterwhatIsayorhowIsayit,healwaysthinksI’mwrong.Don’tletthemin,whoever<=nomatterwho>theyare.▲注意：nomatter+疑問詞不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句?！病罭omatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.〔√Whateveryousayisofnousenow.<Whateveryousay是主語從句>〔×Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey’regiven.〔√Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey’regiven.〔whatever引導(dǎo)賓語從句5、beiteverso/letitbeeverso…<=nomatterhow…>Beiteverso/Letitbeeversohumble,thereisnoplacelikehome.<=Nomatterhowhumbleitmaybe,…>Theenterprise,beitassmallasitmay,requiresgreatability.Lettheconsequencesbewhattheymay,heremainsfirm.6