GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯 解析9.19

GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯解析9.19GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯解析9.19GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯解析9.19GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯解析9.19編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:GCT英語(yǔ)核心詞匯解析abandon:基本含義及其用法：~sb：放棄，拋棄不顧義務(wù)，忠誠(chéng)或責(zé)任而不予支持或幫助；遺棄：Neverabandonourfriendintrouble.永遠(yuǎn)不要置朋友于危難之中而不顧。(2)~sth：離棄，丟棄，通過(guò)離開、停止操作或不再居住而放棄，特別是危險(xiǎn)或迫近的威脅所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果：Thecaptainmadethetoughdecisionthattheyabandontheship.船長(zhǎng)做出艱難的決定：棄船。-(3)abandondoing放棄做某事：Heabandonedsmoking.(4)~oneselfto(doing)sth:使自己沉湎于（做）……Aftertheydeparted,heabandonedhimselftodrinking:自從他們分手以后，他就一直沉湎于醉酒。（從這個(gè)意義上，abandon還可以用作名詞，意思是“狂熱”）Heabandonedhimselftodespair,tosomeextent.從某種意義上說(shuō)，他自暴自棄了。近義詞：giveup：giveupdoing聯(lián)想：quitdesert：（形近詞）聯(lián)想：deserve(應(yīng)得(懲罰或者獎(jiǎng)賞):youdeserveit!)；dessert餐后甜點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)提醒：從2003到2006年的GCT考試中這個(gè)詞還沒(méi)有作為考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)過(guò)，引起重視的程度為*****access基本含義及其用法通道，入口，出口，Themainaccessto(=entranceto)thebuilding使用途徑接近、進(jìn)入、出去或使用的方法手段；通道Theonlyaccesstothevillageisbyboat.進(jìn)入村莊唯一的途徑就是駕船。Therighttoapproach,enter,exit,ormakeuseof:接近權(quán)，享用權(quán)，出入權(quán)接近、進(jìn)入、出去或使用的權(quán)力：hasaccesstotherestrictedarea;hasaccesstoclassifiedmaterial.有權(quán)進(jìn)入禁區(qū)/使用已歸類的材料;Toobtainaccessto(dataorprocesses).接近，進(jìn)入獲得接觸（數(shù)據(jù)或程序）的途徑Thetaxinspectorhad/gainedcompleteaccesstothecompanyfiles同類詞匯/詞形變異accessible:Theresortiseasilyaccessiblebyroad,railandair.(Bereachedeasily)CoventGardenhasmadesomeattempttomakeoperaaccessibletoawiderpublic.(Beunderstoodeasily)accessibility:Twonewroadsarebeingbuilttoincreaseaccessibilitytothetowncentre.Theaccessibilityofherplays(=thefactthattheycanbeunderstood)meansthatsheisabletoreachawideaudience.復(fù)習(xí)提醒這個(gè)詞需要注意兩點(diǎn)：1、作為名詞時(shí)候，所搭配的介詞to;2、與have/gain/obtain構(gòu)成詞組所具有的含義。該詞在從2003到2006年的GCT考試中出現(xiàn)過(guò)3次：200409（表示2004年第9題，下同）.TheATMsenablebankcustomerstoaccesstheirmoney24hoursadayandsevendaysaweek_____ATMsarelocated.A.whereverB.wheneverC.howeverD.whatever200517access先是出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解的文章中“Insomecountries,likeJapan,manypeopleusetheirmobilephonestosende-mailmessageandaccesstheInternet.”隨后又出現(xiàn)在該篇閱讀理解的題目里：17. ItisstatedinthepassagethatRussiaandChina_____A.ordinarytelephoneserviceisavailableeverywhereB.peopleprefermobilephonetoordinarytelephonesC.mobileareusedinplaceswithoutordinarytelephoneD.peopleusemobilestosende-mailandaccesstheInternetaccompany基本含義及其用法同類詞匯company:wineaccompniesthemealcoexistaccomplice:同謀復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)ccurate基本含義及其用法1、來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)accurate，其中詞根cura是“注意”的意思，因?yàn)橹挥屑?xì)心“注意”，才能做到準(zhǔn)確2、Conformingexactlytofact;errorless同類詞匯accuratecorrectexact均含“正確的”意思。accurate表示“準(zhǔn)確的”,精確的”,指“通過(guò)努力,使事情達(dá)到正確”,如:Shegaveanaccurateaccountoftheaccident.她對(duì)事故做了準(zhǔn)確的描述。Isthiswatchaccurate

這只表走得準(zhǔn)么（表走得是否準(zhǔn)，暗含有人工校對(duì)的意思）correct為一般用語(yǔ),指“正確的”,如:Hegavecorrectanswerstothequestions.他對(duì)這些問(wèn)題提出了正確的答案。exact表示“確切的”,“精確無(wú)誤的”,指“與事實(shí)完全相符”,如:Hisanswerisquiteexact.他的回答完全正確。注意，這三個(gè)詞的反義詞構(gòu)成均是在它們前面加上否定前綴in:inaccurateincorrectinexactaccurate:accurately復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)ccuse基本含義及其用法控告:tochargewithacrimeorerror.accusesbofsthThepoliceaccusedhimofmurder.警方指控他謀殺。Thepoliceaccusedhimofstealing.警方控告他犯有盜竊罪。Theyaccusedhimoftakingbribes.他們控告他受賄。Marywasaccusedasanaccomplice.瑪麗被指控為同謀犯。Tomwasaccusedasamurderer.湯姆被指控為殺人犯。同類詞匯charge:Thepolicechargedhimwithcartheft.警方以偷車罪指控他。Criticschargedthewriterwithalackoforiginality.評(píng)論家指責(zé)這位作家缺少獨(dú)創(chuàng)性[charge的另外一種含義：（與to,upto連用）記賬；在帳冊(cè)等上記入…Don'tforgettochargethemoneyoftheshoestomyaccount.別忘了把買鞋的錢記在我的帳上。]復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)cute基本含義及其用法1、尖的，尖銳的有尖點(diǎn)或尖端的Havingasharppointortip.（從物理的角度）2、敏銳的、聰明的：Keenlyperceptiveordiscerning;penetrating（引申）acuteobservers:敏銳的觀察者anacutesenseofsmell:敏銳的嗅覺(jué)；tohaveacutehearing:擁有敏銳的聽(tīng)覺(jué)3、嚴(yán)重的；關(guān)鍵的、決定性的：Ofgreatimportanceorconsequence;crucial:（引申）acuteshortageoffood:嚴(yán)重缺乏食物4、acutedisease:急性??；acutepatient:急性病人5、anacuteangle:銳角（anobtuseangle:鈍角）acquire基本含義及其用法1、獲得；取得SheacquiredaknowledgeoftheEnglishbycarefulstudy.她認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)而精通英語(yǔ)。Somepeoplegobackfortheireducationtoacquireanotherdegreeordiplomatoimpressthesociety.有些人回到學(xué)校去接受教育,是想再取得一個(gè)學(xué)位或一張文憑,以增強(qiáng)自己在社會(huì)上的地位。2、擁有；得到Somesmokingandalcoholicdrinksareanacquiredtasteandarenotinborn.抽煙喝酒往往是一種后天習(xí)得的嗜好,并不是生來(lái)就有的。同類詞匯obtain/getacquisitionn獲得，獲得物復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)dapt基本含義及其用法1、順應(yīng)、適應(yīng)Tomakesuitabletoorfitforaspecificuseorsituation.（使適合，使適應(yīng)某種特定用法或狀況；）adaptto使適應(yīng)；使適合adaptoneselftoHeadaptedhimselftothecoldweather/thechange.adaptedthemselvestocitylife;使他們適應(yīng)城市生活；WhenhemovedtoCanada,thechildrenadaptedtothechangeverywell.他移居加拿大后孩子們很能適應(yīng)變化。2、改編；改裝HereisaletteradaptedfromLincolnBurrow,這里摘登一封LincolnBurrow的回信,同類詞匯can'taccommodatemyselftothenewrequirements;不能使自己適應(yīng)新的要求；adjustingtheirbehaviortotherules;調(diào)整他們的行為以適應(yīng)法規(guī)；conformingherlifetoaccordwithhermoralprinciples;調(diào)整她的生活使之與她的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相符；madethepunishmentfitthecrime;使刑罰與罪狀相符；couldn'treconcilehisreassuringwordswithhishostileactions.他的令人恢復(fù)信心的話與他充滿敵意的行為不相一致復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)dequateadj1、足夠的Wetookadequatefoodfortheholiday.我們?yōu)榧倨趲ё闶称?。Thesupplyisnotadequatetothedemand.供不應(yīng)求。Anadequatewatersupplyforcitypeopleisalreadyaproblemnogovernmentcantakelightly.給城市供給充足的水源已經(jīng)成為所有政府不能掉以輕心的問(wèn)題。2、恰當(dāng)?shù)模粍偃蔚腎hopeyouwillproveadequatetothejob.我希望你能勝任這工作。3、尚可的；差強(qiáng)人意的Theperformancewasadequate.表演還算可以。affect基本含義及其用法Tohaveaninfluenceonoreffectachangein:影響影響或使發(fā)生變化：InflationaffectsthebuyingpoweroftheRMB.通貨膨脹影響美元的購(gòu)買能力Smokingaffectshealth.吸煙影響健康。Toaffect[x]istoactuponaperson'semotions:Theadversecriticismthebookreceiveddidn'taffecttheauthoronewayoranother.對(duì)這本書的敵對(duì)性評(píng)論絲毫沒(méi)有影響該作家。（使）感動(dòng)deeplyaffectedbythenews深深被這消息所感動(dòng)同類詞匯Influenceimpliesadegreeofcontrolorswayoverthethinkingandactions,aswellastheemotions,ofanother:influence所表示的影響包含著“力量”，比如“他是個(gè)有影響的人物”。有時(shí)它包含著“誘使”的意思。Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.誰(shuí)也不能避免受到廣告的影響。復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)nnoy基本含義及其用法Tocauseslightirritationto(another)bytroublesome,oftenrepeatedacts.使生氣，使煩惱用煩人的，通常是重復(fù)性的行為使（別人）生氣Toharassordisturbbyrepeatedattacks.打攪，干擾，擾亂用屢次的攻擊使人厭煩或打擾annoywithsb生…的氣annoyatsth討厭某事beannoyedwithsb.for/atsth.對(duì)(某人)為(某事)而生氣We'reannoyedathisarroganttreatmentofhisoldfriends.他用這種傲慢的態(tài)度對(duì)待老朋友,我們都感到氣憤。同類詞匯botherirritate復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)nnual基本含義及其用法1、每年的，年度的每年循環(huán)或舉行一次的：Recurring,done,orperformedeveryyear;yearly:anannualtriptoParis.一年一度的巴黎之行；annualring：年輪2、全年的、一年的Of,relatingto,ordeterminedbyayearanannualincome年收入/anannualreport:年度報(bào)告3、年刊，年鑒(monthly月刊daily日?qǐng)?bào))同類詞匯yearly復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)lter基本含義及其用法1、變更、修飾Tochangeormakedifferent;modify:We'vehadtoaltersomeofourplans.Althoughlong-distancephonecallsaregoingup,thechargeforlocalcallswillnotalter.Givingupourcarhasradicallyalteredourlifestyle.2、修改衣服改（服裝）使之更為合身Toadjust(agarment)forabetterfit.Itookthecoatbacktotheshoptohaveitaltered.同類詞匯change;adjust復(fù)習(xí)提醒特別注意：alternationSuccessivechangefromonethingorstatetoanotherandbackagain.交替從一種事物或狀態(tài)變?yōu)榱硪环N事物或狀態(tài)并再變回來(lái)的一系列變化thealternationofcrops作物的輪種thealternationofdayandnight日夜的交錯(cuò)apparatus基本含義及其用法1、（指有專門用途的成套）儀器、器械、設(shè)備、裝置alarmingapparatus:報(bào)警裝置2、（政府）機(jī)構(gòu)thestateapparatus:政府機(jī)構(gòu)同類詞匯equipmentofficeequipment辦公室設(shè)備復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)pparent基本含義及其用法可看見(jiàn)的顯然的、明白的=obvious看似的，表面上的anapparentdisadvantage:表面上的劣勢(shì)apparentdifference:表面上的差異同類詞匯obviousapparently復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)ppoint基本含義及其用法：任命、約定、預(yù)定appointedhertheCEOofthecompany.任命她為公司的執(zhí)行總裁.Appointadateforthemeeting:指定一個(gè)會(huì)議時(shí)間同類詞匯appointment：約會(huì)、制定Doyouhaveanyappointmentthisweekend?Disappoint:使失望、使掃興Geoffreywasalittledisappointedbythisbuthedidashisbossasked."杰弗里因此感到有點(diǎn)掃興,但他還是按照老板的要求做了。"disappointed:感到失望的disappointmenr:失望復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)ppropriate基本含義及其用法適當(dāng)?shù)模缓象w的=properbeappropriateforAdirtyfaceisnotappropriatefortheschoolphotograph.臉臟了不適合照學(xué)生像。Vt.1、撥出（款項(xiàng)）作特殊用途toappropriatefundsforeducation2、挪用（未經(jīng)許可）Leealwaysappropriatedmybooksandneverreturnedit.Lee經(jīng)常擅自拿走我的書本，并且從不歸還。同類詞匯復(fù)習(xí)提醒與形近字的辨析：appreciate:感激approximate:近似的，大約的arouse基本含義及其用法喚醒；鼓勵(lì)；引起Theoddsightarousedourcuriosity.怪異的景象激起了我們的好奇心。（=provoke）provokesb.'sinterest引起某人興趣arousesuspicion:引起猜疑arousesb’senthusiasm:激發(fā)某人的熱情(=stirup)Thestorystirredtheboy’simagination.同類詞匯復(fù)習(xí)提醒形近詞辨析ariseraiserosearouseassess 基本含義及其用法1、估價(jià)、估計(jì)（=evaluate）damageswereassessedat1000RMB.損失估計(jì)達(dá)一千元人民幣。Assessone’sefforts：評(píng)價(jià)某人的工作2、對(duì)某人(的財(cái)產(chǎn))征稅：assessataxonsb’sproperty.同類詞匯復(fù)習(xí)提醒形近詞；access衍生詞：assessable:可估定的、可評(píng)價(jià)的assume基本含義及其用法1、（自己）承擔(dān)（=takeupononeself）toassumeresponsibility:承擔(dān)責(zé)任assumeanother’sdebts:承繼別人的債務(wù)assumeoffice:就職2、假設(shè)、假定（=suppose）Heisnotafoolasyouassumedtobe.他并不想你想的那么傻。.AssumethepricewillriseSupposewewinthelottery.假設(shè)我們贏了彩票。同類詞匯assumption:假設(shè)形近詞：consume：消費(fèi)consumptionresume:重新開始；回復(fù)resumption:復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)stonish基本含義及其用法（感到）驚訝、震驚IamastonishedatwhatIfound.我對(duì)我之所見(jiàn)感到震驚。同類詞匯surpriseastoundamazeshock衍生詞astonishmentamazementsurprise復(fù)習(xí)提醒a(bǔ)ttempt基本含義及其用法基本含義：努力、盡力用法：常常與to連用Iattemptedtofinishthewholenovelinonesitting.我試圖一口氣看完這本小說(shuō)。Anastronautwillattempttoleavethestationaryspaceshipandthenreturntoit.一名宇航員將試著離開停著的宇宙飛船,然后再回到里面去。同類詞匯tryhardendeavor:endeavoredtoimprovethequalityoflife:努力改善生活品質(zhì)tomakeaneffort.復(fù)習(xí)提醒名詞與動(dòng)詞同形：attemptanattemptonone’slife:對(duì)某人生命的攻擊shemadeanattempttocookthedinnerforherhusband.attachedto基本含義及其用法:加上；連上；附上attachlabeltoparcel給包裹貼標(biāo)簽Verylittleprestigeattachestothisposition.幾乎沒(méi)有什么尊嚴(yán)屬于這個(gè)職位依戀；喜歡Heisveryattachedtothatoldpicture.他很喜歡那幅舊畫。Iamattachedtomyfamily.我對(duì)我的家依依不舍bankrupt基本含義及其用法gooutofbusiness;unabletopayone’sdebts.Manysmallbusinesseswentbankruptduringtherecession.經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條期間，許多小企業(yè)都破產(chǎn)了。Thecompanywentbankruptbecauseofitspoormanagement.那家公司因經(jīng)營(yíng)管理不善而宣告破產(chǎn)。復(fù)習(xí)提醒名詞形式：bankruptcybankrupt以及它的名詞形式bankruptcy在歷次GCT考試中未曾出現(xiàn)。應(yīng)該重視。belongto基本含義及其用法belongtosth:tobeamemberofagrouporanorganization.Marybelongstothefootballclub.瑪麗是足球俱樂(lè)部的（成員）。belongtosb:tobethepropertyofsb;beownedbysb屬于；Ithasbelongedtoourfamilyformanyyears.這個(gè)東西成為我們家的家產(chǎn)已經(jīng)很多年了。復(fù)習(xí)提醒belongto沒(méi)有被動(dòng)用法，某物屬于某人不能使用bebelongedto這樣的形式。belongs:名詞，財(cái)物，尤其是指隨身攜帶的財(cái)物。Haveaneyeonyourbelongs,please.請(qǐng)注意您的隨身物品。GCT歷年真題中未出現(xiàn)過(guò)此考點(diǎn)。benefitgetsth.betterfrom基本含義及其用法n.1、helpful/kindlydeed;益處、善事Itissaidjoggingisofgreatbenefittohumanhealth.據(jù)說(shuō)慢跑對(duì)于人的身體健康很有裨益。Whatthemotherdidisforthechildren’sbenefit.2、津貼、救濟(jì)金Thecompanyprovidesmedicalbenefits.這家公司提供醫(yī)療津貼。vi.benefitfrom從……獲益Thewholecountrybenefitsfromtheskilledandeducatedworkers.vt.tohelpsomeone:對(duì)……有利ThepolicychangesmainlybenefitcitiesoftheWest.同類詞匯反義詞：damage復(fù)習(xí)提醒GCT歷年真題中未出現(xiàn)過(guò)此考點(diǎn)blastexplode基本含義及其用法vt.炸開They'veblastedawaytherocktobuildthenewroad.=explode(explosion)短語(yǔ)：1、Atfullblast:全力以赴Hewasworkingatfullblastinordertocompletetheorderbeforetheholidays.他正在全力以赴地工作，以期在假期前把定單上的事情處理完。2、Fullblast最大量playedthestereoatfullblast.3、Blastoff:發(fā)射Totakeoff,asarocket復(fù)習(xí)提醒GCT歷年真題中未出現(xiàn)過(guò)此考點(diǎn)blockstandintheway基本含義及其用法1、Tostoporimpedethepassageoformovementthrough;妨礙，封鎖，阻塞阻止或妨礙…穿越或移動(dòng)；阻礙：Thepolicehaveblockedtheroad.警察已經(jīng)封鎖了道路。MynoseisallblockedupandIcanhardlybreathe.我鼻子塞了,氣都透不過(guò)來(lái)。2、n\障礙toputuparoadblock設(shè)置路障Recentlytheprofessoroftenhasamemoryblock.近來(lái)教授常常出現(xiàn)記憶不起的情況。同類詞匯obstruct:復(fù)習(xí)提醒2005GCT21--25閱讀理解的文章中出現(xiàn)一次。用作動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于obstruct.boastexaggerate基本含義及用法1、自夸；Weconfideinourstrength,withoutboastingofit;werespectthatofothers,withoutfearingit.我們自信于自己的力量，這并非自夸；我們也重視別人的力量，但并不畏懼.Itisnothingtoboastof.這沒(méi)有什么可夸耀的。=brag:HebraggedthathisfatherwasthemostsuccessfulstockbrokeronWallStreet.他吹噓說(shuō)他父親是華爾街最成功的股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人。2、以擁有……而自豪Thetownboastsfourswimmingpools.這座城鎮(zhèn)以擁有四個(gè)游泳池而自豪。ThelibraryboastsfirsteditionofShakespeare.這個(gè)圖書館以藏有初版的莎士比亞集而自豪復(fù)習(xí)提醒歷年GCT考試中尚未出現(xiàn)此考點(diǎn)。browse 基本含義及用法Toinspectsomethinginaleisurelyandcasualway: 隨意觀看：browsingthegiftshopsforsouvenirs.漫步禮品店搜尋紀(jì)念品gooverquickly：Toreadsomethingsuperficiallybyselectingpassagesatrandom:瀏覽文章：browsedtheeveningpaper瀏覽晚報(bào);放牧、吃草=feed;graze復(fù)習(xí)提醒歷年GCT考試中尚未出現(xiàn)此考點(diǎn)。bunchof --groupof 基本含義及用法1、abunchofgrapes;一串葡萄a(bǔ)bunchofkeys環(huán)上的一串鑰匙abunchofflowers一束花=cluster2、n.Agroupofpeopleusuallyhavingacommoninterestorassociation:一幫，一伙有共同興趣或合作關(guān)系的一群人：Mybrotherandhisbuncharebasketballfanatics.我兄弟和他的伙伴們都是籃球迷復(fù)習(xí)提醒歷年GCT考試中尚未出現(xiàn)此考點(diǎn)。burstblastexplode基本含義及用法v.Tocomeopenorflyapartsuddenlyorviolently,especiallyfrominternalpressure.爆裂，炸破突然或劇烈的開裂或炸開，尤指由內(nèi)部壓力而引起的Toexplode.使爆炸突然…burstoutlaughing;burstintotears.突然大笑起來(lái)；突然哭起來(lái)Toemerge,orarrivesuddenly:突然地出現(xiàn)、發(fā)生或到達(dá)burstoutofthedoor.突然出現(xiàn)在門邊Tocomeapartorseemtocomeapartbecauseofoverwhelmingemotion:由于不可抑制的情感而爆發(fā)：Ithoughthisheartwouldburstwithhappiness.我猜想他心中的快樂(lè)快要爆發(fā)出來(lái)復(fù)習(xí)提醒:歷年GCT考試中尚未出現(xiàn)此考點(diǎn)。cancelremove基本含義及用法Toannulorinvalidate.取消，使無(wú)效Thesportmeetingiscancelledbecauseofthebadweather.Shecancelledherorder.她取消了訂單。Toequalizeormakeupfor;offset:抵消，中和補(bǔ)償或彌補(bǔ)；抵消Today'sdeclineinstockpricecanceledoutyesterday'sgain.今天股票價(jià)格下跌，抵消了昨天的收益復(fù)習(xí)提醒：歷年GCT考試中尚未出現(xiàn)此考點(diǎn)。capture基本含義及用法1、捕獲Thecriminalwascapturedwhentryingtoescapefromthecity.罪犯在企圖逃離這座城市時(shí)被捕獲。=catch/.arrest/seize2、記錄；以影片、文字等保存原狀Thestatevisitbythepremiercapturedtheheadlinesofallnewspapers.總理的國(guó)事訪問(wèn)各報(bào)都用大標(biāo)題登出。Inhistravelingreport,hetriedtocapturethebeautyoftheGreatWaterfalls.他努力在他的這篇游記中記錄下大瀑布的美復(fù)習(xí)提醒:2003GCT31—40,完型填空中出現(xiàn)一次。casual 基本含義及用法1、Suitedforeverydaywearoruse;informal.輕便的，非正式的適于每日穿著或使用的；非正式的Casualclothing.便裝Hewaswearingcasualclothes,nothisschoolones.他穿著他的便服，不是他的校服。2、ccurringatirregularorinfrequentintervals;occasional:臨時(shí)的，偶然發(fā)生的：casuallabourer臨時(shí)工3、非預(yù)謀的；隨便的：acasualremark.即席發(fā)言；acasualmeeting:巧遇4、Beingwithoutceremonyorformality;relaxed:放松的；放松的：acasualeveningwithfriends.與朋友的輕松聚會(huì)復(fù)習(xí)提醒chargeaccuse基本含義及用法與money同義Wedeliverforfreeofcharge.我們免費(fèi)送貨；(用作名詞)Howmuchdoyouchargeforyourapples（用作動(dòng)詞）Chargetheroomtomyaccount.把房間費(fèi)用記在我的帳上。beinchargeof:負(fù)責(zé)、掌管Whoisinchargeofthedepartment?takechargeof:控制、掌管Shetookchargeofthebusinesstenyearsago.控告onchargesof:Heisincourtonchargesofmurder.他因被控謀殺而出庭受審。chargeagainstsb:Thechargeagainstherwasshoplifting.對(duì)她的指控是在商店偷東西.Bring/presscharges;提出控告；dropthechargesagainstsb：撤銷控告John’sbeenchargedwithassault.John被控犯有襲擊人身罪。circulate基本含義及用法1、循環(huán)進(jìn)入或沿環(huán)路流動(dòng)：bloodcirculatingthroughthebody.血液在身體內(nèi)循環(huán)使(貨幣等)流通,使周轉(zhuǎn)acirculatedcheque流通支票2、巡回，穿梭、到處走："Thepoliticiancirculatedatthedanceparty,talkingtolotsofpeople.""那個(gè)政治家在跳舞晚會(huì)上到處走動(dòng),同許多人交談。"3、Tomoveaboutorflowfreely,asair.流動(dòng)，流通自由走動(dòng)或流動(dòng)，象空氣一樣4、散布，傳播在人們或地區(qū)之間廣泛傳播；散布：Gossiptendstocirculatequickly.流言傳播迅速?gòu)?fù)習(xí)提醒circle:1、環(huán)狀物；圓形的東西；圓圈Theysatinacircleroundthefire.他們圍著火坐成一圈。2、循環(huán)thecircleoftheseasons四季的循環(huán)3、（有共同興趣、利益的人形成的）圈子，集團(tuán)Inpoliticalcircles在政治圈里mycircleoffriends;我的朋友圈子；prominentinfinancialcircles.在經(jīng)濟(jì)界突出的academiccircles學(xué)術(shù)界culturalcircles文化界militarycircles軍界politicalcircles政界rulingcircles統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)theuppercircles上層社會(huì)circle用作動(dòng)詞1、畫圓圈Theteachersareusedtocirclingthepupils'spellingmistakesinredink.教師習(xí)慣于用紅筆圈出學(xué)生的拼寫錯(cuò)誤。2、（常與round,about連用）環(huán)繞；繞旋；環(huán)行Themilitaryaircraftcircledoverthelandingstripforsometimebeforeitlanded.這架軍用飛機(jī)著陸前在著陸跑道上空盤旋了一陣。Thebirdswerecirclingaroundoverthelake.鳥兒在湖面上空繞圈子。clarify 基本含義及用法clarifyv.tr.1、Tomakeclearoreasiertounderstand;使清晰或易懂；詳細(xì)闡明：clarifiedherintentions.詳細(xì)說(shuō)明她的意圖Theexplanationinthefootnoteclarifiedthedifficultsentence.注腳的解釋使這一難句容易明了。clarifyone'sposition澄清某人的立場(chǎng)Thegovernmenthastimeandagainclarifieditspositiononequalpayforwomen.政府已經(jīng)反復(fù)闡明政府對(duì)男女同工同酬的立場(chǎng)。2、Toclearofconfusionoruncertainty:澄清混亂或疑惑：clarifythemind.理清想法clarifymatters澄清真相N.clarification:澄清、凈化復(fù)習(xí)提醒:未見(jiàn)于歷年考題clientcustomer基本含義及用法當(dāng)事人，Acustomerorpatron:顧客，客人顧客或主顧：clientsofthehotel.飯店的客人Aclientstate.附庸國(guó)復(fù)習(xí)提醒可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在“完成對(duì)話”的題目中，標(biāo)注對(duì)話人的身份。clue基本含義及用法1、n線索；暗示Thepolicefoundacluewhichwillhelpthemcatchtherobber.警察發(fā)現(xiàn)了能幫助他們抓住強(qiáng)盜的線索。2、Togive(someone)guidinginformation:提供消息提供給（某人）指導(dǎo)性的消息：Cluemeinonwhat'shappening.告訴我發(fā)生了什么事復(fù)習(xí)提醒近義詞：hintn.1、Aslightindicationorintimation:線索、跡象輕微的表示：wantedtoavoidanyhintofscandal.想要避免任何丑聞的跡象2、Abrieforindirectsuggestion;atip:提示，注意事項(xiàng)；間接地或概略地給予建議：stock-tradinghints.股票交易注意事項(xiàng)3、Astatementconveyinginformationinanindirectfashion;aclue:暗示含蓄地、間接地傳達(dá)某一信息：Givemeahintaboutthebignews.關(guān)于重大新聞給我一點(diǎn)暗示吧tip小費(fèi)；提示、技巧collapse基本含義及用法1、倒坍；坍陷Theunexpectedrainstormcausedthecollapseoftheroof.突然來(lái)臨的暴風(fēng)雨把屋頂刮塌了。Theroofoftheoldhousecollapsed.這座舊房子的房頂坍了。2、突然病倒；突然失?。唬▋r(jià)格等）暴跌thecollapseofplans計(jì)劃失敗3、衰竭；衰弱；突然體力不支astateofnearcollapse體力近乎崩潰Theoldmancollapsedinthestreet.ncollapse復(fù)習(xí)提醒:未見(jiàn)于歷年真題collidewith基本含義及用法vi.(車等)碰撞；(意志等)沖突，抵觸（with）Inrunningroundthecorner,hecollidedwithanotherman.在跑過(guò)拐角時(shí)，他撞上另一個(gè)人。Iftheaimsoftwocountriescollide，theremaybewar.如果兩國(guó)的目標(biāo)沖突，就可能發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。復(fù)習(xí)提醒:1、關(guān)注該短語(yǔ)中的介詞搭配：with2、2003年閱讀理解中曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)于正文commerceN.商業(yè)、貿(mào)易domesticcommerce國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易foreigncommerce對(duì)外貿(mào)易詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：commercial:商業(yè)的commercialdepression商業(yè)蕭條commercialcompany貿(mào)易公司商品化的；商用的commercialiron商品鐵以獲利為目的的；質(zhì)量低劣的commercialartist:受大眾歡迎的藝術(shù)家commercialismn.商業(yè)主義，商業(yè)精神，商業(yè)習(xí)慣；商業(yè)文體［用語(yǔ)］commercialistn.商業(yè)家，商業(yè)主義者；營(yíng)利主義者comfort N.1、安樂(lè)；舒適；安逸Helivedincomfort.他過(guò)得很舒服。2、安慰；慰藉awordofcomforttoadyingman對(duì)臨死的人說(shuō)的安慰話Sometimesafewwordsofcomforttotheonewhohasjustfailedmayencouragehimtostandupandeventrytomakeacomeback.當(dāng)一個(gè)人失敗時(shí)幾句安慰話也許會(huì)使他重新站起來(lái)甚至東山再起。3、安慰者；慰藉物；給予安慰的東西Shewasagreatcomforttoherparents.她是她父母的最大安慰。vt安慰；鼓舞Shecomfortedtheillchild.她安慰這個(gè)生病的孩子。comforthimforhismisfortunes因他的遭遇不幸而安慰他Hecomfortedhisbackwithsoftcushions.他鋪上軟墊使背部舒適些。Dutchcomfort聊以自慰的寬解givecomfortto安慰詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：comfortable:舒適的discomfort：不適、不便之處discomfortable:不適的，不舒服的comfortless：缺乏安慰的、不舒適的compel1、強(qiáng)迫；使不得不；迫使（屈服），強(qiáng)制順從［同意］Iwascompelledtodosobyabsolutenecessity.我因絕對(duì)的需要，被迫這樣做的。Hewascompelledbyillnesstosuspendhisexperiment.他因病不得不暫時(shí)中斷實(shí)驗(yàn)。2、獲得；強(qiáng)取Hisclevernessandskillcompelouradmiration.他的聰明和技藝博得我們的贊賞。compelsb.todosth.強(qiáng)迫某人做某事becompelledto(do)不得不（做）同義詞：forceIforcedmyselftopracticedaily.Hewasforcedtotakeasecondjob.我強(qiáng)迫自己每天練習(xí)。他被迫要找第二份工作forcedmyfootintotheshoe.將腳硬塞入鞋中forceaconfession.逼供theforcesofevil.惡勢(shì)力關(guān)于force的短語(yǔ)inforceInfullstrength;inlargenumbers:大批的；大量的：Demonstratorswereoutinforce.大批示威者上街Ineffect;operative:有效的；操作性的：arulethatisnolongerinforce.不再有效的規(guī)則compensatetocompensatesb.for為…向某人賠償Nothingcancompensateforthelossoftime.虛度光陰是無(wú)法補(bǔ)償?shù)模ü怅幰蝗ゲ粡?fù)還）Nothingcancompensatetheyoungmotherforthelossofherfavrouritedaughter.年輕的媽媽喪失了自己心愛(ài)的女兒是任何東西也彌補(bǔ)不了的。同義詞組：makeupforHowcanwemakeuptoyouforwhatyouhavesuffered

我們?nèi)绾窝a(bǔ)償你所遭受的損害？makeupforlosttime補(bǔ)回失去的時(shí)間Theyhurriedontomakeupforlosttime.他們加速進(jìn)行以補(bǔ)回失去的時(shí)間。composeof（由…）組成，構(gòu)成Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水是由氫和氧組成的。themanyethnicgroupsthatcomposeournation.構(gòu)成我們國(guó)家的多種民族conceal vt.隱藏，隱瞞；遮?。粚?duì)...保密concealone'sfeelings隱藏感情hide concealthenewsfromhismother對(duì)他母親隱瞞這個(gè)消息反義詞：disclose:揭露、透露todisclosethetruth透露真情Thepresidentdisclosedthefactthathewasputintoprisonwronglytwentyyearsbefore.董事長(zhǎng)透露說(shuō)他自己在二十年前曾被冤枉地送進(jìn)監(jiān)牢。revealrevealone'sidentity揭示身分revealamystery[secret]揭露一個(gè)秘密condemn1、譴責(zé)；反對(duì)ToexpressstrongdisapprovalofMostpeoplearewillingtocondemnviolenceofanysortasevil.大多數(shù)人都愿意把任何暴力行為視作惡行加以譴責(zé)。2、（常與to連用）判以死刑或無(wú)期徒刑becondemnedtodeath被判死刑相當(dāng)于sentencesentencedthemurderertolifeinprison.宣判殺人犯終身監(jiān)禁3、宣告…不適用Thishouseiscondemned.這房子已被宣布不能住人了。同義詞：criticize1、批評(píng)；挑剔；責(zé)難Hispolicieswereseverelycriticized.他的政策受到了嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)。2、評(píng)論Wouldyouliketoreadandcriticizemynewbook

你愿不愿意讀一讀我的新書并給以評(píng)論？criticizesb.fordoingsth.責(zé)備某人做某事反義詞：admire/praiseconfirm verifyconfirmv.tr.進(jìn)一步證實(shí)；確定；支持Pleaseconfirmyourtelephonemessagebywritingtome.請(qǐng)給我來(lái)封信，好進(jìn)一步證實(shí)你在電話中傳達(dá)的消息。MyemployerwillconfirmthatIwasthereontime."我的雇主將會(huì)證實(shí),我是準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)的。"同義詞：verify.Verify表示通過(guò)和原件或一已確定的事實(shí)比較而得到證實(shí)：Thebankrefusedtocashthecheckuntilthesignaturewasverified.銀行直到簽字得到了確認(rèn)才兌現(xiàn)了這張支票2、Tomakefirmer;strengthen:加強(qiáng)：堅(jiān)定（信念）Therecentairplanecrashconfirmsmybeliefthatstrongersafetyregulationsareneeded.最近的墜機(jī)事件使我更堅(jiān)信我們需要更健全的安全法規(guī)conflict fightingconflictbetweenthetwocountries兩國(guó)間的沖突classconflict階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)ahand-to-handconflict短兵相接abloodyconflict血戰(zhàn)anirreconcilableconflict不可調(diào)和的矛盾comeintoconflictwith和...沖突inconflictwith...同...相沖突［有抵觸，有矛盾］vi沖突；爭(zhēng)執(zhí)；抵觸Thetwostoriesconflicted,soIdidnotknowwhattobelieve.兩個(gè)故事相沖突，我不知道相信哪一個(gè)。conserve Toprotectfromlossorharm;preserve:保存保護(hù)從而使其不受損失或傷害；保存：callstoconserveournationalheritageinthefaceofbewilderingchange.呼吁大家在面臨令人手足無(wú)措的改變時(shí)，要保護(hù)我們的民族遺產(chǎn)Topreserve(fruits)withsugar.用糖來(lái)保存（水果）triedtoconserveonfuelduringthelongwinter.設(shè)法在漫長(zhǎng)的冬天里盡量節(jié)省燃料"Peoplehavetolearntoconservewateranytime,especiallyduringthedrought.""大家必須學(xué)會(huì)節(jié)約用水,特別是在干旱期間。"詞性轉(zhuǎn)化：conservation保護(hù)；保存Thereisaneedfortheconservationoftrees,ortherewillsoonbenoforests.有必要保護(hù)樹木，否則不久將會(huì)沒(méi)有森林了。節(jié)約（自然資源）"However,conservationaloneisnottheanswer.""然而,僅僅靠節(jié)約還不是解決問(wèn)題的辦法。"Conservationofwaterisofgreatimportanceindesertareas.沙漠地區(qū)實(shí)行控制用水非常重要。Conservative保守的、守舊的Tendingtoconserve;preservative:有助于保存的；保護(hù)性的：theconservativeuseofnaturalresources.對(duì)自然資源的合理使用Conservativeparty(英國(guó)的)保守黨aconservativeestimate審慎的估計(jì)conservativegrazing適度放牧同義詞：preserve保護(hù)；防護(hù)；維護(hù)TheTownCouncilspentalotofmoneytopreservetheoldcastleandotherplacesofhistoricinterest.市政委員會(huì)花了不少錢來(lái)維修那座古城堡和其它古跡。保存；保藏Youcanpreservemeatorfishinsalt.你可以用鹽保存肉或魚。防腐Saltpreservesfoodfromdecay.鹽能防止食物腐爛。preserveeggsinsalt腌蛋Icehelpstopreservefood.冰有助于保存食物。Youlookwellpreserved.你看起來(lái)保養(yǎng)得很好。保持；維持preservepeace維持和平Itisoneofthedutiesofthepolicetopreservepublicorder.警察的職責(zé)之一是維持公共秩序。conquer winvictoryoverToconquerortodie.非勝即死，不成功便成仁。conquershyness/fearofheights戰(zhàn)勝羞怯/恐高conquerbadhabits克服不良習(xí)慣theconquered被征服者，敗者theconqueror征服者，勝利者M(jìn)ancanconquernature.人定勝天。IcameIsawIconquered.我來(lái)了，我見(jiàn)到了，我征服了。consistof 1、Tobemadeuporcomposed:由…構(gòu)成被組成或構(gòu)成：NewYorkCitycon紐約市由五個(gè)行政區(qū)組成Hisjobconsistsofhelpingoldpeoplewholivealone.他的工作包括幫助無(wú)人照顧的獨(dú)居老人。Consistof=becomposedof 2、Tohaveabasis;resideorlie:在于，有一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)；在于或存在：Thebeautyoftheplanconsistsinitssimplicity.這個(gè)計(jì)劃妙就妙在簡(jiǎn)明扼要。3、Tobecompatible;accord:調(diào)和的；符合：Theoryshouldconsistwithpractice.理論應(yīng)與實(shí)踐相一致。constant continuous1、不變的；固定的constantspeed固定速度2、時(shí)常發(fā)生的；連續(xù)不斷的constantrain綿綿不斷的雨constanttrouble時(shí)常發(fā)生的麻煩constantcomplaints沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的抱怨3、忠心的；忠貞的；忠實(shí)的aconstantfriend忠實(shí)的朋友consult consultaboutthematter商議此事consultwithcounsel（getadvicefrom ）與法律顧問(wèn)商議consultforalargebuildingfirm為大型建筑公司做咨詢工作consultone'spillow通夜思索consulttheinterestsofthemasses考慮群眾的利益consultone'sownconvenience只顧個(gè)人利益consultone'spleasure聽(tīng)其自便詞形變化：consultant:顧問(wèn)、咨詢者containinclude1、以…為組成部分；包括或由…構(gòu)成：Thealbumcontainsmanymemorablesongs.這張唱片中包括許多值得收集的歌曲2、包含；容納；裝有Beercontainsalcohol.啤酒含有酒精。Thespeechcontainedsomeinterestingideas.這個(gè)講演包括一些有趣的思想。3、抑制，限制有限制地控制或持有；抑制：Toholdorkeepwithinlimits;restrain:Icouldhardlycontainmycuriosity.我簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法克制我的好奇心controversial 有爭(zhēng)議的爭(zhēng)論的、引起爭(zhēng)論的或有爭(zhēng)議的：arguingacontroversialmovie;acontroversialstandonhumanrights.一場(chǎng)有爭(zhēng)議的電影；引起爭(zhēng)議的人權(quán)立場(chǎng)acontroversialquestion引起爭(zhēng)論的問(wèn)題Fondofcontroversy;disputatious.愛(ài)爭(zhēng)論的；好爭(zhēng)辯的controversy:爭(zhēng)論、爭(zhēng)議conventionaltraditional核心含義：.慣例的,常規(guī)的,習(xí)俗的,傳統(tǒng)的aconventionalchurchwedding.傳統(tǒng)的教堂式婚禮Thechairmanmadeafewconventionalremarks.主席說(shuō)了幾句客套話。Convention：1、習(xí)俗Itistheconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions.男子在正式場(chǎng)合穿套裝是一種社會(huì)習(xí)俗。2、會(huì)議；集會(huì)；代表會(huì)議ateachers'convention教師代表會(huì)議conventionalistn.拘泥習(xí)俗［因循守舊］的人copedealwith1、（妥善地）處理；對(duì)付，應(yīng)付；克服（with）copewithunexpectedcatastrophes/misfortune應(yīng)付突如其來(lái)的災(zāi)難Sheisnotacompetentdriverandcan'tcopewithdrivinginheavytraffic."她不是個(gè)能干的司機(jī),在交通擁擠時(shí)就開不好車。""Yes,Icancope.""是的,我能對(duì)付。"2、（機(jī)會(huì)均等地）競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，抗衡（with）NoonecancopewithhiminEnglish.在英語(yǔ)方面誰(shuí)也比不過(guò)他。3、作為名詞時(shí)的表達(dá)thecopeofheaven蒼穹天空thecopeofnight夜的籠照，夜幕crash smash(8月18日)1、突然轟擊；猛使破裂；轟然作響Theairplanecrashedovertheocean.飛機(jī)在海洋上墜毀Thecarscrashedintoeachother.小汽車轟然相撞。acarcrash汽車撞車事故anaircrash撞機(jī)事件collide,collision2、闖入；沖進(jìn)Theelephantcrashedthroughtheforest.大象沖進(jìn)森林。3、adj緊急的；應(yīng)急的；全力以赴的；速成的acrashprogram緊急計(jì)劃acrashdiet:決心節(jié)食復(fù)習(xí)同義詞：smash:smash也可用作及物或不及物動(dòng)詞，其含義是猛烈擊碎或撞碎Althoughthebedwassmashedtopieces,themanwasunhurt.雖然那張床被撞成碎片，但是那個(gè)人卻沒(méi)有受傷。Onemanstayedatthewheelwhiletwootherswithblackstockingsovertheirfacesjumpedoutandsmashedthewindowoftheshopwithironbars.一個(gè)人留在駕駛室內(nèi)，另外兩個(gè)臉上蒙著黑色針織品的人跳下了車，用鐵棒打碎了這家商店的櫥窗。（NCE）crawlcreep vi1、爬；爬行Thebabycrawledtowardshismother.嬰孩向他媽媽爬去。2、蠕動(dòng)；慢行；徐徐行進(jìn)Thehourscrawledby.時(shí)間慢慢地過(guò)去。3、（蟲、蟻等）爬滿；長(zhǎng)滿蟲Thatappleiscrawlingwithworms.那個(gè)蘋果爬滿了蟲子。巴結(jié)；鉆營(yíng)；向上爬Hewillcrawlanywhereifhecangainsomethingbyit.他到處鉆營(yíng),只要能有所得。短語(yǔ)：makesb.'sfleshcrawl/creep使某人毛發(fā)直豎crawlintosb.'sfavour拍某人馬屁同義詞：1、creepcreep用于表示四條腿動(dòng)物的爬行，在指人的動(dòng)作時(shí)，表示躡手躡腳地走，詞義引伸之后，這個(gè)詞可以表示身上起雞皮疙瘩或象蟲子爬一樣的感覺(jué)。Theboysfelttired,sotheyputoutthefireandcreptintotheirtent.孩子們感到累了，所以他們撲滅營(yíng)火之后就爬進(jìn)帳蓬了。Thecatiscreepingsilentlytowardsthebird.這只貓正在悄悄地向那只鳥爬去。Thebabyisjustlearningtocreep.這個(gè)嬰兒才學(xué)著爬。Noonenoticedtheboyashecreptoff.當(dāng)那個(gè)孩子悄悄離去時(shí)，誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有注意到。Thesightoftheratsrunningaboutinthehousemademyfleshcreep.看到老鼠在房子里到處亂跑，使我身上起了雞皮疙瘩。Creepn拍馬屁者；獻(xiàn)媚者爬；蠕動(dòng)；緩慢地移動(dòng)creepinto開始發(fā)生于…；溜進(jìn)…辨析：2、climb所表示的爬含攀登的意思Theboyclimbedupthetree.那個(gè)孩子爬上了樹。Theoldmanclimbeddownthestairs.那老人費(fèi)勁地走下臺(tái)階。Theplaneisclimbinghigherandhigher.飛機(jī)正在越飛越高。Heisclimbingupwardsinsociety.他正爬向上層社會(huì)。cruelbrutal1、殘忍的；冷酷的Heiscrueltoanimals.他對(duì)動(dòng)物很殘酷。2、痛苦的；引起痛苦的acruelwind無(wú)情的風(fēng)同義詞辨析：cruel指“對(duì)別人痛苦漠不關(guān)心,或以使人遭受痛苦而樂(lè)的”,如:Thecruelmasterbeathisslaveswithawhip.殘酷的主人鞭打他的奴隸。brutal語(yǔ)氣比cruel強(qiáng),含“野獸般地殘忍的”,如:Thebrutalsoldiersbeattheirprisonersruthlessly.殘暴的士兵野蠻地抽打俘虜。inhumane指“不仁慈的”、“無(wú)情的”、“殘酷的”,如:inhumanetreatment虐待。ruthless指“殘忍的”、“無(wú)情的”、“沒(méi)同情心的”,如:aruthlessbehaviour無(wú)情的行為。反義詞：kind/humane/pitifulcrushpressdown,grind1、.壓碎,碾碎,壓服,壓垮,粉碎,(使)變形Toextractorobtainbypressingorsqueezing:2、榨出通過(guò)擠壓抽取或榨取：crushjuicefromagrape.從葡萄中榨出葡萄汁orangecrush.桔子汁3、擠壓；塞tocrushone'swaythroughthecrowd擠過(guò)人群近義詞：grindgrindwheatintoflour.把小麥磨成面粉togrindtheknivesandscissors磨刀和剪子damp moistadj.潮濕的Idon’tliketosleepbetweendampsheets.我不喜歡睡在潮濕的被子里。n潮濕Youshouldairtheclothestogetthedampout.你應(yīng)該把衣服晾一下去去潮氣。Vt.1、使受潮；使潮濕Hisclotheswasdampedintherain.他的衣服在雨中淋濕了。2、使沮喪，使掃興Nothingcoulddampmyspirits.沒(méi)有什么能夠減弱我的興致。dampdown3、抑制；使減少，使降低todampdowntheirenthusiasm給他們的熱情潑冷水4、封（火）Pleasedampthefiredownbeforeyougotobed.請(qǐng)你在睡覺(jué)前把火封好。deadlyfataladj.以ly結(jié)尾，然而主要用作形容詞（friendly,manly）1、致命的，deadly