考研考博-英語(yǔ)-六盤(pán)水職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-六盤(pán)水職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Culturecannotbesimplyamatterofpolitics,ofcourse.[l]Politics,afterall,isconcernedwithinfluencingtheinstitutionsofthestateandtheseareoflimiteduseinaffectingtheculture.Noteventhetotalitarianstatehasbeenabletoachievetheculturalgoalsitsetitself,thedemocraticstateisanevenlesslikelyagentofculturalchange,andindeed,intheAmericantraditionofdemocracy,itshouldnotaimtobethat.Consequently,aculturalagendacannotbeapoliticalagendaonly.Itwillhavetobepursuedinmanydifferentinstitutions,mostimportantlyintheinstitutionsofcivilsociety.Allthesame,everyoneofthemajorculturalissuesisalsoapoliticalissue,becauseofthewayinwhichtheimmensepowersofthestatehavebeenusedtopromotevariousideologicalpurposes.Thecourtshaveplayedaquitedeplorableroleinthis.[2]Notsurprisingly,thentouchofAmericanpoliticsinrecentdecadeshasbeenovertheso-called"social"or"values"issues,whichineffectareculturalissues.Thatis,theseissueshaveinvolvedconflictsoverthequestionsofwhoweareandhowwearetolivetogether.

[3]Thedynamicsofthetwo-partysystemhasbeenveryunhelpfulinthesearchforviablepositionsonthemiddleground.[4]Sincetheearlynineteen-seventiestheDemocraticPartyhasalmostcompletelyidentifieditselfwiththeagendaoftheculturalLeft(considerablylesssowithotherLeftpositions,suchasthoseoneconomicorforeignpolicy).Giventheimportanceofhighlyorganizedpressuregroups,especiallyintheprimaryprocess,thecaptivityoftheDemocraticPartytothecultureof"thesixties"hasbeenmassive.TheRepublicanpictureishardlymoreencouraging.Anincreasinglyvocalsegmentofthatparty'sconstituencyhastakenradicallyanti-"progressive"positionsontheculturalissues.Andagain,thesegroupshavehadaninfluencefarbeyondtheirnumericalstrengthbecauseoftheirstrategicroleinthemechanicsofelections,especiallyontileprimarylevel.[5]Consequently,individualstakinglessthan"politicallycorrect"positions,asdefinedbytherespectiveorthodoxies,havefoundthemselvestobepariahsineitherparty.ItissafetoassumethatbothDemocraticandRepublicanleadershavecateredtothesepolarizedgroupingsinamoreorlesscynicalmanner.[6]Thus,forinstance,traditionallyDemocraticlaborofficialsarenotverycrediblewhentheyexpressenthusiasmforgayrights,neitherare"country-club"Republicanswhentheyvoiceoutrageoverabortionorthedeclineofsexualmorality.

1.Accordingtothepassage,“everyoneofthemajorculturalissuesisalsoapoliticalissue”owingtothefactthat______.

2.Theauthordeemsthat______.

3.Allofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwo-partysystemareimpliedinthepassageEXCEPTthat______.

4.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.

5.Theword"credible"inthelastsentenceprobablymeans______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.culturesimplyexpressesitselfasamatterofpolitics

B.cultureplaysdifferentrolesindifferentstates

C.politicalpartiesusecultureasatooltopromotetheirideologies

D.politicianssetculturalgoalsandthuschangecultureattheirpleasure

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Americancourts,ineffect,servethepurposeofdemocracy

B."social"or"value"issuesinrecentdecadesarenomorethancultureissues

C.cultureinfluencestheinstitutionsofthestate

D.aculturalagendasimplyreflectstheaimsofthecurrentadministration

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.neitherpartyobjectivelystandsonthemiddlegroundonculturalissues

B.eitherpartyrejectsthosewhoholddifferentpoliticalviewpoints

C.theRepublicanPartyhasbeenidentifiedastheright-wingparty

D.bothDemocratic'andRepublicanleadersarehypocriticalinpromotingculturalprogress

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theoperationofthetwo-partysystem

B.cultureinapoliticalsense

C.cultureindifferentinstitutions

D.culturalagendaofdietwoparties

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.deservingtobebelieved

B.deservingpraiseorapproval

C.capableofbeingrealized

D.capableofbeingrespected

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容“Allthesame,everyoneofthemajorculturalissuesisalsoapoliticalissue,becauseofthewayinwhichtheimmensepowersofthestatehavebeenusedtopromotevariousideologicalpurposes.”因?yàn)閲?guó)家的巨大權(quán)力被用來(lái)促進(jìn)各種意識(shí)形態(tài)的目的。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第一段“Thecourtshaveplayedaquitedeplorableroleinthis.”選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第一段的倒數(shù)第三句“...theso-called"social"or"values"issues,whichineffectareculturalissues.”不僅僅是文化問(wèn)題,所以選項(xiàng)B也錯(cuò)誤；選項(xiàng)C符合原文,選項(xiàng)D在文中沒(méi)有提及。

3.根據(jù)第二段的第一句“Thedynamicsofthetwo-partysystemhasbeenveryunhelpfulinthesearchforviablepositionsonthemiddleground.”可知選項(xiàng)A正確；根據(jù)第二段“Consequently,individualstakinglessthan"politicallycorrect"positions,asdefinedbytherespectiveorthodoxies,havefoundthemselvestobepariahsineitherparty.”可知選項(xiàng)B正確；根據(jù)第二段的倒數(shù)第二句“ItissafetoassumethatbothDemocraticandRepublicanleadershavecateredtothesepolarizedgroupingsinamoreorlesscynicalmanner.”可知選項(xiàng)D正確,只要選項(xiàng)C在文中未提及。

4.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知。本文的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是政治和文化,所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.credible指值得被相信的,選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.單選題

SendingachildtoschoolinEnglandisastepwhichmanyparentsdonotfindeasytotake.Intheory,atleast,theproblemisthatthereareverymanychoicestomake.Letustrytolistsomeofthealternativesbetweenwhichparentsareforcedtodecide.Tobeginwith,theymayaskthemselveswhethertheywouldliketheirchildtogotoasingle-sexschooloraco-educationalschool.Theymayalsoconsiderwhetherheshouldgotoaschoolwhichisconnectedtoaparticularchurchorreligiousgroup,orwhethertheschoolshouldhavenosuchconnections.AnotherdecisioniswhethertheschoolshouldbeoneofthevastmajorityfinancedbytheStateoroneoftheverysmallbutinfluentialminorityofprivateschools,thoughthischoiceis,ofcourse,onlyavailabletothesmallnumberofthosewhocanpay.Alsoconnectedwiththequestionofmoneyiswhetherthechildshouldgotoaboardingschoolorliveathome.Thenthereisthequestionofwhatthechildshoulddoatschool.Shoulditbeaschoolwhosecurriculumlaysemphasis,forinstance,onnecessaryskills,suchasreading,writingandmathematics,oronewhichpaysmoreattentiontodevelopingthechild’spersonality,morally,emotionallyandsocially.Finally,withdissatisfactionwithconventionaleducationasgreatasitisinsomecirclesinEnglandandcertainlyintheUSA,thequestionmightevenariseintheparents’mindsastowhetherthechildshouldbecompelledtogotoschoolatall.Althoughinpractice,someparentsmaynotthinktwiceaboutanyofthesechoicesandsendtheirchildtotheonlyschoolavailableintheimmediateneighbourhood，anyparentwhoisinterestedenoughcaninsistthatasmanychoicesaspossiblebemadeopentohim,andthesystemistheoreticallysupposedtoprovidethem.

44.Parentsfindchoosingaschoolhardbecause（）.

45.Accordingtothepassage,someparents,ifallowed,mightlettheirchildrenstayathomebecausethey（）.

46.Whatisimpliedattheveryendofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereisalimitednumberofchoices

B.someschoolsareveryexpensive

C.someschoolsaregovernmentschools

D.theyarefacedwithavarietyofoffers

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.don’tfindconventionaleducationsatisfactory

B.don’tknowhowtochooseamongdifferentschools

C.intendtoeducatetheirchildrenthemselves

D.findconventionaleducationtooexpensivetopayfor

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Mostparentsareunconcernedaboutthechoicesavailabletothem.

B.Interestedparentscanrequestmoreschoolchoicesbeopentothem.

C.Theeducationalsystemmaynotprovideasmanychoicesasexpected.

D.Mostparentsusuallysendtheirchildrentotheschoolsnearby.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

【解析】44.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第二句話Intheory,atleast,theproblemisthatthereareverymanychoicestomake.（至少在理論上，問(wèn)題是需要做出很多選擇。）也就是說(shuō)在理論上，父母至少有很多選擇，文章還列舉了很多可供選擇的學(xué)校模式。故父母給孩子選擇一所學(xué)校很困難是因?yàn)橛刑噙x擇，D選項(xiàng)“他們面臨各種各樣的學(xué)校選擇”正確；A選項(xiàng)“選擇的數(shù)量有限”；B選項(xiàng)“有些學(xué)校很貴”以及C選項(xiàng)“有些學(xué)校是公立學(xué)?！倍疾皇窃牡挠^點(diǎn)。

45.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到倒數(shù)第二句Finally,withdissatisfactionwithconventionaleducationasgreatasitisinsomecirclesinEnglandandcertainlyintheUSA,thequestionmightevenariseintheparents’mindsastowhetherthechildshouldbecompelledtogotoschoolatall.（最后，由于對(duì)傳統(tǒng)教育的不滿，在英國(guó)的一些圈子，在美國(guó)也有，關(guān)于孩子是否應(yīng)該被強(qiáng)迫去上學(xué)的問(wèn)題可能出現(xiàn)在父母的腦海中。）也就是說(shuō)由于家長(zhǎng)對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)教育的不滿，他們可能會(huì)考慮是否讓孩子去上學(xué)，因此A選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)教育并不令人滿意”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“不知道如何在不同的學(xué)校中進(jìn)行選擇”；C選項(xiàng)“打算自己教育孩子”以及D選項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)教育太昂貴而無(wú)法支付”并不是文章中提出的父母可能不送孩子去上學(xué)的原因。

46.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一句Althoughinpractice,someparentsmaynotthinktwiceaboutanyofthese...caninsistthatasmanychoicesaspossiblebemadeopentohim,andthesystemistheoreticallysupposedtoprovidethem.（雖然在實(shí)踐中，有些父母可能并不會(huì)考慮這些選擇，而是把孩子送到附近唯一可以去的的學(xué)校，但是有足夠興趣的父母能夠堅(jiān)持要求開(kāi)放盡可能多的選擇，并且，這種選擇學(xué)校的體制從理論上講，應(yīng)該提供這些選擇。）由以可知，教育制度并沒(méi)有提供那么多，而是它有義務(wù)開(kāi)放卻沒(méi)有做到。因此B選項(xiàng)“有興趣的家長(zhǎng)可以要求更多的學(xué)校向他們開(kāi)放”正確。A選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)父母并不關(guān)心他們所能做的選擇”，并不符合文意；C選項(xiàng)“教育系統(tǒng)提供的選擇可能沒(méi)有預(yù)期的那么多”，這個(gè)是正確的，但是是表面信息，更深層層次應(yīng)該是“家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該要求更多的學(xué)校向他們開(kāi)放”，也就是B選項(xiàng)；D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)父母通常把他們的孩子送到附近的學(xué)?！?，這也不是文章所暗示的，只是有提到。

3.單選題

Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninteraction,longenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.

Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsanydayontheissueofnuclearenergy.Theprincipaldiscoveriesinthiscentury,allinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceaboutnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,mattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers,andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,ambiguities;someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears,somearecanceledoutright,someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.

JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forawhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear,thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.

Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo;thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.

51.WhatCAN’Tbeinferredfromthelstparagraph?

52.Man’sattitudetowardscientificdiscoverieshasalwaysbeen（）.

53.Scientistshavediscoveredinthepastfewyearsthat（）.

54.Whatwashailedasabiologicalrevolutionthirtyyearsago?

55.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthispassageistosaythat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.

B.Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdinghostileattitudetowardscience.

C.Forcenturiesscientificdiscoverieshavebeenhailedbythehumanworldunanimously.

D.Threehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.suspicious

B.undoubting

C.cynical

D.critical

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessary

B.thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachine

C.manactuallyknowsnothingaboutDNA

D.manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNA

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.DiscoveryofthestructureofDNA.

B.Thedecodingofthelinearlanguage.

C.Themechanicaldevicefoundinthehumancell.

D.TheunbelievablecomplexityofDN

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman’slife

B.scienceisfarfromperfectinexplorationoftheworld

C.sciencehasreacheditsclimaxinmanyfields

D.sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】51.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段，第一段講述了科學(xué)相關(guān)的歷史，定位到倒數(shù)第二句話Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninteraction,longenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.（對(duì)于測(cè)試一種人類互動(dòng)的新方法來(lái)說(shuō)，三百年似乎太長(zhǎng)了，足夠讓人們回過(guò)頭來(lái)對(duì)科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行批判性評(píng)估，甚至可能足夠讓人們投票決定是否繼續(xù)使用它。）通過(guò)這句話可以得出，三百年的時(shí)候足夠長(zhǎng)，以至于人們開(kāi)始批判性的評(píng)估科學(xué)了，因此C選項(xiàng)“幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)一直受到人類世界的一致歡迎”，是和文章不符合的，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始被質(zhì)疑了，因此C選項(xiàng)當(dāng)選。A選項(xiàng)“過(guò)去三百年的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生了許多有價(jià)值的東西”，是文章中提到的；B選項(xiàng)“三百年來(lái)，有人對(duì)科學(xué)持?jǐn)硨?duì)態(tài)度”，是文章的觀點(diǎn)；D選項(xiàng)“三百年的時(shí)間不足以讓我們回過(guò)頭來(lái)對(duì)科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行批判性的評(píng)價(jià)”，這個(gè)雖然與原文看似不符合，但是后文有一句Thereisanargument.“但是這是有爭(zhēng)議的。”可以看出這句話是有爭(zhēng)議的，因此D選項(xiàng)是有爭(zhēng)議的，不當(dāng)選。

52.根據(jù)題干定位到第二段的最后一句someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears，somearecanceledoutright,someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.（有些物理定律每隔幾年就會(huì)被修改，有些被徹底取消，有些經(jīng)過(guò)了立法意圖的修訂，就好像它們是國(guó)會(huì)的法案一樣。）可以得知人類對(duì)待科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)并不認(rèn)為它們是完美無(wú)缺的，而是不斷修正、擯棄，甚至采取立法手段加以規(guī)范的，因此D選項(xiàng)“批判的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“懷疑的”；B選項(xiàng)“毋庸置疑的”；C選項(xiàng)“憤世嫉俗的”都不正確。

53.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段的最后一句話Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.（但就在最近幾年，它已經(jīng)變得幾乎令人難以置信的復(fù)雜，充滿了奇怪的部分，其功能超出了今天的想象。）可知，人們對(duì)于DNA的研究還所知甚少，因此D選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于DNA，人類還有很多要學(xué)習(xí)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“將DNA暴露給公眾是不必要的”，與原文不符；B選項(xiàng)“DNA中的微小細(xì)胞是一臺(tái)整潔的小機(jī)器”，是細(xì)胞，不是DNA中的細(xì)胞；C選項(xiàng)“人類實(shí)際上對(duì)DNA一無(wú)所知”，并不是一無(wú)所知，只是知之甚少。

54.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段的第一句話JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.（就在30年前，當(dāng)DNA分子奇妙的幾何結(jié)構(gòu)暴露在公眾視野中，遺傳學(xué)的線性語(yǔ)言被破譯時(shí)，我們稱之為一場(chǎng)生物學(xué)革命。）因此B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)線性語(yǔ)言的解碼”正確。A選項(xiàng)“DNA結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)”；C選項(xiàng)“在人體細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)械裝置”以及D選項(xiàng)“DNA的復(fù)雜性令人難以置信”，都不是三十年前被稱為生物學(xué)革命的原因。

55.主旨?xì)w納題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一段Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo;thereiseverythingtodo.（這不僅僅是因?yàn)槲覀冇懈嗟墓ぷ饕觯挥泻芏嗍虑橐?。）從而清楚地表明了作者的觀點(diǎn)：科學(xué)剛剛起步，前面的路還很長(zhǎng)。因此B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)在探索世界的過(guò)程中遠(yuǎn)非完美”是文章的同義轉(zhuǎn)述項(xiàng)，正確。A選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)極大地改善了人們的生活”，這個(gè)說(shuō)法是正確的，但是不是作者寫(xiě)這篇文章的目的；C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)在許多領(lǐng)域都達(dá)到了頂峰”，無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)；D選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)對(duì)人類的貢獻(xiàn)太少了”，與原文不符。

4.問(wèn)答題

Iwouldadvise(A)younottopressthematter(B)toohardorbecomeconvincingthat(C)moneydoesnotmatter(D).

【答案】試題答案：C;becomeconvincedthat

【解析】考查固定句型。convince意為“使相信，說(shuō)服”，一般用于convincesb.that...（使某人相信……），其被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為：sb.beconvincedthat...本句為：you...becomeconvincedthat...

5.單選題

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELEfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolosesleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.

Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon.Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligauss,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.

Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.

Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.

ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink,“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthat(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（）.

2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis（）.

3.WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?

Because（

）

4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon（）.

5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancer

C.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer

D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncancer

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer

B.electricityreallyaffectscancer

C.controversial

D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.itmaystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.

B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.

C.thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.

D.theyhaddifferentarguments.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.

B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.

C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.

D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareindifferent.

B.Theyareworriedverymuch.

C.Theymayexerciseprudentavoidance.

D.Theyareshocked.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨題。文章開(kāi)篇就提出了電磁場(chǎng)是否會(huì)致癌這個(gè)問(wèn)題，并提出有研究結(jié)果表明電磁場(chǎng)會(huì)增加患癌的危險(xiǎn)性。第二段公布了EPA環(huán)保署的報(bào)告，認(rèn)為電磁場(chǎng)與癌癥之間存在偶然聯(lián)系。第三段說(shuō)明電磁場(chǎng)和癌癥之間的關(guān)系問(wèn)題仍然廣受爭(zhēng)議，需要進(jìn)一步的研究和證明。下文提出五角大樓和白宮反對(duì)電磁場(chǎng)致癌的說(shuō)法，因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)軍事單位都依賴于電氣設(shè)備的使用?？v觀全文可知文章的主題主要是關(guān)于電磁場(chǎng)對(duì)癌癥的影響的不同觀點(diǎn)的討論。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence‘suggestsacasuallink’betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.”，可知EPA初步得出結(jié)論，科學(xué)證據(jù)表明，低頻電磁場(chǎng)(波長(zhǎng)非常長(zhǎng)的電磁場(chǎng))與白血病、淋巴瘤和腦癌之間存在偶然的聯(lián)系?？膳袛喑鯡PA認(rèn)為電磁場(chǎng)和癌癥之間有偶然的聯(lián)系。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一句，“Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.”，可知從巨大的陸基雷達(dá)到戰(zhàn)艦和每架飛機(jī)內(nèi)置的防御系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)代軍隊(duì)幾乎每個(gè)單位都會(huì)用到電子設(shè)備，由此可知他們相信電磁場(chǎng)不會(huì)誘發(fā)癌癥?？膳袛喑鑫褰谴髽呛桶讓m反對(duì)公布這份報(bào)告的原因在于現(xiàn)代軍隊(duì)的每一個(gè)單位都依賴于某種電子設(shè)備的大量使用。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.”，可知當(dāng)電流通過(guò)導(dǎo)線時(shí)，它會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)電磁場(chǎng)，對(duì)周?chē)奈矬w施加壓力。多年來(lái)，科學(xué)家們一直否認(rèn)這種力可能是有害的，主要是因?yàn)樗鼈兎浅Ｎ⑷??？膳袛喑鰪倪@個(gè)物理現(xiàn)象可知因?yàn)殡姶艌?chǎng)太弱了，所以沒(méi)有害處。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolosesleep…Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.”，可知這個(gè)爭(zhēng)論是會(huì)讓人恐慌，但是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題必須認(rèn)真對(duì)待，需要更多的研究?？膳袛喑鋈藗冞€是會(huì)保持警惕的態(tài)度，會(huì)有意小心地避開(kāi)電磁場(chǎng)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

6.單選題

Afterhisrecoveryfromillness,heisdeterminedto（

）hathehadbeendoingtoattainthegoal.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.assume

B.consume

C.presume

D.resume

【答案】D

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)assume“承擔(dān)”；B選項(xiàng)consume“消耗，揮霍”；C選項(xiàng)presume“假定，推測(cè)”；D選項(xiàng)resume“（中斷后）重新開(kāi)始，繼續(xù)”。

句意：他病好后，決心繼續(xù)為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而努力。選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)境。

7.單選題

Thebeliefthatthemindplaysanimportantroleinphysicalillnessgoesbacktotheearliestdaysofmedicine.FromthetimeoftheancientGreekstothebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasgenerallyacceptedbybothphysicianandpatientthatthemindcanaffectthecourseofillness,anditseemednaturaltoapplythisconceptinmedicaltreatmentsofdisease.Afterthediscoveryofantibiotics,anewassumptionarosethattreatmentofinfectiousorinflammatorydiseaserequiresonlytheeliminationoftheforeignorganismoragentthattriggerstheillness.Intherushtodiscoverantibioticsanddrugsthatcurespecificinfectionsanddiseases,thefactthatthebody’sownresponsescaninfluencesusceptibilitytodiseaseand-itscoursewaslargelyignoredbymedicalresearchers.

Itisironicthatresearchintoinfectiousandinflammatorydiseasefirstled20th-centurymedicinetorejecttheideathatthemindinfluencesphysicalillness,andnowresearchinthesamefield—includingtheworkofourlaboratoriesandofourcollaboratorsattheNationalInstitutesofHealth一isprovingthecontrary.Newmolecularandpharmacologicaltoolshavemadeitpossibleforustoidentifytheintricatenetworkthatexistsbetweentheimmunesystemandthebrain，anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly.Chemicalsproducedbyimmunecellssignalthebrain,andthebraininturnsendschemicalsignalstorestraintheimmunesystem.Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress.Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetworkinanyway,whetherinheritedorthroughdrugs,toxicsubstancesorsurgery,exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders.

Theclinicalsignificanceofthesefindingsislikelytoproveprofound.Theyholdthepromiseofextendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies,andviceversa.Theyalsohelptosubstantiatethepopularlyheldimpression(stilldiscountedinsomemedicalcircles)thatourstateofmindcaninfluencehowwellweresistorrecoverfrominfectiousorinflammatorydiseases.

Thebrain’sstressresponsesystemisactivatedinthreateningsituations.Theimmunesystemrespondsautomaticallytopathogensandforeignmolecules.Thesetworesponsesystemsarethebody’sprincipalmeansformaintaininganinternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis.Asubstantialproportionofhumancellularmachineryisdedicatedtomaintainingit.

Whenhomeostasisisdisturbedorthreatened,arepertoireofmolecular,cellularandbehavioralresponsescomesintoplay.Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate.Theycanbespecifictotheforeigninvaderoraparticularstress,ortheycanbegeneralizedandnonspecificwhenthethreattohomeostasisexceedsacertainthreshold.Theadaptiveresponsemaythemselvesturnintostressorscapableofproducingdisease.Wearejustbeginningtounderstandtheinterdependenceofthebrainandtheimmunesystem,howtheyhelptoregulateandcounter-regulateeachotherandhowtheythemselvescanmalfunctionandproducedisease.

1.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtosuggestthat（）

2.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemind-bodyinteractionindisease?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutclinicalsignificanceofthenewfindingscanbebest

supportedbythepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Accordingtothepassage,inordertomaintainaninternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis,（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ithasalwaysbeenthebeliefofbothphysicianandpatientthatone’sstateofmindcanaffectphysicaldisease

B.thepopularbeliefthatstressexacerbatesinflammatoryillnesshasalwaysbeendiscreditedbythedoctors

C.thediscoveryofantibioticsshedslightonpeople’sunderstandingofthemind-bodyinteractionindisease

D.thereisanewunderstandingofthecommunicationbetweenthebrainandimmunesystem

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thebrainandimmunesystemssendsignalstoeachother.

B.Theimmuneandcentralnervoussystemsareorganizedinverydifferentwaystoaffectthecourseofillness.

C.Disruptionofthecommunicationofthebrainandimmunesystemcancurecertaindisease.

D