英語寫作的常見錯誤

33/33HYPERLINK"/"英語寫作常見錯誤分析一．不一致（Disagreements）

所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等．

例１．When

one

have

money

,he

can

do

what

he

want

to

.

(人一旦有了鈔票，他就能想干什么就干什么．)

剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has

;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致．

改為：Once

one

has

money

,he

can

do

what

he

wants

(to

do)二．修飾語錯位（Misplaced

Modifiers）

英語與漢語不同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化．關(guān)于這一點中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解．例１．I

believe

I

can

do

it

well

and

I

will

better

know

the

world

outside

the

campus.

剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末．三．句子不完整（Sentence

Fragments）

在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等，不完整的句子完全能夠被理解．但是書面語就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補充講明時發(fā)生．

例１．There

are

many

ways

to

know

the

society.

For

example

by

TV

,radio

,newspaper

and

so

on

.

剖析：本句后半部分＂for

example

by

TV

,radio

,newspaper

and

so

on

.”不是一個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨立成句．

改為：There

are

many

ways

to

know

society

,for

example

,by

TV

,radio

,and

newspaper.四．懸垂修飾語（Dangling

Modifiers）

所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清．例如：At

the

age

of

ten,

my

grandfather

died.

這句中＂at

the

age

of

ten＂只點出十歲時，但沒有講明”

誰”十歲時．按一般推理不可能是my

grandfather,

假如我們把那個懸垂修飾語改明確一點，全句就不那么費解了．

改為：

When

I

was

ten,

my

grandfather

died.

例１．To

do

well

in

college,

good

grades

are

essential.

剖析：句中不定式短語

“to

do

well

in

college”

的邏輯主語不清晰．

改為：

To

do

well

in

college,

a

student

needs

good

grades.五．詞性誤用(Misuse

of

Parts

of

Speech)

“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動詞用等．

例１．None

can

negative

the

importance

of

money.

剖析：negative

系形容詞，誤作動詞。

改為：

None

can

deny

the

importance

of

money.

六．指代不清(Ambiguous

Reference

of

Pronouns)

指代不清要緊講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：

Mary

was

friendly

to

my

sister

because

she

wanted

her

to

be

her

bridesmaid.

(瑪麗和我姐姐專門要好，因為她要她做她的伴娘。)

讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地推斷兩位小姐中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。假如我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。那個句子可改為：

Mary

was

friendly

to

my

sister

because

she

wanted

my

sister

to

be

her

bridesmaid.

例1.And

we

can

also

know

the

society

by

serving

it

yourself.

剖析：句中人稱代詞we

和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：

We

can

also

know

society

by

serving

it

ourselves.七．不間斷句子(Run-on

Sentences)

什么叫run-on

sentence?請看下面的例句。

例１．There

are

many

ways

we

get

to

know

the

outside

world.

剖析：那個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There

are

many

ways.”

以及“We

get

to

know

the

outside

world.”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。

改為：

There

are

many

ways

for

us

to

learn

about

the

outside

world.

或：

There

are

many

ways

through

which

we

can

become

acquainted

with

the

outside

world八．措詞毛病(Troubles

in

Diction)

Diction

是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學(xué)時刻緊迫，教師平常在這方面花的時刻往往極其有限，阻礙了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的適應(yīng)。他們往往為所欲為，拿來就用。因此作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。

例１．The

increasing

use

of

chemical

obstacles

in

agriculture

also

makes

pollution.

(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)

剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the

increasing

use

(不斷增加的使用)”

應(yīng)改為“abusive

use

(濫用)”。

改為：

The

abusive

use

of

chemical

substances

in

agriculture

also

causes/leads

to

pollution.九．累贅(Redundancy)

言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞；寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：

In

spite

of

the

fact

that

he

is

lazy,

I

like

him.

本句的“the

fact

that

he

is

lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”能夠改為：In

spite

of

his

laziness,

I

like

him.

例１．For

the

people

who

are

diligent

and

kind,

money

is

just

the

thing

to

be

used

to

buy

the

thing

they

need.

剖析：整個句子能夠大大簡化。

改為：

Diligent,

caring

people

use

money

only

to

buy

what

they

need.十．不連貫(Incoherence)

不連貫是指一個句子前言不對后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。

例１．The

fresh

water,

it

is

the

most

important

things

of

the

earth.

剖析：The

fresh

water

與逗號后的it

不連貫。It

與things

在數(shù)方面不一致。

改為：

Fresh

water

is

the

most

important

thing

in

the

world.十一．綜合性語言錯誤(Comprehensive

Misusage)

所謂“綜合性語言錯誤”，是指除了上述十種錯誤以外，還有諸如時態(tài)，語態(tài)，標(biāo)點符號，大小寫等方面的錯誤。

例1．Today,

Money

to

everybody

is

very

importance,

our’s

eat,

cloth,

live,

go

etc.作文開頭部分對立法:先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,

適用于有爭議性的主題.

例如(e.g)

[1].Whenaskedabout,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesaythatButIthink/viewabitdifferently.

[2].Whenitcomesto,somepeoplebelievethatOthersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but(Itendtotheprofer/latter...)

[3].Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/held/acknowledgedthatTheyclaim/believe/arguethat...ButIwonder/doubtwhether

1-2現(xiàn)象法引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問題,然后評論.

e.g

[1].Recentlytheriseinproblemof/(phenomenonof)...hascaused/arousedpublic/popular/wide/worldwideconcern.

[2].Recentlytheissueoftheproblemof/thephenomenonof...hasbeenbroughtintofocus.(hasbeenbraughttopublicattention)

[3].Inflation/Corruption/Socialinequality...isyetanotherofthenewandbittertruthwehavetolearntofacenow/constantly.

1-3觀點法開門見山,直接了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩σ懻摰膯栴}的看法.

e.g:

[1].

Neverhistoryhasthechangeof..beenasevidentas...Nowhereintheworld/Chinahastheissue/ideaof..beenmorevisible/popularthan...

[2].

Nowpeopleingrowing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtorealize/accept/(beaware)that...

[3].

Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityto

Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheimportanceof

[4].Perhapsitistimetohaveafreshlookattheattitude/ideathat

1-4引用法先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法,來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!

e.g:

[1]."Knowledgeispower."suchistheremarkmadebyBacon.Thisremarkhasbeensharedbymoreandmorepeople.

"Educationisnotcompletewithgraduation."Suchistheopinionofagreat

Americanphilosopher.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion.

[2].""Howoftenwehearsuchstatements/wordsliketheses/this.

Inourowndaysweareusedtohearingsuchtraditionalcomplainsasthis"".

1-5比較法通過對過去,現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較,引出文章要討論的觀點.

e.g:

[1].Foryears,...hadbeenviewedas...Butpeoplearetakingafreshlooknow.Withthegrowing...,people.

[2].Peopleusedtothinkthat...(Inthepast,)Butpeoplenowsharethisnew.

1-6故事法先講一個較短的故事來引發(fā)讀者的興趣,引出文章的主題.

e.g:

[1].Oncein(anewspaper),Ireadof/learntThephenomenonof...hasarousedpublicconcern.

[2].Ihaveafriendwho...Shouldhe?Suchadilemmaweareoftenconfrontwithinourdailylife.

[3].Onceuponatime,therelivedamanwho...Thisstorymaybe(unbelievable),butitstillhasarealisticsignificancenow.

1-7

問題法先用討論或解答的設(shè)問,引出自己觀點,適用于有爭議性的話題.

e.g:

Should/What?Optionsof...varygreatly,some...,others...Butinmyopinion,.作文主體部分<一>緣故結(jié)果分析

3-1-1.差不多緣故分析某事物時,用此句型講明其差不多的或者多方面的緣故.

e.g:

[1].Why...?Foronething..Foranother...

[2].Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.Foronething...

ForanotherStillanother...

[3].Anumberoffactors,bothphysicalandpsychologicalaffect

/bothindividualandsocialcontributeto

3-1-2另一緣故>在分析了差不多緣故之后,再補充一個次要的或者更重要時用!

e.g:

[1].Anotherimportantfactoris

[2]....isalsoresponsibleforthechange/problem.

[3].Certainly,the...isnotthesolereasonfor

3-1-3后果阻礙分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來的阻礙.

e.g:

[1].Itwillproduceaprofound/far-reachingeffect/impacton

[2].Ininvolvessomeseriousconsequencefor

<二>比較對比句型

3-2-1.兩者比較>比較兩事物,要講出其一超過另一個,或確信一事物的優(yōu)點,也確信其缺點的時候用!

e.g:

[1].TheadvantagesgainedfromAaremuchgreaterthantheadvantageswegainfromB.

[2].Indeed,AcarriesmuchweightwhencomparedwithB.

[3].Thereisnodoubtthatithasitsnegativeeffectsaswellaspositiveeffects.

3-2-2.兩者相同/相似>比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點時用!

e.g:

[1].AandBhaveseveralthingsincommon.

Theyaresimilarinthat

[2].AbearssomestrikingresemblancestoB.作文結(jié)尾部分2-1結(jié)論性通過對文章前面的討論,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點.

e.g:

[1].Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat

[2].Insummary/Inaword,itismorevaluable

2-2后果性揭示所討論的問題若不解決,將產(chǎn)生的嚴(yán)峻后果.

e.g:

[1].Wemustcallforanimmediatemethod,becausethecurrentphenomenonof...,ifallowedtoproceed,willsurelyleadtotheheavycostof

[2].Obviously,ifweignore/areblindto

theproblem,thereiseverychancethat..willbeputindanger.

2-3號召性呼吁讀者行動起來,采取行動或提請注意.

e.g:

[1].Itistimethatweurgedanimmediateendtotheundesirabletendencyof

[2].Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentocorrectthetendency.

2-4建議性對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見,包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.

e.g:

[1].Whileitcannotbesolvedimmediately,stillthereare

ways.ThemostpopularisAnothermethodis...Stillanotheroneis

[2].Awareness/Recognitionoftheproblemisthefirststeptowardthesituation.

2-5方向性的結(jié)尾方式其與建議性的唯一差不確實是對問題解決提出總的,大體的方向或者指明前景.

e.g:

[1].Manysolutionsarebeingofferedhere,allofthemmakesomesense,butnoneisadequateenough.Theproblemshouldberecognizedinawideway.

[2].Thereisnoquickmethodtotheissueof..,but..mightbehelpful/beneficial.

[3].ThegreatchallengetodayisThereismuchdifficulty,but

2--6意義性的結(jié)尾方式>文章結(jié)尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義!

e.g:

[1].Followingthesesuggestionsmaynotguaranteethesuccess,butthepayoffmightbeworththeeffort.Itwillnotonlybenefitbutalsobenefit

[2].Inanycase,whetheritispositiveornegative,onethingiscertainthatitwillundoubtedly提綱式模塊

（I）講明緣故型

模塊（一）

Nowadays,therearemoreandmoreXXinsomebigcities.Itisestimatedthat(1).WhyhavetherebeensomanyXX?Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Thefirstoneisthat(2).Besides,(3).Thethirdreasonis(4).

Tosumup,themaincauseofXXisdueto(5).Itishightimethatsomethingweredoneuponit.Ontheonehand,(6).Ontheotherhand,(7).AllthesemeasureswillcertainlyreducethenumberofXX.

注釋：

（1）用具體數(shù)據(jù)講明XX現(xiàn)象

（2）緣故一

（3）緣故二

（4）緣故三

（5）指出要緊緣故

（6）解決建議一

（7）解決建議二

GenerationgapbetweenparentsandchildrenNowadays,therearemoreandmoremisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildrenwhichisso-calledgenerationgap.Itisestimatedthat(75percentagesofparentsoftencomplaintheirchildren'sunreasonablebehaviorwhilechildrenusuallythinktheirparentstoooldfashioned).Whyhavetherebeensomuchmisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren?Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Thefirstoneisthat(thetwogenerations,havinggrownupatdifferenttimes,havedifferentlikesanddislikes,thusthedisagreementoftenrisesbetweenthem).Besides,(duetohavinglittleincommontotalkabout,theyarenotwillingtositfacetoface).Thethirdreasonis(withthepaceofmodernlifebecomingfasterandfaster,bothofthemaresobusywiththeirworkorstudythattheydon'tspareenoughtimetoexchangeideas).Tosumup,themaincauseofXXisdueto(lakeofcommunicationandunderstandingeachother).Itishightimethatsomethingweredoneuponit.Ontheonehand,(childrenshouldrespecttheirparents).Ontheotherhand,(parentsalsoshouldshowsolicituefortheirchildren).Allthesemeasureswillcertainlybridgethegenerationgap.第二天：

（I）講明緣故型

模塊（2）

Inrecentyears,xxhascausedaheateddebateon(1).Thefactorsfor(2).Firstofall,(3).Then,therecomesacasethat(4).Moreover,(5).Especiallywhen(6).Indeed,theseuniquepointscanbecollectedtoremindpeoplethat(7).Inthisway,weshouldbehavejustlike(8).TheimpactofTelevisionInrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,80percentofallhomesinChinahavesatelliteTV,offeringasmanyas50channels.Ithascausedaheateddebateon(theimpactoftelevisiononchildren).Manyparentsareworriedabouttheimpactofsomuchtelevisiononchildren.Thefactorsfor(parents'worryisthatchildrenareindulgeintelevisionandspendtoomuchtimeonit.).Firstofall,(withsomanyprogramstochoosefrom,childrenarenotgettingasmuchexerciseastheyshould).Then,therecomesacasethat(somestudieshaveshowthatexcessivewatchingoftelevisionbymillionsofchildrenhasloweredtheirabilitytoachieveinschool).Moreover,(theeffectonchildren'smindsaremoreseriousthantheeffectonchildren'sbodies).Especiallywhen(thechildrenaretoosmalltojudgewhatprogramsaresuittothem).Indeed,theseuniquepointscanbeconnectedtoremindparentsthat(theyshouldpaycloseattentiontoandresponsibilitiesforsupervisingtheirchildren'sTVviewing).Inthisway,childrenwillnotbeinfluencedtoodeeply.

（I）講明緣故型

模塊（3）

Currently,XXhasbeentheorderoftheday.ThisdoesdemonstratethetheorynothingismorevaluablethanXX.

Itisclearthat(1).Ifyou(2),asaresult,yourdreamswillcometrue.Onthecontrary,ifyou(3).Failurewillbefollowingwithyou.Itturnsoutthatallyourplanfallsthrough.Noonecandenyanotherfactthat(4).Youdon'thavetolookveryfartofindoutthetruth,inrespectthatweallknow(5).Itwillexertaprofoundinfluenceupon(6).Withreferencetomystandpoint,Ithink(7).

注釋：

1：XX的第一個優(yōu)點

2：支持XX的做法

3：不支持XX的做法

4：XX的第二個優(yōu)點

5：舉例證明優(yōu)點二

6：講明XX優(yōu)點三的阻礙第三天我寫的相應(yīng)作文：

Theimportanceofself-confidenceCurrently,self-confidencehasbeentheorderoftheday.Thisdoesdemonstratethetheorynothingismorevaluablethanself-confidence.

Itisclearthat(self-confidencemeanstrustinone'sabilities).Ifyou(arefullofself-confidence,itwillbringyourcreativepowertoplay,arouseyourenthusiasmforwork,andhelpyouovercomedifficulties),asaresult,yourdreamswillcometrue.Onthecontrary,ifyou(havenoconfidenceinyourself,thereislittlepossibilitythatyouwouldeverachieveanything).FailurewillbefollowingwithyouItturnsoutthatallyourplanfallsthrough.Noonecandenyanotherfactthat(self-confidencegivesyoulightwhenyouareindarkandencouragementwhenyouaredismayed).Youdon'thavetolookveryfartofindoutthetruth,inrespectthatweallknow(thesecretofMariaCurieliesinperseveranceandself-confidence,thelatterinparticular).Itwillexertaprofoundinfluenceupon(theachievementofone'sambitions).Withreferencetomystandpoint,Ithink(hethatcanhaveself-confidencecanhavewhathewill).（I）講明緣故型

模塊（4）

Formostofustoday,(1).

Fromabove,wecanfindthatthereasonswhy(2)areasfollows.

Theprimaryreason,Ithink,is(3).Second,(4).Thethirdreason,actually,is(5).Thesignificancefor(6).

Therefore,(7).

注釋：

（1）人們針對XX的態(tài)度和舉措

（2）歸納現(xiàn)狀

（3）第一個緣故

（4）第二個緣故

（5）第三個緣故

（6）重申造成現(xiàn)狀的最重要緣故

（7）我的建議我寫的模塊（４）的相應(yīng)的作文，僅供參考

Pollution

Mostofustoday(recognizethatenvironmentalpollutionhasbeenagreatlyseriousproblem.lotsofplantstreescorpsaredestroyedbybadair.manyfishdieofpoisonouswater.thousandsofpeoplediefromeatingpoisonedfishorbreathingingas.therefore,environmentalpollutionshouldberesponsibleforthesediseasesthataredisabling,orbringingdeathnotonlytohumanbeings,butalsotowildlife.)fromabove,wecanfindthatthereasonswhy(environmentarepollutedmoreandmoreseriously)areasfollows.theprimaryreason,Ithink,is(thereasonofharmfulsubstancesintoenvironment.forexample,topreventinsects,farmersmakeuseofgreatamountsofinsecticides,soastohavebumperharvests.however,theypolluteair,waterandland).

second,(thegascomingfromthecarenginesandfactoriesalsomake

environmentpollutedbadly).

thethirdreasonactuallyis(theresultofagrowingpopulationin

theworld.everyday,somuchlitterandwastearepouredoutfrom

houses,alsopollutetheenvironment).

thesignificancefor(controllingpollution)notedthatit'shigh

timethatmoreeffectivemeasuresshouldbetaken.

therefore,(newlawsshouldbepassedt