考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林化工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林化工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

OnceRenaissancepaintersdiscoveredhowto（

）volumeanddepth,theywereabletoreplacethemedievalconventionofsymbolic,two-dimensionalspacewiththemoreillusionofactualspace.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reverse...conventional

B.portray...abstract

C.deny...concrete

D.render...realistic

【答案】D

【解析】詞義辨析題。第一個(gè)空的選項(xiàng)：reverse“顛倒，倒轉(zhuǎn)”；portray“描繪，扮演”：deny“否認(rèn)，拒絕給予”；render“提供，以……回報(bào)，描繪，處理（繪畫(huà)等的主題）”，第二個(gè)空的選項(xiàng)：conventional“傳統(tǒng)的，習(xí)慣的”；abstract“抽象的”；concrete“具體的，有形的”；realistic“現(xiàn)實(shí)的，實(shí)際的，實(shí)事求是的”，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“volumeanddepth”“symbolic”和句意‘當(dāng)文藝復(fù)興的畫(huà)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)如何描繪體積和深度之后，他們就能夠使用更現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)在空間感來(lái)取代中世紀(jì)的象征意味的、二維空間的繪畫(huà)習(xí)慣了’確定D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Ingeneral，matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe（）concernofstategov-ernments.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.extinct

B.excluding

C.excessive

D.exclusive

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:—般來(lái)說(shuō)，國(guó)家邊境問(wèn)題是政府（）關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。

extinct滅絕的；excluding除…外，不包括;excessive過(guò)度的，過(guò)分的;exclusive獨(dú)有的，專一的。D項(xiàng)exclusive獨(dú)有的，專一的符合句意，在這里表示“專門(mén)的,特別的”。

3.單選題

ThebrideandthebridegroomwereoverwhelmedinhappinesswhentheirfamilyofferedtotakethemtoRometo（）themarriage.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.terminate

B.initiate

C.consummate

D.separate

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。terminate“終止，結(jié)束”；initiate“開(kāi)始”；consummate“完成”；separate“分開(kāi)”。句意：當(dāng)聽(tīng)到他們的家人要帶他們?nèi)チ_馬完婚，這對(duì)新郎新娘感到非常幸福。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.單選題

Amongallthechangesresultingfromthe______entryofwomenintotheworkforce,thetransformationthathasoccurredinthewomenthemselvesisnottheleastimportant.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.massive

B.quantitative

C.surplus

D.formidable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)massive“大量的”，B項(xiàng)quantitative“定量的，數(shù)量的”，C項(xiàng)surplus“剩余的”，D項(xiàng)formidable“可怕的，令人敬畏的”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格處填入一個(gè)形容詞修飾women，結(jié)合關(guān)鍵詞workforce“勞動(dòng)力”可知，空格處填入A項(xiàng)符合句意。句意：在婦女大量進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)大軍所引起的所有變化中，婦女本身發(fā)生的轉(zhuǎn)變并非最不重要。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

5.翻譯題

PutthefollowingintoEnglish.

十九世紀(jì)末,中國(guó)開(kāi)始舉辦師范教育。1949年中華人民共和國(guó)成立之后,在各級(jí)政府的關(guān)心和支持下,中國(guó)師范教育進(jìn)入了前所未有的發(fā)展階段。在科學(xué)技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展的今天,振興經(jīng)濟(jì)的希望在教育,教師隊(duì)伍的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量對(duì)教育發(fā)展具有決定性的影響。在中國(guó)這樣一個(gè)擁有世界教師總量五分之一的龐大教師隊(duì)伍的國(guó)家,人民教師的地位和作用直接關(guān)系到教育事業(yè)乃至整個(gè)國(guó)家的發(fā)展。

師范教育(teachereducation)

【答案】Attheendof19thcentury,theteachereducationbeganinChina.SincethefoundationofPeople’sRepublicofChinain1949,ithasundergoneanunprecedenteddevelopmentthankstosolicitudeandsupportofthecentralandlocalgovernmentWiththerapiddevelopmentoftechnologyandsciencenowadays,educationbecomesvitaltothegrowthofeconomy.Itsdevelopment,however,isdeterminedbythenumberanprofessionalexpertiseofteachers.Chinaownsone-fifthoftheteachersofthewholeworld,andthedevelopmentoftheeducationalissuesandeventhewholecountryaredirectlyaffectedbythestatusandfunctionoftheteachers.

6.單選題

Thehumancriterionforperfectvisionis20/20forreadingthestandardlinesonaSnelleneyechartwithoutahitch.Thescoreisdeterminedbyhowwellyoureadlinesoflettersofdifferentsizesfrom20feetaway.Butbeingabletoreadthebottomlineontheeyechartdoesnotapproximateperfectionasfarasotherspeciesareconcerned.Mostbirdswouldconsiderusveryvisuallyhandicapped.Thehawk,forinstance,hassuchsharpeyesthatitcanspotadimeeathesidewalkwhileperchedonthetopoftheEmpireStateBuilding.Itcanmakefinevisualdistinctionsbecauseitisblessedwithonemillionconespersquaremillimeterinitsretina.Andinwater,humansarefar-sighted,whilethekingfisher,swoopingdowntospearfish,canseewellinbothairandwaterbecauseitisendowedwithtwofoveae-areasoftheeye,consistingmostlyofcones,thatprovidevisualdistinctions.Onefoveaepermitsthebird,whileintheairtoscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.Thisiscalledmonocularvision.Onceithitsthewater,theotherfoveajoinsin,allowingthekingfishertofocusbatheye,likebinoculars,onitpreyatthesametime.Afrogsvisionisdistinguishedbyitsabilitytoperceivethingsasaconstantmotionpicture.Knownas"bugdetectors",ahighlydevelopedsetofcellsinafrog'seyesrespondsmainlytomovingobjects.So,itissaidthatafrogsittinginafieldofdeadbugswouldn’tseethemasfoodandwouldstarve.

Thebeehasa“compound’’eye,whichisusedfornavigation.Ithas15,000facet,thatdividewhatitseenintoapatternofdots,ormosaic.Withthiskindofvision,thebeeseesthesunonlyasconstantlymeasurestheangleofitslineoffightinrelationtothesun.Abee's'eyealsogaugesflightspeed.Andifthatisnotenoughtoleaveour20/20“perfectvision,palingintoinsignificance,thebeeiscapableofseeingsomethingwecan't-ultravioletlight.Thus,whathumansconsidertobe"perfectvision"isinfactratherlimitedwhenwelookatotherspecies.However,thereisstillmuchtobesaidforthehumaneye.Ofallthemammals,onlyhumansandsomeprimatescanenjoythepleasureofcolorvision.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whymightbirdsandanimalsconsiderhumansveryvisuallyhandicapped?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

4.Theword"that”inline10referto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Eyevariationamongdifferentspecies

B.Limitsofthehumaneye

C.Perfectvision

D.Differenteyesfordifferentuses

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Humanscan'tseeverywellineitherairorwater.

B.Humanseyesarenotaswellsuitedtoourneeds.

C.Themainoutstandingfeatureofhumaneyesiscolorvision.

D.Humaneyescan'tdowhattheireyescan.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Kingfishershavemonocularvision.

B.Hawkseyesconsistmostlyofconesthatcanallowittoscanwithoneeyeatatime.

C.Humansarefarsightedinwater.

D.Beesseepatternsofdots.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Foveae

B.Areasoftheeye

C.Cones

D.Visualdistinction

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Eyeshavedevelopeddifferentlyineachspecies

B.Beeshavethemostcomplexeyes

C.Humansshouldnotenvywhattheydon'tneed

D.Perfectvisionisnotperfect.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.試題解析：主旨大意題。文章第一段提到人類(lèi)的視力與其他物種相比，并不是完美的，緊接著列舉了幾種不同動(dòng)物的眼睛及其視力特征；第二段主要介紹了動(dòng)物“蜜蜂”的眼睛特征，簡(jiǎn)要提到了只有人類(lèi)和一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物才能享受彩色視覺(jué)的樂(lè)趣。因此本文主要是介紹不同的眼睛有不同的用途，選D。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Butbeingabletoreadthebottomlineontheeyechartdoesnotapproximateperfectionasfarasotherspeciesareconcerned.Mostbirdswouldconsiderusveryvisuallyhandicapped.（但是，對(duì)其他物種來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠讀懂眼圖上的底線并不能接近完美。大多數(shù)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)會(huì)認(rèn)為我們視力很差）可知人類(lèi)的視力比其他動(dòng)物的視力要差，具有局限性，因此選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的whilethekingfisher...Onefoveaepermitsthebird,whileintheairtoscanthewaterbelowwithoneeyeatatime.（然而翠鳥(niǎo)……其中一個(gè)凹窩允許飛翔在空中的翠鳥(niǎo)不吋用一只眼瞳掃視水面的情況）可知B選項(xiàng)不是鷹眼的特征，而是翠鳥(niǎo)眼睛的特征，題干中問(wèn)的是“NOTtrue”，因此選B。

4.詞義題。根據(jù)題干信息“"that”inline10”定位至文章第一段中，由Andinwater,humansarefar-sighted,whilethekingfisher,swoopingdowntospearfish,canseewellinbothairandwaterbecauseitisendowedwithtwofoveae-areasoftheeye,consistingmostlyofcones,thatprovidevisualdistinctions.（在水里，人類(lèi)是遠(yuǎn)視的，而俯沖到水里捉魚(yú)的翠鳥(niǎo)在水上和水下都能看清景物，因?yàn)樗难劬镉袃砂几C區(qū)域，這兩個(gè)凹窩主要由具有視覺(jué)分辨能力的圓錐細(xì)胞組成）可知句中的“that”為關(guān)系代詞，修飾前面的先行詞“cones”，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，因此選C。

5.推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了人類(lèi)眼睛的特點(diǎn)以及鷹、翠鳥(niǎo)、青蛙、蜜蜂這幾種不同動(dòng)物的眼睛特征與視力，因此A選項(xiàng)“每一物種的眼睛都有不同的發(fā)育”符合題意。

7.單選題

Thescientistsbecameveryexcitedastheyfelttheywereonthe（）ofadiscovery.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.crest

B.borderline

C.brink

D.bluff

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。onthebrinkof“在……的邊緣”，句意：當(dāng)感覺(jué)自己處于一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的邊緣時(shí)，科學(xué)家們變得非常興奮。故C選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Motivationlevelscan（

）frompersontoperson,soitisimportanttotreateachpatient’spsychologicalproblemseparatelywithsolutionsforeachofthemrespectively.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.differ

B.vary

C.alter

D.distinguish

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。Differ“使不同”；vary“使多樣化”；alter“改變，更改；distinguish“區(qū)分，辨別。句意：動(dòng)機(jī)水平因人而異，因此，重要的是要分別對(duì)待每個(gè)病人的心理問(wèn)題，并針對(duì)每個(gè)問(wèn)題提出相應(yīng)的解決方案。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

9.單選題

Speakersandlistenersareoftenatodds:languagethatiseasyforthereceivertounderstandisoftendifficulttoproduce,andthatwhichiseasilyformulatedcanbehardto（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.comprehend

B.ignore

C.confirm

D.defend

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。comprehend理解，包含；ignore忽視，不理睬confirm確認(rèn)，確定；defend辯護(hù)。由前半句可知說(shuō)話者與接受者之間存在矛盾，故后面可推知這兩者之間還存在另一種矛盾，即容易表達(dá)的話卻難以理解。故A項(xiàng)正確。句意：說(shuō)話者和傾聽(tīng)者常常意見(jiàn)不一致:容易讓接受者理解的語(yǔ)言往往很難產(chǎn)生，而容易表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言卻很難理解。

10.單選題

Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderobjectivelyselectedfacts;Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovideinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.

However,theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshouldconfinethemselves（1）the"facts":Thisinsistence

（2）twoquestions:Whatarethefacts?Arethebarefactsenough?

Astothefirstquestion,considerhowaso-called"factual"storycomesabout.Thereportercollects

（3）

fiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspace（4）

beingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsten

（5）

heconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshall

（6）

theleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonot

（7）

eyondthefirstparagraph.)ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithasalargeimpact,

（8）

onpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.

Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called"factual"or"objective"story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlike

（9）

involvedininterpretation,inwhichreporterandeditor,calling

（10）

theirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir"newsneutralism"arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.with

B.by

C.through

D.to

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.raises

B.rises

C.arises

D.rouses

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.speak

B.state

C.remark

D.say

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.agreement

B.assignment

C.allotment

D.arrangement

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.which

C.how

D.whether

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.determine

B.involve

C.constitute

D.organize

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.progress

B.prolong

C.prospect

D.proceed

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.rather

B.than

C.or

D.instead

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.this

C.these

D.those

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.up

B.off

C.upon

D.for

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:C

第7題:D

第8題:C

第9題:D

第10題:C

【解析】第1題:考查固定搭配。confinesb.to“將某人限定在…內(nèi)”，答案D

第2題:考查固定搭配。此空意為提出問(wèn)題raisequestions，答案A

第3題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。say做副詞用，前后用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，表示“大約、例如”，答案D

第4題:考查名詞辨析。agreement協(xié)議；arrangement安排；assignment分派指定的任務(wù)；allotment分配、配發(fā)。由上下文可知此空意為“分配”，答案C

第5題:考查連詞辨析。此處由which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，答案B

第6題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。determine決定、下決心；involve包含、牽涉；constitute組成，構(gòu)成；organize組織。句意：編輯要從這十個(gè)事實(shí)選一個(gè)構(gòu)成總領(lǐng)。答案C

第7題:考查動(dòng)詞辨析。progress進(jìn)步；prolong延長(zhǎng)；prospect勘探；proceed繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。句意：讀者不會(huì)繼續(xù)再讀下一段。答案D

第8題:考查固定搭配。whether…or…“不管…還是…”

第9題:考查代詞辨析。those指代judgments

第10題:考查詞組辨析。callup征召…入伍；calloff取消；callupon號(hào)召，要求，拜訪；callfor要求、需要。句意：記者和編輯會(huì)結(jié)合調(diào)查資源、大環(huán)境背景和新聞中立性原則……答案C

11.單選題

Variousinnovationshavebeenintroducedaswaystobreakoffoursystemwhichforcesstudentsthroughaseriousofidenticalclassroomsinwhichteachersdomostofthetalkingandstudentshavelittleopportunitytorespond.Amongtheseinnovationsareteamteachingandteachingaides,non-gradedelementaryandsecondaryschools,independentstudy,curriculafocusedonhelpingstudentsdiscoverthingsforthemselvesratherthanontryingtotellthemeverything,andschoolsdesignedformaximumflexibilitysothatstudentscanworkalone,orinsmallgroups,ortakepartinlarge--groupinstructionviadiversemedia.Theaimofalltheseinnovationsistoadaptinstructionmorepreciselytotheneedsofeachindividualstudent.Manypeoplewhohaveastrongdisliketoorganizinginstructionscientificallyandtobringingnewtechnologyintotheschoolsandcollegesfailtorealizethatthepresentsystemisinmanyrespectsmechanicalandrigid.Thevastdifferencesinthewaysstudentslearnaredisregardedwhentheyaretaughtthesamething,inthesameway,atthesametime.Thereisnoescapingtheevidencethatmanystudentsthemselvesfeellittleenthusiasmandevenoutrighthostilityforthepresentwayschoolsandcollegesareorganizedandinstructionishandled.Manyofthemresenttechnology,butwhattheyobjecttoisusuallytechnologyusedasameansforhandlingalargenumberofstudents.Oritisprogrammingwhichmerelyreproducesconventionalclassroomrespondsandlearns,reachingnewplateausfromwhichtoclimbtohigherlevelsofunderstanding.Technologicalmediacanstoreinformationuntilitisneededorwanted.Theycandistributeitoverdistancestoreachthestudentswherehehappenstobe.Theycanpresenttheinformationtothestudentthroughvarioussenses.Theycangivethestudenttheopportunitytoreacttothematerialinmanyways.Inshort,thestudents’opportunitiesforlearningcanbeincreasedandenhancedbyusingawiderangeofinstructionaltechnology.Alltheavailableresourcesforinstruction,includingtheteachers,canworktogethertocreateconditionsformaximumeffectivelearning.

1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethatagoodeducationalsystemmust（

）.

3.Thenegativereactionsofstudentstotechnologyaretheresultof

（

）.

4.Allofthefollowingarementionedasacapabilityaretheresultof

（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.providingthepossibilityforstudentstotakethecoursestheywant

B.makingtechnologyanactivetoolintheschool

C.relievingtheteacherfromroutineduties

D.meetingtheneedsofeachstudent

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.notdependonteachers

B.makeuseofvaryingmethodsofteaching

C.placearenewedemphasisonscience

D.notorganizetheirinstruction

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.unknownfactors

B.ageneralhostilitytowardeducation

C.itsmisuse

D.itsnewnessintheschools

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.makeiteasierforstudentstoobtainneededinformation

B.providemanywaysofteachingthesamething

C.makelearningeasyandfun

D.providestudentswithenrollmentexam

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)原文第三句“Theaimofalltheseinnovationsistoadaptinstructionmorepreciselytotheneedsofeachindividualstudent.所有這些創(chuàng)新的目的是調(diào)整教學(xué)使之更加精確來(lái)適應(yīng)每個(gè)學(xué)生的需要?！庇纱丝芍?，作者最關(guān)心的是滿足每個(gè)學(xué)生的需求。選項(xiàng)D正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文最后一句“Alltheavailableresourcesforinstruction,includingtheteachers,canworktogethertocreateconditionsformaximumeffectivelearning.所有可用的教學(xué)資源，包括教師，可以共同努力，為最大限度地有效學(xué)習(xí)創(chuàng)造條件。”由此可推測(cè)，選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第七句“Manyofthemresenttechnology,butwhattheyobjecttoisusuallytechnologyusedasameansforhandlingalargenumberofstudents.他們（學(xué)生）中的許多人討厭技術(shù)，但他們反對(duì)的通常是技術(shù)被用作處理大量學(xué)生的手段?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生反對(duì)技術(shù)是因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)被錯(cuò)誤的使用，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文后半部分“Theycanpresenttheinformationtothestudentthroughvarioussenses.Theycangivethestudenttheopportunitytoreacttothematerialinmanyways.Inshort,thestudents’opportunitiesforlearningcanbeincreasedandenhancedbyusingawiderangeofinstructionaltechnology.它們（技術(shù)）可以通過(guò)各種判斷把信息呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。它們可以給學(xué)生機(jī)會(huì)，以多種方式對(duì)事物作出反應(yīng)?？傊瑢W(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)可以通過(guò)使用廣泛的教學(xué)技術(shù)來(lái)增加和提高?！庇纱丝芍?，只有選項(xiàng)D沒(méi)有提及，所以本題選D。

12.填空題

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

PopulationChanging

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavetheinnatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.(41)Thegreatvarietyofdynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationsmakesthistaskmoredifficult:somepopulationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesofabundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatareinsomecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.

(42)Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulationshave“density-dependent”growthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigrationwhichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.Theseratesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofpopulationdensity.

Thedichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.(43)Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,deathandmigrationratesmaybefluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages.Iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound.Putanotherway,itmaybethatonaverage99percentofalldeathsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independentcauses,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakinguptheonepercentmayseemimportant.(44)

Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist’sinvestigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe“signal”ecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulationincreasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whiledensity-dependenteffectsacttoproduce“nose”inthepopulationdynamics.Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,thesignalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectdescribed,eventhoughthecausativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.(45)Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsareregulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvaryingproportions.

A.Itissometimespossibletoinfertheexistenceofadensity-independentfactorcontrollingpopulationgrowthwithoutunderstandingitscausativemechanism.

B.Thetaskforecologistsistountangletheenvironmentalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthisintrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.

C.However,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-termaveragepopulationdensity.

D.Toimposesomeorderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividingpopulationsintotwogroups.

E.Forirregularlyfluctuatingpopulations,wearelikelytohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthesignalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.

F.Foronething,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.

【答案】41.B

42.D

43.F

44.C

45.E

【解析】41.下一句中提到了一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞thistask，所以空格這一句和task有關(guān)，故B項(xiàng)正確。

42.該段講了種群的兩種增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)，density-dependent和density-independent，所以第一句很可能是該段的中心句，介紹這兩類(lèi)參數(shù)，所以D項(xiàng)正確。

43.根據(jù)第三句“無(wú)論出生率、死亡率和遷移率圍繞其長(zhǎng)期平均水平波動(dòng)多么嚴(yán)重或不可預(yù)測(cè)，如果沒(méi)有密度依賴的影響（iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects），從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，人口將會(huì)毫無(wú)限制地增加或減少”，這一句講的是第二段中的其中一種增長(zhǎng)參數(shù)，由if虛擬語(yǔ)氣可知，上一句是和density-independent有關(guān)，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)正確。

44.上兩句說(shuō)的是“換句話說(shuō)，在一個(gè)人口中，平均99%的死亡都是由密度獨(dú)立的原因造成的，只有1%是由隨密度變化的因素造成的。構(gòu)成這1%的因素似乎不重要?！?，從這里可知，99%的死亡是由密度獨(dú)立決定，1%的密度依賴因素似乎不重要；但該段第二句提到“沒(méi)有一個(gè)種群能一直完全由密度獨(dú)立因素驅(qū)動(dòng)”，所以這里空格是要表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故C項(xiàng)正確。

45.上一句提到“對(duì)于保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的種群（Forpopulationsthatremainrelativelyconstant）”，下一句中也提到了“所有的人口（allpopulations）”，可知這一句是描述的另一類(lèi)種群，與“相對(duì)穩(wěn)定”相對(duì)的是“不穩(wěn)定的”，所以E項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Notallpersonsarrestedand（）withacrimeareguilty,andthemainfunctionofcriminalcourtsistodeterminewhoisguiltyunderthelaw.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sentenced

B.accused

C.persecuted

D.charged

【答案】D

【解析】sentenced判決，審判；accused指控，控告；persecuted迫害；charged指控，控告。句意：并非所有被逮捕和被指控犯罪的人都是有罪的，刑事法院的主要職能是根據(jù)法律確定誰(shuí)是有罪的。accused和charged都有指控的意思，但是accused不能與介詞with搭配，而應(yīng)與of搭配，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

14.單選題

Forpassengers,shipshavetheadvantageof（）cheaperthantrainsorairplanes.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.havingbeen

B.tohavebeen

C.being

D.tobe

【答案】C

【解析】考查介詞搭配。介詞后大多接名詞，接動(dòng)詞時(shí)需要用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。不可接不定式。故排除BD選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)havingbeen“用來(lái)表示完成時(shí)態(tài)”，和本句的時(shí)態(tài)不符，故排除A。句意：對(duì)于乘客來(lái)說(shuō)，輪船的優(yōu)勢(shì)是比火車(chē)和飛機(jī)便宜。這是一個(gè)事實(shí)陳述，故使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，C選項(xiàng)being動(dòng)名詞可做介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。故選C。

15.單選題

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet.Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children’sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.

“Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機(jī))thataffectstheirparents,”saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren’stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethehome.(Nevertheless,childreninbothdouble-incomeand“malebreadwinner”householdsspentcomparableamountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.

Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,”saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplayencouragesindependentthinkingandallowstheyoungtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeirpeers,butkidsaged3to12spentonly12hoursaweekengagedinit.

Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing“freetimewatchingtelevision.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneofthefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.Ifthey’respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren’treplacingitwithreading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading.Let’sfaceit,who’sgotthetime?

1.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch”(Line1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor:thereasongivenbySandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis______.

3.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif______.

4.TheauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthatAmericankids______.

5.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.childrenhavelittletimetoplaywiththeirparents

B.childrenarenottakengoodcareofbytheirworkingparents

C.parentsandchildrensufferfromlackofleisuretime

D.bothparentsandchildrenhavetroublemanagingtheirtime

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.quiteconvincing

B.partiallytrue

C.totallygroundless

D.ratherconfusing

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudying

B.heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownway

C.hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivities

D.heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparents

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivities

B.areincreasinglyneglectedbytheirworkingmothers

C.arespendingmoreandmoretimewatchingTV

D.areinvolvedlessandlessinhouseholdwork

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.extracurricularactivitiespromotechildren’sintelligence

B.mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwithTVsetsswitchedoff

C.effortstogetkidsinterestedinreadinghavebeenfruitful

D.mostparentsbelievereadingtobebeneficialtochildren

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干，可以定位到文章第二段第一句Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機(jī))thataffectstheirparents.（孩子們和他們的父母一樣，也受到時(shí)間短缺的影響）。C選項(xiàng)“父母和孩子都因缺乏閑暇時(shí)間而受苦”，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，C選項(xiàng)符合句意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“孩子們幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間和父母一起玩”，不符合題意，可排除。B選項(xiàng)“孩子們沒(méi)有得到工作的父母很好的照顧”，文章沒(méi)有提到這一點(diǎn)，因此可排除。D選項(xiàng)“父母和孩子都在管理他們的時(shí)間上有困難”，不符合題意，可排除。因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干我們可以定位到文章第二段第一句Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機(jī))thataffectstheirparents.（孩子們的影響同時(shí)緊縮（危機(jī)），影響他們的父母）。B選項(xiàng)“部分正確”，B選項(xiàng)符合句意。A選項(xiàng)“十分信服”，作者并沒(méi)有認(rèn)為她給出的理由是十分信服的。C選項(xiàng)“完全沒(méi)有事實(shí)根據(jù)”，不符合題意，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“令人困惑的”，不符合題意，可排除。因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

3.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“他有大量的時(shí)間閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)”，文中最后一段所說(shuō)孩子們每周花在閱讀上的時(shí)間只有一個(gè)多小時(shí)，因此A可排除。B選項(xiàng)“他只能以自己的方式和同齡人玩游戲”，這里符合文章倒數(shù)第二段內(nèi)容“自由玩耍鼓勵(lì)孩子們獨(dú)立思考，并允許他們與同齡人協(xié)商他們的關(guān)系”，因此可推測(cè)和同齡人玩耍會(huì)使孩子發(fā)展得更好，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。C選項(xiàng)“他有更多的時(shí)間參加學(xué)校活動(dòng)”，參加學(xué)?；顒?dòng)，導(dǎo)致兒童的閑暇時(shí)間減少，因此不利于兒童發(fā)展，C選項(xiàng)可排除。D選項(xiàng)“他可以自由地和他上班的父母交流”，文章所說(shuō)由于父母上班，導(dǎo)致兒童與父母之間的交流減少，因此D選項(xiàng)可排除。因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文中第一段第二句Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet.（她們也做更多的家務(wù)，參加更多的有組織的活動(dòng)，如足球和芭蕾舞。）A選項(xiàng)“areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivities”（正在參與越來(lái)越多的有組織的活動(dòng)），符合文章所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容，兒童參加越來(lái)越多有組織的活動(dòng)，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)“越來(lái)越多的小孩被工作的母親所忽視”，文章所說(shuō)，只是兩者之間交流時(shí)間減少，因此不符合題意，可排除B選項(xiàng)。C選項(xiàng)“花越來(lái)越多的時(shí)間看電視”，文章最后一段所說(shuō)“孩子們把他們迅速減少的四分之一的空閑時(shí)間花在看電視上”，因此C不符合題意，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“家務(wù)活越來(lái)越少了”，文章第一段所說(shuō)“她們也做更多的家務(wù)”，因此可排除D選項(xiàng)。因此A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。通讀全文。A選項(xiàng)“課外活動(dòng)能提高孩子的智力”，符合文章倒數(shù)第二段，課外活動(dòng)可以提高孩子的智力，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。B選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)孩子會(huì)在關(guān)掉電視的情況下看書(shū)”，文章最后一段所說(shuō)“如果他們?cè)陔娨暀C(jī)前花的時(shí)間減少了，孩子們也不會(huì)用閱讀來(lái)代替”，B選項(xiàng)可排除。C選項(xiàng)“讓孩子們對(duì)閱讀感興趣的努力取得了豐碩的成果”，文章最后一段所說(shuō)“盡管努力讓孩子們對(duì)書(shū)籍更感興趣，孩子們每周花在閱讀上的時(shí)間只有一個(gè)多小時(shí)”，不符合題意，可排除。D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為讀書(shū)對(duì)孩子有益”，文章沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)內(nèi)容，因此可排除D。因此A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

16.單選題

Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.

ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate（硝酸銨），whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3.000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause（）.

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat（）.

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof（）.

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissafertha