考研考博-英語-哈爾濱信息工程學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-哈爾濱信息工程學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thestreetperformerwassobadwehadto（）him,butdidwehavetothrowtherottentomatoesathishead?

問題1選項

A.jeer

B.dissolve

C.adjourn

D.guarantee

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項jeer“嘲笑；戲弄”；B選項dissolve“使溶解；使分解；使液化”；C選項adjourn“推遲；使……中止”；D選項guarantee“保證；擔保”。句意：街頭藝人的表演是如此糟糕，所以我們不得不嘲笑他，但是我們不得不向他的頭扔腐爛的西紅柿嗎？結合句意，A選項正確。

2.單選題

Anobviouschangeofattitudeatthetoptowardswomen’sstatusinsocietywill（

）throughthecurrentlawsysteminJapan.

問題1選項

A.permeate

B.probe

C.violate

D.grope

【答案】A

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。permeate“滲透”；probe“探索”；violate“違反”；grope“摸索，探索”。句意：上層社會對女性在社會中地位的態(tài)度發(fā)生了明顯的變化，這種變化對日本現行的法律體系產生了影響。選項A符合題意。

3.單選題

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

問題1選項

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項stable“穩(wěn)定的，牢固的；穩(wěn)重的，沉穩(wěn)的；持久的”；B選項rational“合理的；理性的”；C選項legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D選項credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情況下，人們在暴怒狀態(tài)下很少會做出___行為。本句表達“很少有人在暴怒時能做出理性的行為”，因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudies.

Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theirconcernisonlythattheirquestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.

Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach7theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,AfricanAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto（

）.

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?

3.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S?

問題1選項

A.beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasures

B.viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspective

C.guardagainstinterferencefromtheirownculture

D.acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture

問題2選項

A.Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues

B.Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

C.Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.

D.Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.

問題3選項

A.culturallyinteractive

B.culture-oriented

C.culturallybiased

D.culture-specific

問題4選項

A.Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.

B.Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.

C.Theydon'tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.

D.TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由第一段“Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.不熟悉他們所研究的文化和種族群體的研究人員必須采取額外的預防措施，以擺脫他們從自己的文化帶來的任何偏見?！笨芍芯空咴谘芯磕吧幕瘯r有從自己的文化出發(fā)的傾向。答案B

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.在主位研究法中，目標是用描述一種對某一種文化或民族有意義并且重要的行為，而不考慮其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目標是描述一些適用于不同文化的行為?！笨芍@兩種研究的重心不同。答案A

第3題:推理判斷題。通過上題以及對第二段和第三段的理解可知，emicapproach主位研究法偏向于研究某一個群體的文化；eticapproach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之處。答案D

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。由第三段倒數第二句“Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.在研究少數民族家庭時，研究人員可能會發(fā)現，與美國白人家庭相比，少數民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撐地位?！笨赏浦贁得褡寮彝ケ劝兹思彝ビ懈H密的親情關系。答案D

5.單選題

Ininternationalbankingtoday,abankmusthaveadeep（

）intointernationalfinancialmarkets.

問題1選項

A.idea

B.understanding

C.knowledge

D.insight

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在當今的國際銀行業(yè)，一個銀行必須對國際金融市場有深入的洞察。idea“觀點；主意”；understanding“理解”；knowledge“知識”；insight“洞察力”。根據句意，選項D符合題意。

6.單選題

Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.

ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.

Theobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.

Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness"(Line1，Para.2)?

3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?

4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto（）.

問題1選項

A.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive

B.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout

C.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles,extinction

D.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction

問題2選項

A.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.

B.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.

C.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.

D.Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.

問題3選項

A.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.

B.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.

C.Theirlowerreproductionability.

D.Contaminationofseawater.

問題4選項

A.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.

B.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.

C.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.

D.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

問題5選項

A.persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles

B.stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected

C.callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival

D.warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經豎起來保護它們在大西洋海岸線上的主要筑巢地。B選項“已經做出保護海龜免于滅絕的努力”符合題意。

2.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第二段“…areportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles...”，中文翻譯為：一份由魚類與野生生物服務局提供的報道顯示，幾種北大西洋海龜的數量出現了令人擔憂的下降。以及參考第一段“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經豎起來保護它們在大西洋海岸線上的主要筑巢地。因此，D項正確，譯為“盡管人類的保護，但是海龜的數量已減少”。

3.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.”，中文翻譯為：拖網漁船（其拖著巨大的網穿過海域和海底的）和多鉤長線漁船（其能在延伸數英里的釣線上布置數以千計的鉤子）讓海龜遭受重創(chuàng)?？梢酝茰y出B選項正確，譯為“未受管理的商業(yè)捕魚”。

4.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。由題干關鍵詞globalwarming可以定位到原文最后一段中“Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.”，中文翻譯為：海龜產卵的狹窄帶狀海灘地帶，一方面正被發(fā)展所擠壓，在另一方面受到海洋變暖所帶來的海平面不斷上升的威脅。可以得知A選項正確。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據題干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句話“Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.”，中文翻譯為：最后，我們必須也著手處理這些事情，否則一種比恐龍活得長的動物將會在人類的手中走向滅亡，從而讓我們的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的關愛。可以推測出C選項“呼吁采取有效的措施來確保海龜的生存”正確。

7.不定項選擇題

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atemporarygainincropyieldwasachievedinthisway,butover-irrigationwastohaveseriousandunforeseenconsequences.Fromasearlyas2400BCwefindSumeriandocumentsreferringtosalinizationasasoilproblemisbelievedthatthefalloftheAkkadianEmpirearound2150BCmayhavebeenduetoacatastrophicfailureinlandproductivity;thesoilwasliterallyturnedintosalt.Eventoday,fourthousandyearslater,vasttractsofsalinizedlandbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversstillresemblerock-hardfieldsofsnow.

Soilerosionisanotherformofdesertification.Itisaself-reinforcingprocess;oncethecycleofdegradationbegins,conditionsaresetforcontinualdeterioration.Asthevegetativecoverbeginstodisappear,soilbecomesmorevulnerabletoraindropimpact.Waterrunsoffinsteadofsoakingintoprovidemoistureforplants.Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.Assoilqualitydeclinesandrunoffisincreased,floodsbecomemorefrequentandmoresevere.Floodingwashesawaytopsoil,thethin,rich,uppermostlayeroftheearth’ssoil,andleavesfinerunderlyingparticlesmorevulnerabletowinderosion.Topsoilcontainstheearth'sgreatestconcentrationoforganicmatterandmicroorganisms,andiswheremostoftheearth'sland-basedbiologicalactivityoccurs.Withoutthisfragilecoatofnutrient-ladenmaterial,plantlifecannotexist.AnextremecaseofitserosionisfoundintheSahel,atransitionalzonebetweentheSaharaDesertandthetropicalAfricanrainforests;hometosome56millionpeople.Overpopulationandovergrazinghaveopenedthehyper-aridlandtowinderosion,whichisstrippingawaytheprotectivemarginoftheSahel,andcausingthedeserttogrowatanalarmingrate.Between1950and1975,theSaharaDesertspread100kilometerssouthwardthroughtheSahel.

One-thirdoftheearth’slandareaof150millionsquarekilometersisalreadyclassifiedassemiarid,aridorhyper-arid.Itisestimatedthatisincreasingby215,000squarekilometersoflandrenderedunproductivebydesertificationeveryyear.InAmerica,salinizationaffectsover160,000squarekilometersoflandinwesternandmid-westernstates,andisworseningannually.Africaloses300to400milliontonsoftopsoilayearwiththespreadingofthedesert.Asabillionpeopleareaddedtotheworld’spopulationeverydecade,thereislessandlessarablelandtoprovidefoodforthem.Atthepresentrateofsoildeterioration,ecologistwarn,anotherquarteroftheearth’sproductivesoilwilldisappearwithinthenextcentury.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdesertification?

15.Theworddegradationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,manypeople’sunderstandingofdesertificationisincorrectbecause（）.

17.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

18.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturefurthersdesertificationthroughwhichofthefollowingactivities?

19.Paragraph4ofthepassageservesmainlytodowhichofthefollowing?

20.Thewordleachinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

21.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6ofthepassagethat（）.

22.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

問題1選項

A.Itisafairlyrecentproblem.

B.Ancientsocietiesmanagedtheproblemwell.

C.Ithasahistoryaslongasthatofcivilization.

D.Itwasjustasseriousinthepastasitistoday.

問題2選項

A.rejuvenation

B.deterioration

C.consumption

D.contribution

問題3選項

A.theydonotthinkofitasaseriousproblem

B.theydonotseeitasbeingcausedbyhumanactivity

C.theythinkofitasaveryslowprocess

D.theyseeitasbeingreversible

問題4選項

A.Itistheareasthatexistbetweenthedesertsandthelandthatisusableforagriculturethataremostatriskbecausetheyaresusceptibletopoorlandmanagementmethodsfromhumanactivitywhichwillalwaysresultinthelossofsoil.

B.Mostofthevulnerableareasareintransitionfromdeserttoarableland;aprocessthatbecauseofhumanactivityandthedelicatenatureoftheseareas,alwaysleadstosoilloss.

C.Soillossinthetransitionalzonesisespeciallyseverewherehumanactivityisdamagingtheenvironmentthroughagriculturewhichiscausingthelossofsoil.

D.Humanactivityinthetransitionareasisvulnerablebecauseofthefragilenatureoftheseareasthatareneitherdesertnotarablelandbecausetheyhavesuffereddamagetothesoil.

問題5選項

A.Overfertilization.

B.Thestrippingawayofnativevegetation.

C.Irrigation.

D.Therepetitiveplantingofthesamecrops.

問題6選項

A.Proposeamethodfordealingwiththedesertificationproblem.

B.Showtheprogressofdesertificationdownthroughhistory.

C.Describethemaincauseofdesertificationinoneparticulararea.

D.Describeoneprocessthatleadstodesertification.

問題7選項

A.washing

B.depositing

C.concentrating

D.dispersing

問題8選項

A.newtechnologywillsolvetheproblemofdesertification

B.findingawaytostopdesertificationwillbecomeincreasinglyurgent

C.desertificationismoreofaproblemindevelopedcountries

D.desertificationiscausingstarvationinAfrica.

問題9選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:B

【解析】14.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.（自從近6000年前美索不達米亞出現了第一個偉大的城市——農業(yè)中心以來，人類活動對土壤質量產生了破壞性的影響，導致世界上幾乎所有地區(qū)逐漸沙漠化。），說明沙漠化現象早在數千年前就已經存在。因此C選項“它的歷史與文明的歷史一樣長”正確。A選項“它是一個相當新的問題”，由原文可知，沙漠化是一個很古老的問題，所以A錯誤。B選項“古代社會對這個問題處理得很好”，原文沒有提到古代社會對沙漠化的處理情況，所以B錯誤。D選項“它在過去和今天一樣嚴重”，原文沒有將當時問題的嚴重性和今天的狀況相比較，所以D錯誤。

15.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關鍵詞“degradation”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.（鹽堿化是土地退化的一種類型，涉及到土壤鹽分含量的增加。），說明“degradation”在文中指的是“退化，下降”的意思。因此B選項“惡化”正確。A選項“恢復活力”，C選項“消耗”，D選項“貢獻”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯誤。

16.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.（認為沙漠化是干旱造成的是一種普遍的誤解。），說明沙漠化現象是因為干旱造成的是一種錯誤觀念，其實是和人類的活動有關的。因此B選項“他們不認為它是由人類活動引起的”正確。A選項“他們不認為它是一個嚴重的問題”。C選項“他們認為它是一個非常緩慢的過程”，D選項“他們認為它是可逆的”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.（然而，最脆弱的是沙漠和耕地之間的過渡地帶；凡人類活動導致脆弱邊緣地區(qū)土地濫用的地方，土壤破壞是不可避免的。），說明最容易受害的就是位于沙漠和已開墾耕地之間的過渡地區(qū)，只要人類活動在這些脆弱的邊緣區(qū)域，過度濫用土地，那么土壤的破壞在所難免。因此A選項“存在于沙漠和可用于農業(yè)的土地之間的地區(qū)才是風險最大的，因為它們很容易受到人類活動的不良土地管理方法的影響，而這種影響總是會導致土壤的流失?！闭_。B選項“大多數脆弱地區(qū)正從沙漠向耕地過渡；由于人類活動和這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，這一過程總是導致土壤流失?！保恼f的不是沙漠向耕地過渡的過程，所以B錯誤。C選項“過渡區(qū)的土壤流失尤為嚴重，人類活動正在通過農業(yè)破壞環(huán)境，導致土壤流失?！?，原文沒有提到農業(yè)活動，所以C錯誤。D選項“由于這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，它們既不是沙漠也不是耕地，因為它們已經破壞了土壤，因此人類在過渡地區(qū)的活動是脆弱的?！?，原文說的不是人類活動很脆弱，所以D錯誤。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.（大規(guī)模的農業(yè)需要大量的灌溉，這最終會耗盡土地的養(yǎng)分，并使礦物質滲入表層土壤，從而破壞土地。），說明灌溉會對土地造成不好的影響，加劇沙漠化。因此C選項“灌溉”正確。A選項“過度施肥”，B選項“剝去本地植被”，D選項“重復種植相同的農作物”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段，第四段主要說明土壤鹽堿化現象，但是并非針對某一特定區(qū)域。而鹽堿化現象也是造成沙漠化的原因。因此D選項“描述導致沙漠化的一個過程”正確。A選項“提出處理沙漠化問題的方法”，B選項“展示歷史上沙漠化的進展”，C選項“描述一個特定地區(qū)的沙漠化的主要原因”均不符合原文內容，所以A，B，C錯誤。

20.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關鍵詞“l(fā)eaching”可以定位到文章第五段第五句Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.（這進一步減少了植物覆蓋，因為土壤中的養(yǎng)分流失了。），說明“l(fā)eaching”在文中指的是“養(yǎng)分流失”的意思。因此A選項“洗滌”正確。B選項“沉積”，C選項“濃縮”，D選項“分散”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第六段，第六段強凋了沙漠化現象已經發(fā)展到何種程度，以及目前繼續(xù)惡化的速度，還預言了如果按照這樣的情況發(fā)展下去將會帶來的結果。說明必須盡快找出解決問題的方法，否則后果將不堪設想。因此B選項“找到阻止沙漠化的方法將變得越來越緊迫”正確。A選項“新技術將解決沙漠化的問題”，C選項“沙漠化在發(fā)達國家是一個更大的問題”，D選項“沙漠化在非洲造成了饑荒”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

22.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干中的句子Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.（每個都極大地促進了這一進程，但它們的影響方式卻截然不同。）是對造成沙漠化現象的兩種過程做出進一步的詮釋，B處前文說農業(yè)和過度放牧是沙漠化的兩個主要來源，后文分別介紹了這兩種方式對沙漠化的影響。因此該句放在B處最合適。

8.單選題

Johnwouldhavepaid（）forthejackethadthesalesmaninsistedbecausehereallyloveditscolorandstyle.

問題1選項

A.twiceasmuch

B.twotimesmore

C.muchastwice

D.asmuchtwice

【答案】A

【解析】考查倍數的表達。倍數+as+形容詞/副詞+as,

這里實際上省略了第二個as及其后面的內容,

只有選項A為正確的倍數表達方式。

9.單選題

Thecountry’srailwaynetworkwasexpandingrapidlyandthemanufactureofsteelrailswasa________businessforSheffieldfirms.

問題1選項

A.bulky

B.permanent

C.joint

D.lucrative

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.bulky龐大的，大塊頭的B.permanent永久的，永恒的

C.joint聯合的，共同的D.lucrative獲利多的，利潤豐厚的

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處作定語修飾下文的“business（業(yè)務）”，表示鐵軌的制造是一項什么樣的業(yè)務。and連接兩個并列分句，說明對該業(yè)務的形容要和前半句“這個國家的鐵路網絡（railwaynetwork）正在迅速擴張（expandingrapidly）”相對應，鐵路網絡擴張就意味著對鐵軌的需求量增大，制造鐵軌的業(yè)務就會有可觀的利潤。lucrative指獲得大量利潤或收入，因此D選項lucrative“獲利多的，利潤豐厚的”最符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項bulky“龐大的，大塊頭的”形容物時指體積大，難以搬運或儲存，形容人時指身材高大肥胖，不能和“business（業(yè)務）”進行搭配；

B選項permanent“永久的，永恒的”指總是處于相同的狀態(tài)，可長期持續(xù)下去，永久不變，不符合題干的語義邏輯；

C選項joint“聯合的，共同的”指由兩人或多人共同完成或涉及到兩者及以上的，題干只提到了“Sheffieldfirms（謝菲爾德的公司）”一方，沒有涉及兩者。

【句意】這個國家的鐵路網絡正在迅速擴張，對謝菲爾德的公司來說，鐵軌的制造是一項利潤豐厚的業(yè)務。

10.單選題

Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffectsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.Usinganadvancedbrainscanningtechnology—theclumsilynamedecho-planarmagneticresonancespectroscopicimaging(磁共振光譜成像)procedure,orEP–MRSI—researchersatBoston’sMcLeanHospitalscannedthemedicatedandun-medicatedbrainsof30peoplewithbipolardisorderinordertodetectpossiblenewtreatmentsforthemorethan2millionAmericanadultswhosufferfromthedisease.

Butsomethingunexpectedhappened.Apatientwhohadbeensodepressedthatshecouldbarelyspeakbecameebullientafterthe45-minutebrainscan.Thenasecondpatient,whoseemedincapableofevenasmile,emergedactuallytellingjokes.Thenanotherandanother.Wasthissomecoincidence?AimeeParow,thetechnicianwhomadetheseobservationsdidn’tthinkso.Shementionedthepatients’strikingmoodshiftstoherbossandtogethertheycompletelyrefocusedthestudy:toseeiftheelectromagneticfieldsmightactuallyhaveacurativeeffectondepressivemood.

Asitturnsout,theydid.AsreportedlastmonthintheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry,23ofthe30peoplewhowerepartofthestudyreportedfeelingsignificantlylessdepressedafterthescan.Themostdramaticimprovementswereamongthosewhoweretakingnomedication.Theresearchersarecautious.SaysBruceCohen,McLean’spresidentandpsychiatristinchief:“Iwanttoemphasizethatwearenotsayingthisistheanswerbutthisisacompletelydifferentapproachintryingtohelpthebrainthananythingthatwasdonebefore.

It’sacompletelydifferentapproachbecauseofthewaythemagnetismisappliedtothebrain.Butit’sanexampleofnewresearchonanoldidea:thatthebrainisanelectromagneticorganandthatbraindisordersmightresultfromdisorderinmagneticfunction.Theideahashugeappealtopsychiatristsandpatientsalike,sinceformanypeoplethesideeffectsofpsychiatric(精神的)drugsarealmostasdifficulttomanageasthediseaseitself.And30percentofthenearly18.8millionpeoplewhosufferfromdepressiondonotrespondtoanyoftheantidepressantsavailablenow.Peoplewithotherseverementaldisordersmightbenefitaswell.Andwhilenoonefullyunderstandsexactlywhyorhowthebrainrespondsasitdoestoelectricalcurrentsandmagneticwaves,fascinatingnewresearchisofferingsomepossibleexplanations.

1.Thefirstparagraphdescribesaprojectaimedatfinding（）.

2.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutbipolardisorder?

3.Theword“ebullient”inParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（）.

4.Theresearchers’attitudetowardthenewfindingcanbedescribedas（）.

5.Thenewfindingissignificantbecauseitshowsthatelectromagneticfieldsmay（）.

問題1選項

A.whohasbipolardisorder

B.whatimprovespeople’smoods

C.whethermagneticscanningisatreatment

D.howsomepatientsrespondtosomedrugs

問題2選項

A.Itmainlyaffectsmales.

B.Itmaycausedrugaddiction.

C.Itisamentalproblem.

D.Itishardtodetect.

問題3選項

A.considerate

B.quiet

C.excited

D.sorrowful

問題4選項

A.confused

B.amused

C.careful

D.skeptical

問題5選項

A.treatmentaldisorders

B.causementaldisorders

C.increasetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

D.reducetheeffectivenessofsomedrugs

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“第一段描述了一個旨在尋找……的項目”。根據題干定位到文章第一段第一句Itbeganasjustanotherresearchproject,inthiscasetoexaminetheeffortsofvariousdrugsonpatientswithaseveremooddisorder.（它一開始只是另一個研究項目，在這個案例中，研究各種藥物對嚴重情緒障礙患者的影響），由此可知D項“有些病人對某些藥物的反應如何”符合。A項“誰是雙相障礙患者”，內容不符合題干；B項“什么改善了人們的情緒”