最新新編語言學教程名詞解釋

linguistics:（語言學）thescienti?corsystematicstudyoflanguage:（語言）asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanarbitrariness:（任意性）theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.duality:（雙重性）thewaymeaninglesselementsof languageatone andletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherpetence:（語言能力）knowledgeof thegrammarofa languageasa abstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.performanc:語言運用）Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromknowledgethatunderliesit,orsynchroniclinguistics:（共時語言學thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.diachroniclinguistics:（歷時語言學）thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.phoneme:（音位）theabstractelementofasound,identi?edasbeingdistinctiveinparticularphonetics（語音學）:the studyof sounds,how produced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.phonology:（音位學thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesounds morphology:（形態(tài)學）thestudyofthestructureofmorpheme:（詞素）thesmallestunitof languagethatcarriesmeaningorservesagrammaticalfunction.freemorpheme:（自由詞素）amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaboundmorpheme:（黏著詞素）a can ae.g.ment(asinestablishment),and-er(asinmorp:the theofallomorph:aphoneticforminwhichamorphemeisrealized,e.g.-s,-es,andenareallallomorphs(inwriting)ofthepluralmorpheme.(1)syntax:thetermusedtorefertothestructureofsentencesandtothestudyofsentence(5)ICanalysis:（Immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法）theapproachtodividethesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents.ideationalfunction（概念功能）:theuseoflanguageasameansofgivingstructuretoourexperienceoftherealorimaginaryerpersonalfunction（人際功能）:theuseof languageformaintainingsocialrolesandinteractingwithothers.textualfunction（語篇功能）:tocreatewrittenorspokentextswhichcoherethemselvesandwhich?ttheparticularsituationinwhichtheyare semantics:thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.語義 relationsof equivalenceofmeaningbetween items,e.g.small/littleanddead/deceased.antonymy:(反義關系)thesenserelationofvariouskindsofopposingmeaningbetweenlexicalitems,e.g.big/small,alive/deadandgood/bad.hyponymy:（上下義關系）the relationbetween ahierarchy, amoreparticularterm(thehyponym)isincludedinthemoregeneralone(thesuperordinate):XisaY,e.g.abeechisatree,atreeisaplant.meronym:（整體部分關系）thesenserelation betweenbodyanditspartswhicharenotonlysectionsofthebodybutde?nedintermsofspeci?cfunctions.Forexample,theheadisthepartofthebodywhichcarriesthemostimportantsenseorgans,i.e.eyes,ears,noseandpragmatics:（語用學）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageindeixis:（指示）themarkingof theorientationorpositionofentitiesand situationswithrespecttocertainpointsofreferencesuchastheplace(here/there)andtime(now/then)of(1)sociolinguistics:thestudyoftherelationship languageandsociety,thatis,socialfactorsin?uencethestructureanduseoflanguage.（社會語言學diglossia:（雙語）a situationwhen twodistinct varietiesof areused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.bilingualism:（雙語現象）theuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbygroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionorataboo:（禁忌）awordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythepolitesocietyfromgeneraleuphemism:（委婉語）awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.“powderroom”for