細(xì)胞通訊與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)

第7章細(xì)胞通訊與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞通細(xì)胞通訊(Cell信號(hào)通路(Signaling細(xì)胞通細(xì)胞通訊也稱(chēng)細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳遞,典型的細(xì)胞通訊關(guān)系到通訊細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的信號(hào)分子被靶細(xì)胞檢出,該細(xì)胞對(duì)信號(hào)分子發(fā)生特異性應(yīng)答.細(xì)胞通訊影響到細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的各個(gè)細(xì)胞通訊的方分泌化學(xué)信號(hào)的通訊即化學(xué)通訊(chemical內(nèi)分泌旁分泌自分泌化學(xué)突觸(chemicalCellcommunication接觸依賴(lài)性的通訊(contactdependent(Electricalcouplingpathway)(gapFigure7-2Contact-dependentsignalingcontrolsnerve-cell信號(hào)通(signaling(Flowof信號(hào)分子與受信號(hào)分子(signal受體(receptor)多為糖蛋第二信使(second分子開(kāi)關(guān)(molecularTable7-1:SomeexamplesofsignalSIGNALSITEOFCHEMICALSOMEderivativeoftheaminoacidincreasesbloodpressure,heartrate,andsteroid(derivativeofaffectsmetabolismofproteins,carbohydrates,andlipidsinmosttissuessteroid(derivativeofinducesandmaintainssecondaryfemalesexualαcellsofstimulatesglucosesynthesis,glycogenbreakdown,andlipidbreakdown,e.g.,inliverandfatcellsβcellsofstimulatesglucoseuptake,proteinsynthesis,e.g.,inlivercellssteroid(derivativeofinducesandmaintainssecondaryThyroidhormonethyroidderivativeoftheaminoacidstimulatesmetabolismofmanycellLocalEpidermalgrowthfactorvariousstimulatesepidermalandmanyothercelltypesPlaet-drivedgrowthfactorvariouscells,includingbloodplastimulatesmanycelltypestoNervegrowthfactorvariousinnervatedpromotessurvivalofcertainclassesofneurons;promotesgrowthoftheiraxonsTransforminggrowthfactor-β(TGF-manycellinhibitscellproliferation;stimulatesextracellularmatrixmastderivativeoftheaminoacidcausesbloodvesselstodilateand eleaky,hetocauseinflammationNitricoxidenervecells;endothelialcellsliningblooddissolvedcausessmoothmusclecellstorelax;regulatesnervecellactivitynervederivativeofexcitatoryneurotransmitteratmanynerve-musclesynapsesandincentralnervousγ-AminobutyricacidnervederivativeoftheaminoacidglutamicinhibitoryneurotransmitterincentralnervousContact-dependentsignalprospectiveneurons;variousotherdevelocelltransmembraneinhibitsneighboringcellsfrom ingspecializedinsamewayasthesignalingcell 細(xì)胞內(nèi)受體(intracellularreceptor):是由胞外親脂性信號(hào)分子直 調(diào)控蛋白是胞內(nèi)受體超 細(xì)胞表面受體(cellsurfacereceptor):胞外親水性信號(hào)分子活細(xì)胞表面受體分屬三 離子通道偶聯(lián)受體(ion-channel-linked細(xì)胞內(nèi)受體介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)(intracellularreceptormediatesignal甾類(lèi)激素介導(dǎo)的兩步反應(yīng)階段一氧化氮介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)通NO穿過(guò)脂膜,直接活化細(xì) 幾種胞內(nèi)受體蛋白 成介導(dǎo)穿膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞表面受離子通道偶聯(lián)受體介導(dǎo)穿膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體介導(dǎo)穿膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)受體酪氨酸激酶和RTK-Ras蛋白信號(hào)通其它酶偶聯(lián)細(xì)胞表細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)遞和細(xì)胞骨架(在第6章介紹植物細(xì)胞通離子通道偶聯(lián)受體介導(dǎo)穿膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)信號(hào)通(signal特征離子通道偶聯(lián)復(fù)合體是4次或6(Electrochemical離子通道偶聯(lián)受體存在于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和其它電興G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體介導(dǎo)穿膜信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)cAMP信號(hào)通肌醇磷酸通路(Inositolphospholipid)通離子通道的GG-proteinregulationofioncAMP信號(hào)通信號(hào)通路(Signal激素→G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體G蛋白cAMPasecAMP依賴(lài)蛋白激酶A(PKA)→調(diào)控因子 轉(zhuǎn)成分及其分G蛋白偶聯(lián)受G-蛋白的活化與調(diào)效應(yīng)者——腺苷酸環(huán)化酶(adenylylGs和Gi是醫(yī)學(xué)上重要致病細(xì)菌作用的靶位Gs和Gi兩者都是細(xì)菌毒素的靶位霍亂毒素(Choleratoxin),是由霍亂致病菌產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到Gs的α亞基.ADP核糖化(ribosylation)苷酸環(huán)化酶,結(jié)果延長(zhǎng)了高水平cAMP的維持,引起小腸上皮細(xì)胞的Cl-和H2O進(jìn)入腸道,百日咳毒素(Pertussistoxin),是由百日 Figure7-10SchematicillustrationofthevarietyofprocessesthatcanbeaffectedbychangesincAMP Figure7-7Themechanismofreceptor-mediatedactivation(orinhibition)ofeffectorsbymeansofheterotrimericGproteins.

Figure7-9Activationofcyclasefollowingbindingofanappropriatehormone(e.g.,epinephrine,glucagon)toaGsprotein-coupledreceptor.肌醇磷酸通→G蛋白偶連受體G蛋白磷酸脂酶C→IP3[Ca2+]→CaM→→DAG活化PKC Table7-5SummaryofcellularresponseselicitedbyaddingIP3toeitherpermeabilizedorintactcells.CELLVascularsmoothStomachsmoothSkeletalSlimeCyclicGMPformation,actinBloodplaShapechange,SalamanderModulationoflightXenopusCalciummobilization,membraneSeaurchinMembranedepolarization,corticalLacrimalIncreasedpotassiumTable7-6:ExamplesofresponsesmediatedbyproteinkinaseBloodplaSerotoninMastHistamineAdrenalSecretionofSecretionofPituitarySecretionofSecretionofDopamine受體酪氨酸激酶和RTK-Ras6信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)：配體(ligand)→受體(receptor)→受體二(receptordimers)→(receptorstophosphorylateeachother)→活化RTK→信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)RTK-Ras信號(hào)通細(xì)胞表面其它酶受體絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(receptorserine/threonine受體鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶(receptorguanylate兩 Src:蛋白受 (proteinreceptorJanus:激酶 受體(kinasefamilyreceptor)STAT(信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子)和JAK-STAT通路 表Figure7-17TGF-βreceptorsactivategeneproteinsdirectlyattheplasma7.4.6植物中的細(xì)胞通植物激乙烯信號(hào)途光受體途Figure7-23Structureofplant Acurrentviewoftheethylene ponentsignalingpathway.(A)Intheabsenceofethylene,thereceptorsandtheMAP-kinasemoduleareactive,leadingtoinhibitionoft eregulatoryproteinsinthenucleusthatareresponsibleforthetranscriptionofethylene-responsivegenes.(B)Inthepresenceofethylene,thereceptorsandtheMAP-kinasemoduleareinactive,sotheethylene-responsivegenesaretranscribed.Acurrentviewofonewayinwhichphytochromesmediatealightresponseinplantcells.Whenactivatedbylight,thephytochrome,whichisadimmer,phosphorylatesitselfandthenmovesintothenucleus,whereitactivatesgeneregulatoryproteinstostimulatethetranscriptionofspecificgenes.細(xì)胞表面整合素(integrin)介導(dǎo)的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)(包黏著斑的功能 Figure7-21ModelforsignalingfromtheFAKprotein-tyrosineFigure7- sofRhofamily信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的基本特征和蛋白激酶的網(wǎng)