Unit 1 Grammar and usage 狀語(yǔ)從句學(xué)案-高中英語(yǔ)牛津譯林版（2020）選擇性必修第四冊(cè)

狀語(yǔ)從句eq\a\vs4\al(一、狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略)在狀語(yǔ)從句(主要是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)中，如果從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相一致并且含有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以把從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞一起省略。可以使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的引導(dǎo)詞主要有：if,when,while,unless,once,until,although等。例如：(1)While__(she__was)__listeningtotheradio,shefellasleep.當(dāng)在聽(tīng)收音機(jī)的時(shí)候，她睡著了。(2)Once__(I__was)__offthatlongstreet,Ifoundmyselfinsomeverypoorquarters.一旦離開了那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的街道，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身到了一些很貧困的區(qū)域。(3)When__(she__was)__leavingthehouse,shewasheardtomakesomecommonplaceremarkstoherhusband.當(dāng)她離開房子的時(shí)候，別人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她對(duì)她的丈夫作了一些平常的評(píng)論。(4)Hegavegoodpracticaladvicewhen__(he__was)__asked.當(dāng)被問(wèn)及的時(shí)候他給出了一些實(shí)用的建議。(5)Don'tsayanythingunless__(you__are)__asked．除非被問(wèn)，否則不要說(shuō)任何話。(6)If__(it__is)__takengoodcareof,thebirdcanliveaslongasfiveyears.如果被好好照顧的話，鳥兒可以活到長(zhǎng)達(dá)5年。(7)Although__(he__was)__frightened,__hemanagedtorunaway.盡管害怕，他還是成功地逃脫了?！咀⒁狻恳话闶÷缘氖侵髡Z(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)也可以是it和be動(dòng)詞，主要在ifpossible,whennecessary等類似的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Wewilldothatonlywhen__(it__is)__necessary.只在有必要的時(shí)候我們才會(huì)做。【即時(shí)鞏固】(1)When________(compare)differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.(2)Whenatombisopened,freshairdisturbstheviruses,which,if________(breathe)in,canresultinillnessorevendeath.二、when,while的特殊含義及when固定結(jié)構(gòu)◆when的特殊含義及固定結(jié)構(gòu)1.when作連詞引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“在……的情況下，既然”(1)Howcanweexplainittoyouwhenyouwon'tlisten?既然你都不聽(tīng)，我們又怎么向你解釋呢？(2)Howdidyougetthereontimewhenyouleftheresolate?你這么晚從這兒出發(fā)，怎么能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)那兒的？(3)Whydoyouwalkwhenyouhaveacar?你既然有車，為什么要步行呢？(4)HowcantheylearnanythingwhentheyspendalltheirsparetimewatchingTV?他們把所有的空余時(shí)間都用來(lái)看電視，又怎么能學(xué)到什么呢？2.bedoing...when...意為“正要做某事……這時(shí)……”引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句Iwaswalkingalongtheroadwhensuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulderfrombehind.我正在馬路上走著，這時(shí)忽然有一個(gè)人從后面拍拍我的肩膀。3.beabouttodo...when...意為“正要做某事……這時(shí)……”引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句(1)Wewereabouttostartwhenitbegantorain.我們正要?jiǎng)由?，就在這時(shí)下起雨來(lái)。(2)Wewereabouttoleavewhenthelightwentoff.我們正要出發(fā)，這時(shí)突然燈滅了。4.beonthepointofdoing...when...意為“正要做某事……這時(shí)……”引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句Jackwasonthepointofleavingwhensomeoneknockedatthegate.杰克正要走，這時(shí)有人敲門。5.haddone...when...意為“剛剛做完某事……這時(shí)突然……”引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句Tomhadfinishedhishomeworkwhenhissisteraskedhimtorepairthecomputerforher.湯姆剛剛完成家作，這時(shí)他的妹妹讓他幫她修電腦。6.Hardly(scarcely)．..when...(意思同Nosooner....than...)該固定結(jié)構(gòu)表示“一……就”的含義。該結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首時(shí)，hardly后面要使用倒裝，并且使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。when后面不倒裝，并且使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。nosooner...than...用法相同。例如：(1)Hardlyhadhegonetobedwhenthedoorbellrang.他剛上床睡覺(jué)，門鈴就響了。(2)Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.他剛下火車，他的女兒就向他跑來(lái)?！魒hile的兩個(gè)含義1.while用在句首，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“雖然，盡管”(1)WhileIadmitthatthereareproblems,Idon'tagreethattheycannotbesolved.盡管我承認(rèn)有問(wèn)題，但我不同意這些問(wèn)題是無(wú)法解決的。(2)WhileIlikethecolorofthehat,Idonotlikeitsshape.盡管我喜歡那個(gè)帽子的顏色，但是我不喜歡它的樣式。2.while用在句中，表示對(duì)比性轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“然而，但是”(1)EnglishisunderstoodallovertheworldwhileTurkishisspokenbyonlyafewpeopleoutsideTurkeyitself.英語(yǔ)世界通行，但土耳其語(yǔ)離開本國(guó)就很少有人說(shuō)了。(2)Idrinkblackcoffeewhileheprefersitwithcream.我愛(ài)喝清咖啡而他喜歡加奶油的?！炯磿r(shí)鞏固】(3)Ihadjuststeppedoutofthebathroomandwasbusilydryingmyselfwithatowel________Iheardthesteps.(4)________theInternetisofgreathelp,Idon'tthinkit'sagoodideatospendtoomuchtimeonit.(5)Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal________afamiliarvoicecametohisears.(6)Hardly________(hecollect)thepapersonhisdeskwhenthedoorburstopen.(7)________allofthemarestrongcandidates,onlyonewillbechosenforthepost.(8)Hewasabouttotellmethesecret________someonepattedhimontheshoulder.(9)—Iwonderhowmuchyouchargeforyourservices.—Thefirsttwoarefree________thethirdcosts$30.三、where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)、方位的從句稱之為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞主要為where或wherever。地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在理解時(shí)可以看作為一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，這樣可以簡(jiǎn)化理解上的難度。如：(1)Afterthewar,anewschoolbuildingwassetupwheretherehadoncebeenatheater.戰(zhàn)后，一所新的學(xué)校在電影院的原址上被建了起來(lái)。(此處where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于insomeplace，即一個(gè)新的學(xué)校在某個(gè)地方被建立起來(lái)了)(2)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成?！炯磿r(shí)鞏固】(10)________unemploymentandcrimearehigh,itcanbeassumedthatthelatterisduetotheformer.(11)Ifyouaretraveling________thecustomsarereallyforeigntoyourown,pleasedoastheRomansdo.四、as，though，although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句as可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“雖然、盡管”，含義與although/though等同。但as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中要使用倒裝，而though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可倒裝，也可不倒裝，如果使用倒裝，用法同as。as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句主要需要注意如下情況：(1)Youngasheis,hehasalreadyknownalot.盡管他年紀(jì)那么小，他已經(jīng)知道得很多了。(形容詞作表語(yǔ)提到as之前倒裝)(2)Muchashehastravelled,hissenseofdirectionisstillverypoor.盡管他旅行過(guò)很多地方了，但是他的方向感仍然很差。(副詞作狀語(yǔ)提前到as之前倒裝)(3)Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.盡管他已經(jīng)很努力嘗試了，他可能會(huì)再次失敗。(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞原形直接提前倒裝)(4)Childasheis,hehastomakealivingbyhimself.盡管他還是小孩子，他不得不自己謀生。(名詞作表語(yǔ)提到as之前倒裝，同時(shí)去掉冠詞)【延伸拓展】though作副詞的用法though一詞用作副詞，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，意為“然而，不過(guò)，但是”。(1)Havingbeendefeatedthreetimesinarow,theboxerdecidedtomakeafourthattempt,though.已經(jīng)被連續(xù)打敗三次了，但是那個(gè)拳擊運(yùn)動(dòng)員決定再試一次。(2)Forthosewhodonotquitegraspcricket,itseemsveryslowandboring.Forloversofthissport,though,itisanartform.對(duì)于那些不是能十分領(lǐng)會(huì)板球的人而言，這種運(yùn)動(dòng)很慢很乏味。但是，對(duì)于愛(ài)好者而言，這是一種藝術(shù)形式。【即時(shí)鞏固】(12)Try________shemight,Suecouldn'tgetthedooropen.(13)Playingonafrozensportsfieldsoundslikealotoffun.Isn'titratherrisky,________？eq\a\vs4\al(五、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)1.bythetime“到……時(shí)候(為止)”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，如果從句中的時(shí)間為過(guò)去時(shí)間，那么主句的時(shí)態(tài)為haddone(狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式)，表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；如果從句的時(shí)間為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(表示將來(lái))，那么主句的時(shí)態(tài)為willhavedone(狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí))，表示“截止到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間為止，主句動(dòng)作將已經(jīng)完成”。(1)Bythetimehearrived,__wehad__hadourdinner.在他到達(dá)前，我們已經(jīng)吃完飯。(2)Bythetimeyoureachthetopofthehill,youwill__have__broken__down．在你到達(dá)山頂前，你將垮掉。2.before意為“在……之前”，表示時(shí)間概念。Mankindmustfirstofalleat,drink,haveshelterandclothing,beforeitcanpursuepolitics,science,artandreligion.在追求政治、科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和宗教之前，人類必須首先要吃喝，有地方住，有衣服穿?！舸送?，在不同的語(yǔ)境中before還有以下幾層意義：1.it＋動(dòng)詞＋一段時(shí)間＋before意為“……(之后)才”(1)Ourgovernmenthastakensomemeasurestoovercomethelackofelectricity,butitmaytakesometimebeforewehaveenoughpower.我們的政府已經(jīng)采取了一些措施來(lái)克服電力缺乏，但是可能還需要一段時(shí)間我們才能有足夠的電。(2)IttookmealongtimebeforeIwasabletofullyappreciatewhattheyhaddoneforme.過(guò)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我才能完全明白他們?yōu)槲易龅氖虑椤?3)Howlongdoyouthinkitwillbebeforethecomputercompanylaunchesanewmodel?你認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)公司需要多久才能推出新型號(hào)？2.(不多久)就……ThoughMartinwasseriouslyinjuredinthebattle,itwasnotlongbeforeMartingottohisfeet.盡管馬丁在戰(zhàn)斗中受了嚴(yán)重的傷，但是沒(méi)過(guò)多久馬丁就站了起來(lái)。3.不等……就，還沒(méi)來(lái)得及就……Beforeshehadtimetorealizewhatwashappening,shewashitonthehead.她還沒(méi)來(lái)得及意識(shí)到發(fā)生了什么事情，就被擊中了頭?！炯磿r(shí)鞏固】(14)WhenItalkedwithmygrandmaonthephone,shesoundedweak,butbythetimewe________(hang)up,hervoicehadbeenfulloflife.(15)—Whydidn'tyoutellhimaboutthemeeting?—Herushedoutoftheroom________Icouldsayaword.(16)BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hisson________(graduate)fromcollege.(17)Youcan'tborrowbooksfromtheschoollibrary________yougetyourstudentcard.(18)Hewastoldthatitwouldbeatleastthreemoremonths________hecouldrecoverandreturntowork.六、特殊連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句值得引起注意的是狀語(yǔ)從句中有些特殊的引導(dǎo)詞，對(duì)于這些連詞要能正確識(shí)別并理解含義。此類連詞主要有：1.名詞作連詞◆themoment/minute/second“一……就”；everytime/eachtime“每次”(1)IgavehimthemoneythemomentIsawhim.我一看見(jiàn)他就把錢給他了。(2)Janewillbringmeabarofchocolateeverytimeshecomestoseeme.每次簡(jiǎn)來(lái)看我都會(huì)給我?guī)б粔K巧克力來(lái)。2.副詞作連詞◆immediately/instantly/directly“一……就”IrecognizedhervoiceimmediatelyIpickedupthephone.一拿起電話我就聽(tīng)出了她的聲音。3.分詞作連詞◆provided/providing/providedthat/providingthat“在……情況或條件下，假使，倘若”(1)Iwillagreetogoprovided/providing(that)myexpensesarepaid.假如為我負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用，我就同意去。(2)Providedwegetgoodweather,itwillbeasuccessfulholiday.如果天氣良好，我們的假日將過(guò)得非常好。◆supposing/supposingthat“假設(shè)，假如”Supposing(that)itrains,canweplaythematchindoors?要是下雨的話，我們?cè)谑覂?nèi)比賽行嗎？【即時(shí)鞏固】(19)Thepassengersweresenttothenearesthospital________(instant)theaccidenthappened.寫出以下?tīng)钫Z(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞的中文含義(20)Oncetheydecidewhichcollegetogoto,studentsshouldresearchtheadmissionprocedures.________(21)—Ourholidaycostalotofmoney.—Didit?Well,thatdoesn'tmatteras__long__asyouenjoyedyourselves.________(22)Timisingoodshapephysicallyeven__if/even__thoughhedoesn'tgetmuchexercise.________(23)UnlessourmanagerobjectstoTom'sjoiningtheclub,weshallaccepthimasamember.________(24)Justusethisroomforthetimebeing,andwe'llofferyoualargeoneas__soon__asitbecomesavailable.________(25)Hehadhiscamerareadyin__casehesawsomethingthatwouldmakeagoodpicture.________(26)TheroleofChineseDamaintheeconomyhasbeenover-estimatedbysomewesternmediain__thattheir“goldrush”hashadlittleinfluenceongoldprices.________七、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的比較請(qǐng)揣摩如下兩個(gè)句子的差異：(1)IhadsomuchluggagetocarrythatIhadtocatchacabfromtheairporttomyhotel.(2)Johnissuchahelpfulandenthusiasticpersonaseveryoneintheofficeshowsrespectfor.【分析】句(1)為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，表示一個(gè)結(jié)果，引導(dǎo)詞that在后面的狀語(yǔ)從句中只起引導(dǎo)作用而不充當(dāng)任何成分。句(2)是定語(yǔ)從句，句中含有such...as...這一固定結(jié)構(gòu)，as為定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。【即時(shí)鞏固】(27)Ihaveboughtsuchawatch________wasadvertisedonTV.(28)WhitneyHouston'ssuddendeathsuggeststhatdrugabuseissuchaseriousproblem________weshoulddealwithitproperly.當(dāng)堂達(dá)標(biāo)·跟蹤演練1.________youtrytodosomethingbeyondwhatyouhavealreadymastered,youwillnevergrow.2.________youfeellikecriticizinganyone,justrememberthatallthepeopleinthisworldhaven'thadtheadvantagesthatyou'vehad.3.Thoughnothavingseenmypenfriend________wecommunicatedforthefirsttime,Irecognizedherinstantlyinthemall.4.Talkingaboutfirescanbescary________noonelikestothinkaboutpeoplegettinghurtortheirthingsgettingburned.5.Iam________gratefulforthegiftssharedbythemusicianswiththeaudiencethatI'llcarrythisspecialfeelingalongwithme.6.Today,wewillbegin________westoppedyesterdaysothatnopointwillbeleftout.7.________thepolicethoughthewasthemostlikelyone,sincetheyhadnoexactproofaboutit,theycouldnotarresthim.8.I'msorryyou'vebeenwaitingsolong,butit'llstillbesometime________Briangetsback.9.Thismedicineisquitebeneficialtoyourrecoveryaftertheoperation,________(provide)youtakeitastold.10.Itisfreezinghere.Wearyourcoat,________you'llcatchacold.11.Allthedishesinthismenu,________otherwisestated,willservetwotothreepeople.12.Shehadjustfinishedherhomework________hermotheraskedhertopracticeplayingthepianoyesterday.13.However,whenIhadtogoback________Iforgotmybook,Inoticedshehadjustfinishedpickingthemupbyherself.14.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers________shehadwipedherhands.15.________youhavegotyourdrivingpermitalready,youcan'tbetoocarefulwhendriving.16.Ifyouputastoneinthewayofan