托福聽力結(jié)構(gòu)l1618期第一講

托福做題總原順序原則：筆記和題目要一一對應(yīng)否定的詞匯一定要仔細讀，如果原文沒有明確的對應(yīng)，要果斷排除信息結(jié)構(gòu)法講座的考：1)直接給出2)上節(jié)課加本節(jié)課3)重復(fù)4)新舊理論5)專有名詞6)總結(jié)定義：聽懂，少寫。只記需要解釋的詞強調(diào)：12個要例子：定位。聽大意列舉原因(reason,factor)，結(jié)果（so,therefore,asa對比：similar,differenceresemble,identical,轉(zhuǎn)折：but,however,infact,過程：氣象，歷史，藝術(shù)的技巧，地結(jié)尾：future,research,implication,根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞分意群：and,other,another,now,and,next,inaddition,ok,強調(diào)細節(jié)的12個要重復(fù)，停頓，吐字清特殊詞：importantinterestingpoint級別：more, 4.問答否定：not,never,X,特征：feature,character,目的：purpose,aim,wantto,研究理論：Study,research,survey,experiment,observation,hypothesis,assumption,principle,evidence,law,idea,theory順序：最早，最晚early,origin,later,象征意義影響：symbol,meaning,influence,affect,effect,問題：problem,disadvantage改變：change,vary,位置原

錯誤選項的特否定信息，主要大家聽否定信息的能力原文未提及符合的語句，但不是段落絕對詞匯，too,every,all,要聽原文是否和，或者其他表示比較的詞匯：as…as…,similar,different，compareandcontrast,not…so…as…,identical,resemble,etc.主旨題項中有細節(jié)的，上節(jié)的，一般是錯的。或者出現(xiàn)改變，出現(xiàn)改變變化等信息，不同位置的細節(jié)組成的選項有強烈語義的詞匯的選項，例如：Contradict,：Unfair,indifferent,doubt,驚訝：Surprised,exciting,錯誤：error,wrong,mistaken,misunderstand,fault,例子題中，細節(jié)重現(xiàn)的選項有可能是錯的作業(yè)要求筆記。每次都是重新記一次。重點檢查縮寫，信息，分層，重點符選項分析（好的同學(xué)可以在第二步做，不好的同學(xué)可以最后一步精聽文本分析。（聽的時候不能看文本，聽完了，懂了，理解了再在放聽覺了老講在文本上做標(biāo)記。把老師說的提示詞，筆記詞，（同詞）做好不同顏色的標(biāo)記。句子的功能標(biāo)記。段落大意標(biāo)記）tonLectureWhatisthelecturemainlyTechniquesforcreatinglifelikeTheoriesaboutapreferenceinportraitReasonsforadeclineinthepopularityofportraitWaysresearchersdeterminewhetherapaintingisAccordingtotheprofessor,whatchangeoccurredinportraitpaintingsovertime?PortraitartistsbecamemoreskilledatpaintingPortraitartistsbeganpaintingagreatervarietyofThepercentageofleftprofilesAleftprofilebecameasymbolofthesubject’ssocialWhatpointdoestheprofessoremphasizebyhisdiscussionofthelithographThePotatoEaters?Profilesaremoredifficulttocreatethanhead-onSomeartistsconsiderthedirectionoftheprofileakeyelementinaportrait.MostgroupportraitsincludebothleftandrightThedirectionofaprofileisusuallydeterminedbythecharacteristicsofthesubject.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatistheproblemwiththe"right-handed"hypothesis?Left-handedartistsareequallycomfortablepaintingleftandrightprofiles.Righthandstendtocoverupfacialfeatureswhenpaintingleftprofiles.Statisticsshowthatright-handedartiststendtopaintrightLefthandsarelesslikelytocastshadowswhenpaintingrightprofiles.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthe"studioorganization"hypothesis?IthasbeendisprovedbyrecentItaccountsforanimportantchangeinportraitItisbasedonastudyofarelativelysmallnumberofItwasfirstproposedbytheownerofamodern-dayportraitWhydoesthestudentsayToexplainwhyhepreferstopaintleftTopointoutadifferencebetweenadultportraitsandbabyTopointoutafactthatcontradictsthe"parentalimprinting"Toprovidesupportforthe"parentalimprinting”Asyouknow,portraitartistsoftenpositiontheirsubjectssothattheirheadisturnedalittletooneside,therebypresentingtheartistwithasemi-sideview,asemi-profileview.Andforsomereason,westernEuropeanartistshavehistoricallytendedtoshowtheleftsideofthesubject'sface,morethantheright.Um...Well,back,someresearchersexamineabout1,500portraitspaintedfromthe16thtothe20thcenturyinWesternEurope.Andinthemajorityofthemistheleftsideofthefacethat'smostprominentlydisplayed.Whyisthat?Theninterestinglyenough,thistendencytoshowtheleftsidehasdiminishedovertime,especiallyinthe20thcentury.Infact,theleftrightratioisnowabout1:1.50%left50%right.Whyisthat?Wedoknowthatformanyartists,thechoiceofleftside,rightsidewasveryimportant.ThereisanimagebytheDutchpainterVincentVanGoghcalledthePotatoEatersthatshowstheprofilesofagroupoffarmers.It'salithograph,whichisaprintmadefromimagesdrawnonastone.Whenyouprintsomethingthatway,whatyougetisamirrorimageoftheoriginalpicture.Theexactsameimage,exceptthatleftandrightarereversed,andVanGoghwassodissatisfiedwiththeprintthathewrotetohisbrother,quote"thefigures,I'msorrytosay,arenowturnedthewrongway."endquote.Anyway,whydoyouthinksomanypaintersinthepastchosetodepicttheleftsideoftheirsubjects'face?Nancy.Couldithavetodowithwhethertheartistswereleft-handedorright-handed,likemaybemostofthemwereright-handed,andmaybeforsomereasontheyfeelmorecomfortablepaintingtheleftside?Ok,manyright-handedartistsdofinditeasiertopaintleftprofiles,andmanyarthistoriansthinkthat'sthereasonforthedirectionalbias.Butifthathypothesis,let'scallittheright-handedhypothesis,wascorrect,you'dexpectthatleft-handedartistswouldfinditeasiertopaintrightprofiles.Buttheresearchsuggeststhatleft-handedartistsfinditjustaseasytopaintleftprofilesasright.Soanyotherideas?Well,anothertheoryiswhat'sknownastheparentalimprintinghypothesis,whichproposesthatpeoplearemoreusedtoseeingleftprofilesbecausesupposedlyright-handedparentsaremorelikelytoholdtheirbabiesintheirleftarm.Well,mysisterjusthadababyandshekeepstalkingabouthowherleftarmisgettingsomuchstrongerthanherright.Ok,sothere'ssomeanecdotalevidence.So,thenwhenthebabylooksupattheirparent,whattheyseeistheleftprofile.Right.Andsothetheorygoes:theleftsideofthefaceesimprintedinourmemories.Buttheparentalimprintinghypothesisdoesn'texplainwhyleftprofileshavedecreasedovertime.Imean,parentsarestillcarryingtheirbabiesintheirleftarm,right?Exactly!,whataboutthewaytheartists'studioisorganized,specificallythelightsource.Rememberthatthelightsourcedetermineswheretheshadowsare.So,ifyou'rearight-handedartists,you'dwanttothelightcomingfromyourleftbecauseyoudon'twantyourpaintinghandtocastashadowacrossyourcanvas,right?Andifthelight'scomingfromyourleft,you'dwantyoursubjecttoturntotheirrightintothelight.Iftheydothat,whatdoyousee?Theleftsideoftheirface.Exactly,andwellintothe20thcentury,manyanartist'sprimarylightsourcewouldbethesun.Andtheysetuptheirstudiototake umadvantageofit.Butthenwhathappensasotherhigh-quality,portable,artificiallightsources eavailable?Well,youcouldpositionyoursubjectinalotmoredifferentwaysandstillhavegoodlightingonyoursubjectandonyourcanvas.You'dexpecttoseeamorebalancedratioofleft-andright-sideportraits.tonLectureWhatisthelecturemainlyReasonswhyanancientarchaeologicalsitewaswellAcontroversyoverwherehorseswerefirstFactorsthatledanancientsociety eEvidencethatanancientcivilizationuseddomesticatedWhydoestheprofessormentionmilkingawildTopointthattheBotaipeoplesometimesdidnothaveenoughTocomparethephysicalfeaturesofdomesticatedandWildToprovethatthehorsesoftheBotaipeoplewereToemphasizethathorsemilkwaspopularinsomeancientWhatpointdoestheprofessormakethehorsebonesfoundintheBotaisettlements?TheydonotrevealinformationabouthorseTheyareverydifferentfromthebonesofmodernTheydatetotheperiodwhentheBotaipeoplehad Theysuggestedthathorseswerefirstdomesticatedbyanotherancientpeople4accordingtotheprofessor,whatcargeconcentrationofphosphorusinthesoilindicate?Clickon2AthatalargenumberofhorseswerekeptintheBthatthedietofpeoplewholivedintheareaincludedhorseCthattherewerewell-usedfireplacesintheDthatfarminginthatsoilwouldhavebeenextremelyWhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthepeopleinancientKazakhstanwhentheystartedraisingsheepandcattle?A.TheyfoundawaytoprotectlivestockfromharshweatherwithouttravelingtothesouthernregionB.TheyrealizedthatanomadiclifestyleofferedbenefitsthatoutweighedthehardworkC.TheyhadtolearntheareaduetoarapidincreaseinD.TheylearnedthatgrowingcropsispossibleinthesouthernWhydoesthestudentsayTopointacontradictionintheprofessor'sToproposeasolutiontotheissuethattheprofessorhasjustTofindoutifheunderstandscorrectlywhattheprofessorhasjustexplainedToshowthathedisagreeswiththeSonowthatwe’vediscussedhowpeopleinancientsocietiestamedanimalslikecowsandchickensforfoodandotheruses.I’dliketotalkaboutanancientculturethatdomesticatedhorses.It’stheBotaipeople.TheBotaiculturethrivedover5,000yearsagoincentralAsia,inwhatisnownorthernKazakhstan.PrettymuchallofwhatweknowabouttheBotaicomesfromthreearchaeologicalsites.AndwelearnedthattheBotaiwereabletobuildlargeperennialvillages,sometimeswithhundredsofhomes.WealsofoundhorsebonesatthesesitesandthesecanbetracedbacktothetimeoftheBotaisettlements.TheclimatethattheBotaiculturelivedin…itwasharsh.AndtheBotaipeople…theydidn’treallyseemtohavemuchinthewayofagriculturegoingon.Sotheirwholeeconomywasreallybasedonhorses.Andbecausehorsescanwithstandthetoughclimate,theycansurviveicestormsandtheydon’tneedheatedbarns,theBotaipeoplecouldsettleinoneplaceandrelyonthehorsesforfood,clothingandtransportation.SotheBotaiwerethefirsttodomesticatehorses?Well,weareprettysurethathorseswerefirstdomesticatedabitearlier,tothenorthwest,intheareathatisnow andwesternRussia.It’squitepossiblethatsomeofthosepeoplelatermigratedeasttoKazakhstan.Butwhatexactly lsusthattheseBotaipeople,thatthehorsesintheirareawerereallydomesticated?Aswithmostancienthistory,thereisnotmuchthatwecanbecertainabout.Butweknowtherewasasignificantpopulationofwildhorsesinthatarea.SotherewereplentyofopportunitiesfortheBotaipeopletofindhorsestodomesticate.WealsoknowthathorsemilkwasanimportantsourceoffoodfortheBotaipeople.What?Milkingawildhorse?Well,now,thatwouldbeimpossible…tomilkawildhorse.Andthen…there’sthe…Oh.Yes?Eric.Soyousaidlastweekthatforsomeanimals,likefordogs,therewerephysicalchangestakingplaceoverthecourseofgenerationsofdogsbecauseofdomestication.Socanwe lfromthosehorsebonesifitwassortofthesameforhorses?Actually,itwasn’t.Weknowthathorseshavenotchangedalotphysicallyasaresultofdomestication.Sothoseancienthorsebonesdon’t lusmuchaboutdomestication.But…we’vefoundthat…um…we’vefoundwhatmaybepensorcorralsintheBotaisettlements.Andnottoolongago,anewapproachwasusedtofindoutiftheBotaipeoplewerekeehorses.Soilsamplesfromthesepensorcorralsshowtentimestheconcentrationofphosphorus.Um…phosphorus?Yes.Phosphorusisaverysignificantindicatorthathorses,largenumbersofhorseswerebeingkeptinthesettlements.Yousee,horsemanure,horsewasteisrichinphosphorusandalsonitrogencomparedtonormalsoil.Butnitrogenisanunstableelement.Itcanbewashedoutwhenitrainsoritcanbereleasedtotheatmosphere,whereasphosphoruscombineswithcalciumandiron,andcanbep inthesoilforthousandsofyears.ThesoilfromtheBotaisettlementsite