商務(wù)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)課件-resident perceptions of

Frescobaldi花思蝶

《福布斯亞洲》《福布斯亞洲》發(fā) ：的地的堅(jiān)持，適應(yīng)和學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)對各種的能力。包括不可 框架結(jié)Selectionofstudy Toinvestigateresidents’perceptionsofresilience,andbyinferencesustainability,wedevelopedascalepertainingtothefour sofresilince.體制，經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)恢復(fù)力四個(gè)方面（表1）。Individualitemswerederiveddirectlyfromtheoryforuseinthisassessmentandfocusedonsocial,institutional,economicandecologicalresilience s(Table1). Aneight-stepscaledevelopmentprocesswasusedfollowingDeVellis(2003)。 評價(jià)最初的題項(xiàng)庫德威利斯量表編制：版）[Z重慶,社信社會(huì)資本社區(qū)一級(jí)。與親屬關(guān)系和社團(tuán)成員有Adger,2003;Pelling&High,網(wǎng)個(gè)人是網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的人際關(guān)系。知識(shí)在社區(qū)通過Donoghue&Sturtevant,2007;Goodchild,Anselin,Appelbaum,&Harthorn,2000;Folkeetal.,2005;Olssonetal.,2006學(xué)諸如、模仿和解決Cundhill,etal.,2005;Olsson,2003;Schusleretal.,2003等動(dòng)公共享資源使用和中Adger,2000;Berkes&Seixas,Marshall,的機(jī)會(huì)知識(shí)構(gòu)建信Berkes,2009;Chambers,1.IfeellikeIcanaskothersinmycommunityforhelpwhenIneed2.Ilearnaboutnewthingsbytalkingwithmembersofmy3.Ilearnaboutnewthingsbywatchingothersincommunitydo4.Everyoneinmycommunityhasequalaccessto5.Everyoneinmycommunityhasanequalchanceto6.IfeellikeIamamemberofmy7.Mostpeopleinthiscommunitycanbe8.Peopleinmycommunityshare9.Peopleinmycommunitysupporteach10.Iknowmostofthepeopleinmy 的獲得資源的機(jī)會(huì) 的成功機(jī)會(huì)Demographicsof Resiliencescores ysisof 對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行清理(Tabachnik&Fidell,2007,p.73)，使用馬氏距離(Mahalanobisdistance)剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差≥3的值(Tabachnik&Fidell,2007p.74),剔除后，剩Confirmatory Resiliencescores ysis平。Firstwedevelopedcompositemeanscoresoffour sofresilience,whichillustratedresidents’perceptionsofthelevelsofresilienceintheindividualcommunitiesOveralltherewerelow-to-moderateperceptionsofresilienceacrossallfourresilience Themeanscoreof5.68forsocialresiliencewasabovethemidpointof4onthesurveyscaleandindicatedmild-to-moderateagreementregardingtheperceivedlevelintheircommunities; themeanscoreforinstitutionalresilienceof4.43yieldedanoverallneutralperception;theeconomicresiliencescoreof3.14wasbelowthemidpointof4,indicatingdisagreementwiththeoccurrenceoftheseattributes;theecologicalresiliencescoreof2.01(reversescoredfrom5.99foreaseofinterpretation)indicatedmoderate-to-strongdisagreementregardingtheexistenceofenvironmentalresilientconditions.wecomparedeachcommunity’smeanscoresusingaone-wayysisofvariancetoascertainiftherewereanysignificantdifferencesbetweenthesixcommunitiesregardingtheirperceptionsofthefour sofresilience(Table8). ysiswasalsoconductedaftertheoverallFtestwasfoundtobesignificant(Garson,2011)toassesswhetherthemeansofanytwocommunitiesweresignificantlydifferentfromeachother.ThereweresignificantdifferencesfoundinboththeSocialresilienceandtheInstitutionalresilience s.BellevueChopinwassignificantlylowerinperceivedsocialresiliencethanfouroftheotherfivecommunities(Giraudelexcluded)(Table9).WottenWavenwassignificantlyhigherinperceivedInstitutionalresiliencethanBellevueChopin,MeroandPortsmouth.SocialEconomic/institutional這項(xiàng)研究了社區(qū)成員所感知到的目的地恢復(fù)力，以及由此擴(kuò)展的面，恢復(fù)力可以從社會(huì)、制度、經(jīng)濟(jì)、和生態(tài)四個(gè)維度進(jìn)量。Thisstudyinvestigatedcommunitymembers’perceptionsofresilienceandbyextensionatentativeexaminationofthelikelihoodofsustainablecommunitytourismdevelopment.DatapresentedinthispaperwerebothanempiricalapproachtoidentifylatentresiliencevariablesfoundintourismdependentcommunitiesandtocreatebaselinedatainDominica.Followinganeight-stepscaledevelopmentprocess(DeVellis,2003)acommunitylevelresiliencescalewasdeveloped.Residentperceptionsresultedinfourperceivedfactorsfromthisresiliencescale:Social,Institutional,Economic/InstitutionalandEcological.SocialResidentperceptionsofsocialresiliencewerethehighestamongthefour s.Acrossallsixcommunitiestherewasmildtomoderateagreementrelatedtothemodelindicatorsforthisdimension,withameanof5.68(SD:0.87)onaseven-pointscale.克和昆蘭，2008；昆蘭，2006；--2002）。多共享（麥克和昆蘭，2008）。此外，傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)會(huì)特征是加勒比海地區(qū)的“koudmen“幫助之手”有機(jī)農(nóng)民小組成員。Whencomparingcommunities,thevillageofBellevueChopin,asmallorganicfarmingvillage,wassignificantlylowerinsocialresilience(mean5.04)thanfouroftheothercommunities.Tentatively,thismaysuggestlowersocialcohesioninthiscommunitythanothersalthoughallcommunitieshadscoresbetween5.04and5.85ona7-pointscalewithinthisdimension.Thislowersocialresiliencescoremaybeattributabletothelimitedmembershipoftheloca C,whichwassolelycomprisedofmembersoftheOrganicFarmersGroup.度的，格地方，以鎮(zhèn)村議會(huì)的形式存在，從獲得他們的權(quán)利和責(zé)任（，2010） Perceptionsofinstitutionalresiliencewerelowerthansocialresiliencewithanoverallneutralattitude,4.43ona7-pointscale,towardsthefunctionsoflocal ernance.Dominicahasahighly ernmentandalllocal ernments,intheformofTownandVillageCouncils,obtaintheirpowerandresponsibilitiesfromtheCentral ernment( ,2010).ATownCouncilmaylevysometaxes,borrowlimitedfundingandacquireland,buthasnolegislativeauthority(CaribbeanForumofLocalernmentMinistries[CM],2002).wottenwaven社區(qū)，比其他五個(gè)社區(qū)顯著更高水平的制度恢復(fù)力認(rèn)知（表9）。wottenwavenTDC的 Onecommunity,WottenWaven,hadsignificantlyhigherlevelsofperceivedinstitutionalresiliencethantheotherfivecommunities(Table9).TheleaderoftheWottenWavenTDChadbeenvocalaboutunrealizedbutpromisedtourismdevelopmentfundsfromthe redevelopmentofatourismvendorsitehereferredtoasa“shantytown”andothercommunityinfrastructureneeds(DominicaNewsOnline,2010a).Economic/institutionalThemeaneconomicresiliencescorewas3.14indicatingaslightlynegativeattitudetowardthisconstruct.Problemsmayoccurwithtourismdevelopmentatthecommunitylevelduetoissueswithstart-upcosts(Kontogeogopoulos,2004),externaloperations(Walpole&Goodwin,2000)andloweconomicreturns(Holladay&Ormbsy,2011;Schelas,Sherman,Fahey,&Lassoie,2002).Inthecaseofthisstudy,theprimaryeconomicindicatorfortheeconomicresilience pertainedtoleakage.Capitalizationontheeconomicbenefits(Chaperon&Bramwell,2013)atthecommunitylevel(Clayton,2004)throughadiversityofeconomicopportunities(Adger,2000)whilepreventingleakage(Lacher&Nepal,2010)isbeneficialtocommunitytourismresilience. Perhapsthegreatestobstacletopreventingleakagefromtheindividualcommunitiesisthelackofbusiness尼加沒有明顯的地籍勘界（，2006），建設(shè)過程中可能會(huì)遭遇土地所不清楚的問題。在多米尼加適當(dāng)?shù)幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展計(jì)劃受到土Ofthefour sofresilience yzedinthisstudy,themeanscorefortheecologic