《碩士博士畢業(yè)論文寫作教程》課件Chapter 6 Introduction

Week6Introduction

Instructor:ZhencongLiu

ContentsStructureofthethesisStructureofintroductionTypicalmovesinthesisintroductionsUsefulexpressionsandphrasesWhentowriteintroductionFunctionsofIntroductiontocreatearesearchspaceforthewriter(SwalesandFeak1994)CreateaResearchSpace(CARS)framework(Swales1990)ThetypicalstructureoftheIntroductiontoestablisharesearchterritory;toidentifyanicheorgapintheterritory;tosignalhowthetopicinquestionoccupiesthatniche.(SwalesandFeak1994)

CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTIONA.Background(generalcontextofthesituation,storyoftheresearchproblem)B.MotivationC.ProblemStatementD.ObjectivesandResearchQuestionsE.OverallResearchMethodologyF.DefinitionsofTermsG.SignificanceoftheStudya.TheoreticalContributionsb.PracticalContributionsH.AssumptionsoftheStudya.TheoreticalAssumptionb.MethodologicalAssumptionI.HypothesesJ.RelatedWorkK.ScopeandLimitationsoftheStudyL.OrganizationandOverviewoftheDissertationEstablishinganicheForSwalesandFeak(1994),themetaphorofthenicheorresearchspaceisbasedontheideaofcompetitioninecology–academicwritersseekingtopublisharejustlikeplantsandanimalscompetingforlightandspace.Elsewhere,whendescribingwritingaconferenceabstract,SwalesandFeak(2000)useamarketingmetaphortotalkabout‘selling’one’sresearch,andthenichemetaphorcanbeextendedtothenotionofnichemarketing–identifyingaspecificgapinthemarketwhichthenewproductcanfill.Howtoestablishaniche?InMove2oftheframework,thewritertypicallyestablishesanichebyindicatingagapinthepreviousresearchorpossiblyextendingacurrentresearchapproachintoanewarea.Itisthroughthereviewofpriorresearchthatthegapisestablished.“gapstatements”:evaluativeandnegativeOneclassofqualityimprovementwhichhasnotreceivedmuchattentionisenhancementbybroadeningthebandwidthofcodedspeechwithoutanincreaseinthebitrate.Thisissurprisingsincethenotionofqualityasafunctionofspeechbandwidthisanticipatedtobecomemorepervasive(Epps2000:4).Duetothecomplexityoftheflowproblemstherearefewanalyticmodelsoffluidflows,buttheadventofdigitalcomputershasstimulatedthedevelopmentofnumericalmethodforthemodelingofflow(Norris2000:1).Indeed,thereappearedtobeastoryoffemaleagitationforAboriginalrightsintwentiethcenturyAustraliathathadlargelygoneunnoticeduptothatpoint,andinthecontextofcontemporaryfeministpoliticswaspositivelydenied(Holland1998:1).“gapstatements”:evaluativeandnegativeAlthoughitbecameacceptedthatepisodicrechargemightbeafactorintheagriculturalareasofWesternAustralia(e.g.Nulsen1993),nosystematicanalysesofwhereandwhenitoccurred,andhowimportantitwasintheoverallpictureofgroundwaterrechargeandsalinitywerecarriedout(Lewis2000:6).Theseobservationspointtothepropositionthatinordertorecognizethemismatchesandtobegintounderstandtheconsequencesofdiscontinuities,thereisaneedtoincreaseresearchknowledgeofcommunitysocialpracticesandinteractionswithcommunityliteracies(White-Davison1999:2).

Itisimportanttotakeissuewithhiscriticismoftheroleofstructuralismandpost-structuralism(Wakeling1998:5).“gapstatement”wordsandphrasesVerbs:disregard,neglecttoconsider,failtoconsideroverestimate,ignore,overlook,islimitedto,sufferfrom,misinterpret,underestimateAdjectives:controversial,questionable,incomplete,unconvincing,inconclusive,unsatisfactory,misguidedNounphraseLittleinformation/attention/work/data/researchFewstudies/investigations/researchers/attemptsNostudies/data/calculationsNoneofthesestudies/findings/calculationsOtherformsHoweverItremainsunclearItwouldbeofinteresttoMetadiscourse:discourseaboutdiscourse“Chapter2examines”;“thisthesisarguesthat”;“thefollowingsectionreviews”.“thefocusofthisthesisison”;“theplanforthisthesisis”“Thisthesis/studydescribes;develops;studies;discusses;examines;introduces;aims(to);reports;explores;shows;focuses;presents...”IntroductionProvidethenecessarybackgroundinformationtoputyourworkintocontext.Itshouldbeclearfromtheintroduction:WhythecurrentworkwasperformedAimsandsignificanceWhathasbeendonebeforeWhatwasdoneandachieved(inbriefterms)Becomprehensiveincoverageofapproaches,butalsotrytobebrief.Donotsimplycatalogpapersandideas!DOsinIntroduction“Setthescene”O(jiān)utline“theproblem”andhypotheses,andframethesewithintheexistingliteratureEnsurethattheliteraturecitedisbalanced,uptodateandrelevantDefineanynon-standardabbreviationsandjargonDON'TsinIntroductionWriteanextensivereviewofthefieldCitedisproportionallyyourownwork,workofcolleaguesorworkthatsupportsyourfindingswhileignoringcontradictorystudiesorworkbycompetitorsDescribemethods,resultsorconclusionsotherthantooutlinewhatwasdoneandachievedinthefinalparagraphOverusetermslike“novel”and“forthefirsttime”DefinitionAdefinitionisthemeaningofawordorphrase.

E.g.“Art”isavisualobjectorexperienceconsciouslycreatedasanexpressionofskillorimagination.StructureofaDefinition

Adefinitionconsistsofthreeelements:(1)thetermitself,(2)thecategorythetermbelongsto(3)thefeaturesoftheterm.

Traditionally,adefinitionconsistsofthegenus(thefamily)ofthingtowhichthedefinedthingbelongs,andthedifferentia(thedistinguishingfeaturewhichmarksitofffromothermembersofthesamefamily).(Wikipedia,2009).E.g.“Triangle”isdefinedas“aplanefigure(genus)boundedbythreestraightsides(differentia)”CriteriaofaGoodDefinition1.Followrulesthathavetraditionallybeengivenfordefinition.2.Statetheessentialattributesofthatwhichisdefined.3.Giveexamplesofusage.4.Avoidcircularity.5.Mustbeneithertoobroadortoonarrownorleaveoutanyappropriateinformation,norincludethatwhichdoesnottrulyapply.6.Mustnotbeobscure.7.Shouldnotbestatedinthenegativewhenitcanbestatedpositively.E.g.“Wisdom”shouldnotbedefinedas“absenceoffolly”.SampleIntroduction1Amy,S.W.(2000)‘AradiostudyofselectedregionsintheMagellanicClouds’,unpublishedPhDthesis,UniversityofSydney.Availableonlineat:<.au/~thesis/adt-NU/public/adt-NU20010524.163700/>(accessed12September2006).Assignment1.StructureofIntroduction:SelectanMAthesisandanalyzetheIntroductionsectionbyprovidingitsmajorcomponents,languageexpressionsandkeywords.Assignment2.IntroductionWritingAnalyzethedifferenttypesofintroductionanddecideonwhichtypeyouwouldliketouseforyourpaper.Thenwritetheintroductionofyourpaperinaclearmanner..Assignment3.IntroductionComparison:BrieflydiscussdifferencesbetweenresearcharticleIntroductionsandthesisIntroductionsasstudentswillbemorefamiliarwithjournalarticles.ThenexaminearesearcharticleandathesisonasimilartopicinyourareaofstudyanddrawupalistofsimilaritiesanddifferencesintheIntroductionstoeachofthem.Assignment4.MoveAnalysis:Askstudentstobringalongthesesfromtheirfieldtoanalyseorprovideexamplesofchaptersforthemtoanalyseandannotatethemselves.AskthemtousetheframeworkbySwalesandFeak(1994)fortheiranalysis.Ifsomeofthemovesarenotpresent,askthemtoreflectonwhytheymaynotbethere.ReferencesDay,R.，＆Gastel,B.(1998).Howtowriteandpublishascientificpaper(5thedn).Cambridge:Cambridg