教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)完整版：Astronomy：the science of the stars

Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)第一部分教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)說明Aboutthetopicandthestructures單元話題和結(jié)構(gòu)本單元以節(jié)日為話題，介紹了世界各地的一些節(jié)日的含義、由來和民俗。通過本單元的學(xué)習(xí)，可以幫助學(xué)生更多地了解節(jié)日、體味文化；同時(shí)又可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解、尊重不同的文化和習(xí)俗。本單元語言功能項(xiàng)目是：發(fā)出指令。本單元語言結(jié)構(gòu)項(xiàng)目是“名詞從句做主語”。本單元還要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)寫作“說明文：解決問題”。本教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)在單元課時(shí)劃分上與課本保持一致，即“閱讀課、知識(shí)課、運(yùn)用課三課時(shí)/三課型劃分”。但在實(shí)際教學(xué)過程中，建議教師依據(jù)學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)、教學(xué)條件、學(xué)校安排的因素，對(duì)課本重新劃分課時(shí)，裁剪、拼接使用提供的材料，以便“物盡所用”，達(dá)到最佳教學(xué)效果。Period1Reading閱讀課WarmingUp課本上的導(dǎo)入共有兩組問題，第一組問題引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論太陽系。第二組問題探討天文學(xué)。教師也可采用本書提供的bylearningvocabulary導(dǎo)入新課。Pre-reading部分主要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論地球上的生命起源、世界各地的宗教和文化生命起源的看法，然后觀察課文標(biāo)題、預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容。Reading部分講述了地球上生命的起源。水的形成使得地球有別與其他星球，它使得地球上生命的誕生成為可能。科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，地球上的生命首先誕生于水中，上百萬年后，陸地上才長(zhǎng)出綠色植物，隨后出現(xiàn)了陸棲動(dòng)物和水陸兩棲動(dòng)物。最初的動(dòng)物靠孵化繁衍后代，后來出現(xiàn)了哺乳動(dòng)物，人類也隨之誕生了。文章最后講述的現(xiàn)象發(fā)人深省：Theearthmaybecometoohotforthelivesonit.它關(guān)系到地球上生命的未來。建議采用Talkingandsharing—Doyouknowhowtheuniversebegan?Listeningandreadingaloud，Readingandunderlining，Readingandunderstandingdifficultsentences，Readingandtransferringinformation，Readingandtranslating，Readingtodecideonthetypeofwritingandsummaryofthetext，Readingtodrawatreediagramofthetextandretellthestorywiththehelpofthediagram等步驟進(jìn)行教學(xué)。而結(jié)課可以采納Closingdownbyhavingadiscussion—HowDidtheUniverseBegin?Comprehending部分通過篇章學(xué)習(xí)、句子順序重組、口頭討論等六個(gè)活動(dòng)檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)本文核心問題的理解：地球上生命的起源和延續(xù)需要哪些條件?Period2Learningaboutlanguage知識(shí)課Learningaboutlanguage課本要求首先通過英文解釋幫助理解課文中的生詞，然后，通過短文填空、詞語分類等形式將這些詞語用于一個(gè)相關(guān)的情境中。語法部分也是采用先發(fā)現(xiàn)后應(yīng)用的學(xué)習(xí)方法。先通過到課文中找句子，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)主語從句，然后，設(shè)置一個(gè)用手機(jī)發(fā)短信息的情境，讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單句與主語從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)。最后設(shè)置情境來復(fù)習(xí)第三單元出現(xiàn)的表語從句。教師也可以本書如下設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行教學(xué)：Warmingupbydiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions，Learningaboutgrammar，Readingmoreonsubjectclause，Closingdownbydoingexercises。Period3Usinglanguage運(yùn)用課Usinglanguage為綜合教學(xué)，訓(xùn)練聽說讀寫能力。聽力部分的內(nèi)容介紹三位科學(xué)巨匠，不僅通過聽力填表的形式訓(xùn)練學(xué)生捕捉細(xì)節(jié)的能力，還通過四選一的形式幫助學(xué)生找主題思想。在解釋對(duì)與錯(cuò)的過程中，教師可以適當(dāng)?shù)亟榻B一下概括主題的方法。閱讀部分是一個(gè)科幻小故事，通過“我”和“我的朋友”乘宇宙飛船登月球的經(jīng)歷，介紹了重量、失重和地球引力等科學(xué)道理。說和寫部分以Visitingthemoon為話題，要求學(xué)生討論登月球需要攜帶的物品和在月球上可能遇到的困難，并要求學(xué)生找出克服這些困難的方法。教師可以根據(jù)課本上的提示，向?qū)W生介紹“先分述后總結(jié)”的寫作方法。提出問題的解決方案時(shí)，要求學(xué)生選用適當(dāng)?shù)摹爸甘尽庇谜Z。教師可以參考使用本書提供的教學(xué)步驟：Warmingupbylisteningandreadingaloud，Understandingdifficultsentences，Readingandunderlining，Doingreadingcomprehensionexercises，Discussing，Guidedwriting，Actingatextplay和Closingdownbyfillingaform.實(shí)際教學(xué)過程課時(shí)劃分建議Period1將WarmingUp、Pre-reading、Reading和Comprehending整合在一起上一節(jié)“閱讀課”。Period2將Learningaboutlanguage和Workbook中的usingwordsandexpression、usingstructure整合在一起上一節(jié)“語言知識(shí)課”。Period3將Usinglanguage設(shè)計(jì)為一節(jié)包括聽說讀寫單項(xiàng)技能或組合技能訓(xùn)練的“綜合技能課（一）”。Period4將Workbook的readingandlistening和TALKING整合在一起上一節(jié)“聽說課”。Period5將Workbook的listeningtask、readingandwritingtask和speakingtask整合為一節(jié)“綜合技能課（二）”。第二部分教學(xué)資源說明Section1Background背景圍繞單元話題“Festivalaroundtheworld”，《金色教案》提供了幾則語言規(guī)范、短小精干的趣味性材料。這些材料既可以作為教師教學(xué)參考材料為教師所用，也可以直接或改寫、重組后作為課堂內(nèi)外的拓展性閱讀材料呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。Section2Explanation解析重點(diǎn)針對(duì)“閱讀課型”中的課文難句，《金色教案》不僅提供了詳盡的，就句論句的解析和翻譯，而且還以解析的焦點(diǎn)話題為線索，進(jìn)行了一定的歸納、辨析和總結(jié)，以幫助教師更好地實(shí)施“語言形式”的教學(xué)。Section3Vocabulary詞匯按照課本單元詞匯表順序，《金色教案》重點(diǎn)提供動(dòng)詞、短語搭配的講解。所提供的例句，經(jīng)典、地道、實(shí)用、易懂，完全可以直接用于教學(xué)。第三部分教學(xué)測(cè)評(píng)說明圍繞單元詞法、句法項(xiàng)目，提供了長(zhǎng)短不一的“單元教學(xué)測(cè)評(píng)”，并備有參考答案供教師使用。有些測(cè)評(píng)題目直接源于歷年高考試卷，更具有說服力和實(shí)用性。教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)Asamplelessonplanforreading(HOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTH)IntroductionInthisperiod,afterthewarmingup,studentswillfirstbeguidedtotalkandshare.Thentheywillbehelpedtoreadanexposition（說明文）entitledHOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTH.Thenthestudentsmaybeaskedtolistenandreadaloud，readandunderline，readandunderstanddifficultsentences，readandtransferinformation，readandtranslate,readtodecideonthetypeofwritingandsummaryofthetextandfinallyreadtodrawatreediagramofthetextandretellthestorywiththehelpofthediagram.Theperiodwillendinstudentshavingadiscussion—HowDidtheUniverseBegin?ObjectivesTohelpstudentsunderstandthetext’sformsandcontentsandlearnaboutfestivalAstronomyTohelpstudentscommunicateonthetopicinfocuswiththewords,expressionsandstructureslearnedinthisunitFocusWordsdissolve，exist，puzzle，crash，pull，float，exhaustExpressionsintime,layeggs,givebirthto,blockout,cheerup,nowthat,breakout,watchoutPatterns1.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrock,whichwereintimetoproducethewatervapor,carbondioxide,oxygen,nitrogenandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.2.Nobodyknewthatitwasgoingtobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingroundthesun.3.Itallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgases,whichhadbecomepartoftheearth’satmosphere,intotheoceansandseas.4.Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.5.Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.6.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.7.Whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.AidsMultimediafacilities,tape-recorder,photos,diagramsProceduresI.WarmingupbylearningvocabularyGoodmorning,class!Today,wearegoingtotakeUnit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars.Beforewereadthetext,let’sturntopage99andgetfamiliarizedwiththevocabularyfirst.Payattentiontothemakingoftheword.Studytheprefixes,rootsandsuffixesinthewords.II.Pre-reading1.LookingandsayingHaveyoueverwonderedhowtheuniversebegan?WellI'msureyoumayhavemanyanswerstothisquestion,butIhaveonethatperhaps,youmaynothaveheardofyet.Iwillbegivingyoumytheoryonthissubject.Nowlookatthescreenandlistentometellingyousomethingexciting.科學(xué)家透露：宇宙可能有兩個(gè)我們的宇宙和一個(gè)"隱藏的"宇宙共同"鑲嵌"在"五維空間"中。在我們的宇宙早期，這兩個(gè)宇宙發(fā)生了一次相撞事故，相撞產(chǎn)生的能量生成了我們宇宙中的物質(zhì)和能量。2.TalkingandsharingDoyouknowhowtheuniversebegan?Inthe1920sinCalifornia,astronomerEdwinHubbleobserveddistantgalaxiesusinganextremelypowerfultelescope.Hemadetwomind-boggling(unbelievable)discoveries.First,HubblefiguredoutthattheMilkyWayisn’ttheonlygalaxy.Herealizedthatfaint,cloud-likeobjectsinthenightskyareactuallyothergalaxiesfar,faraway.TheMilkyWayisjustoneofbillionsofgalaxies.Second,Hubblediscoveredthatthegalaxiesareconstantlymovingawayfromeachother.Inotherwords,theuniverseisexpanding.Thebiggestthingthatweknowaboutisgettingbiggerallthetime.Afewyearslater,BelgianastronomerGeorgesLema?treusedHubble‘samazingdiscoveriestosuggestananswertoabigastronomyquestion:“Howdidtheuniversebegin?”3．ListeningandreadingaloudNowpleaselistentotherecordingandthenreadthetextaloud.Payattentiontohowthenativespeakerisreadingalongandwherethepausesarewithineachsentence.Iwillplaythetapetwiceandyoushallreadaloudtwice,too.ReadingandunderliningNextyouaretoreadandunderlinealltheusefulexpressionsorcollocationsinthepassage.Copythemintoyournotebookafterclassashomework.CollocationsfromHOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTHacloudofenergeticdust（具有能量的塵埃）,combineinto…（合成……）,movearoundthesun（環(huán)繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）,becomeviolent（變得激烈）,thesolidsurface（固體表面）,explodeloudly（猛烈爆炸）,intime（及時(shí)，最終）,producethewatervapor（產(chǎn)生水蒸汽）,maketheearth’satmosphere（構(gòu)成了地球的大氣層）,cooldown（冷卻）,onthesurface（在表面）,bedifferentfrom…（與……不同）,goroundthesun（環(huán)繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)）,disappearfrom…（從……消失）,stayon…（存留在……）,showone’squality（顯現(xiàn)某人的特性）,dissolveharmfulgases（分解，溶解有害氣體）,becomepartof…（變成……的一部分）,developlife（發(fā)展生命）,growinthewater（在水里生長(zhǎng)）,fill…with…（用……來填充……，充滿了……）,encouragethedevelopmentof…（鼓勵(lì)……的發(fā)展）,millionsofyearslater（幾萬年以后）,liveonland（在陸地上生活）,liveinthesea（在海里生存）,growintoforests（長(zhǎng)成森林）,produceyoung（生出幼仔）,layeggs（下蛋）,animalswithhandsandfeet（長(zhǎng)著手腳的動(dòng)物）,spreadallovertheearth（遍布全世界）,developnewmethods（發(fā)展了新的方法）,growfood（種植）,movearound（遷徙）,goby（過去，推移）,takecareof…（在意……，照看好……）,put…into…（把……帶入，放入……）,prevent…from…（防止……做……）,escapefrom…into…（從……逃離到……）,becomehot（變熱）,dependon….（依靠，依賴，取決與……）,solveaproblem（解決一個(gè)問題）3.ReadingandunderstandingdifficultsentencesSkimthetextandidentifythedifficultsentencesofeachparagraph.Youmayputyourhandupifyouhaveanyquestions.4.ReadingandtransferringinformationReadthetextagaintocompletethetablebelow,HOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTHWhatwastheearthlikeafterthe“BigBang”?Whywastheearthdifferent?Howwaslifedevelopedonearth?Whatdidsmallcleveranimalsdo?HOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTHWhatwastheearthlikeafterthe“BigBang”?Acloudofenergeticdustatfirstandthenaballaroundthesun.Intimeasaresultofitsexplosion,watervaporandmanyothergaseswereproducedtomaketheearth’satmosphere.Waterthenappearedwhenitcooleddown,offeringthepossibilityforthebeginningoflife.Whywastheearthdifferent?Thearrivalofsmallplantsgrowinginthewaterfilledtheoceansandseaswithoxygen,encouragingthedevelopmentofsmalllivingthings.Howwaslifedevelopedonearth?Carbondioxideandairwithoxygenhelpedlifedeveloped.Firstwereinsectsandamphibians,andthenappearedreptilesanddinosaurs,producingyoungbylayingeggs.Atfirst,camemammalsproducingyoungfromwithintheirbodies.Whatdidsmallcleveranimalsdo?Withhandsandfeet,theyspreadallovertheearth,developingnewmethodsofgrowingfood,huntingandmovingaround,yetneglectingtheenvironmentprotection,causingnewproblemsforhumanbeing’sexistenceforgood.5.ReadingthetextonceagaintodecideonthetypeofwritingandsummaryofthetextTypeofwritingThisisadescriptivewriting.MainideaofthepassageTheearthcameintobeingafterthe“BigBang”.Thensmallplantscamegrowinginthewater,followedbygreenplantsappearingonland.Intheendappearedsmallcleveranimals.Topicsentenceof1stparagraphAfterthe“BigBang”,theearthwasjustacloudofenergeticdust.Topicsentenceof2ndparagraphTheearthwasdifferentbecauseofthearrivalofsmallplantsgrowinginthewater.Topicsentenceof3rdparagraphManymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland.Topicsentenceof4thparagraphSmallcleveranimalsappearedandspreadallovertheearth.6.Goingoverthetexttomake