解破學(xué)骨學(xué)課件

1HunanUniversityofArtsandScienceHUMANANATOMY1HunanUniversityofArtsand2ThegeneraldescriptionThebonesoftrunkTheskullThebonesoflimbs→homework第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨學(xué)2Thegeneraldescription第一篇：Ch3§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones3§1ThegeneraldescriptionT4PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修復(fù)Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones4Propershape⒈Thegeneralfe5兒童的骨頭比成人多。因?yàn)椋簝和镊竟怯?塊，成人后合為1塊。兒童的尾骨有4～5塊，成人后合為1塊。兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。這樣兒童的骨頭要比成人多11～12塊，就是說(shuō)有217～218塊。而初生嬰兒的骨頭竟多達(dá)305塊。

6AuditoryossiclesTrunkbones126Limbbones23Skullbones⒉ThebonenumberoftheadultTotoal=?206inadult成人骨塊數(shù)5兒童的骨頭比成人多。因?yàn)椋?Audito6longboneshortboneflateboneirregularbone⒊

TheshapeandclassificationofbonesBonetypes6longbone⒊Theshapeandcla7⒋

ThestructureofbonesBonysubstance骨質(zhì)Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓Nervousfibers神經(jīng)Bloodvessels血管Livingbonestructure7⒋ThestructureofbonesBony年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響costalhead肋骨頭ThesecondcervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(樞椎),bearstheodontoid(指狀的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.spinousprocessMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Bonemarrowtype位于顱骨兩側(cè)，并延至顱底，參與構(gòu)成顱底和顱腔的側(cè)部，形狀不規(guī)則，以外耳門為中心可分為顳鱗、鼓部和巖部3部分，周圍與頂骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。SternalbodyTheredandyellowbonemarrow兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。Hyoidbone舌骨Bonemarrowtype年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響成對(duì)分布，即左、右兩塊上頜骨在正中線相連結(jié)，上頜骨由1個(gè)骨體和4個(gè)突起組成。Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.Sphenoidbone蝶骨⒋Thestructureofbones§1ThegeneraldescriptionMastoid(乳突的)fontanelle8Thestructureofbones年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響8Thestructur9Compactbone(骨密質(zhì))Cancellousbone(骨松質(zhì))⑴

ThestructureofthebonysubstanceBonysubstancestructureCompactbone(密質(zhì))：既致密又堅(jiān)硬，耐壓性較大，類似象牙。Spongybone(松質(zhì))：由互相交叉成網(wǎng)的骨小梁構(gòu)成，近似海綿，彈性較大。

9Compactbone(骨密質(zhì))⑴Thestruct10Thebonysubstance10ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Hyoidbone兒童的骶骨有5塊，成人后合為1塊。Temporalbone顳骨Thebonysubstance⑸TheSacrum骶椎Question3:whatisthevertebralstructure?BloodvesselsOccipitalbone枕骨成對(duì)分布，即左、右兩塊上頜骨在正中線相連結(jié)，上頜骨由1個(gè)骨體和4個(gè)突起組成。Reconstruction再造NervousfibersMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).MetabolismandgrowthThecranialfrontanelles腦顱囟AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyAnteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyear⑴ThevertebralstructureBonemarrow骨髓Thefacialcraniumportion位于面顱中央，兩眶之間，左右成對(duì)，構(gòu)成鼻背。Ribs:12pairs11ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformed12Thebonysubstance12Thebonysubstance131314Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplate(外板)

andinnerplate(內(nèi)板),whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediplo?(板障)。

⑵Thestructureoftheflatbone14Intheflatbonesof15RedbonemarrowYellowbonemarrow⑶ThebonemarrowBonemarrowtype15Redbonemarrow⑶Thebonema16紅骨髓：主要由不同發(fā)育階段的血細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等處。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黃骨髓：含有大量的脂肪組織。6歲前后，長(zhǎng)骨內(nèi)的紅骨髓逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為黃骨髓，失去造血功能。患某種貧血癥狀時(shí)，黃骨髓可能重新轉(zhuǎn)化為具造血功能的紅骨髓。16紅骨髓：Theredandyellowbone17Thedistributionoftheredbonemarrow17Thedistributionofthered18有機(jī)質(zhì)無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)⒌

骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)堿性磷酸鈣碳酸鈣膠原纖維粘多糖蛋白具韌性具彈性具硬度具脆性骨的化學(xué)成分18有機(jī)質(zhì)⒌骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)堿性磷酸鈣膠原纖維具韌性19年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響年齡段有機(jī)質(zhì)比例無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)比例物理特性幼兒50%50%不易骨折，易變形成人30%70%彈性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性較大，易骨折19年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響年齡段有機(jī)質(zhì)比例無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)20Theaxialskeleton中軸骨骼

Madeupofthebonesalongthemidline(axis)ofthebody,includingtheskull,hyoidbone(舌骨)

,spinalcolumn,ribsandsternum(胸骨).⒍ThebasicconceptsTheappendicularskeleton

附肢骨骼Madeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Thevisceralskeleton內(nèi)臟骨骼Madeupofbonesformedinsoftorgans.20Theaxialskeleton中軸骨骼⒍T21Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.

Theyarenotpresent

inallspeciesofanimals.

⒎ThevisceralbonesExamplesofthevisceralbones:

ospenis

陰莖骨

–boneinthepenisofdogs

oscordis

心臟骨–boneintheheartofcattle

osrostri

鼻骨–boneinthesnout

(鼻口部

)

ofpigs

21Thevisceralbonesareforme⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Inroughlytriangularshape.–boneintheheartofcattleNasalbone鼻骨ApairoflaminaeRedbonemarrow第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨學(xué)⒈ThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesOccipitalbone枕骨HardandresilientThefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶),thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Hyoidbone舌骨Temporalbone顳骨§7Exercise為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。TheredandyellowbonemarrowQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?⑴Frontalbone額骨irregularbone兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthApairofpedicles22ThegeneralcomponentsThevertebraeTheribsThesternum§2Thebonesofthetrunk⑸Nasalbone鼻骨22Thegeneralc23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTrunkBonesVertebrae:33Sternum:3partsRibs:12pairsVertebraeSternumRibs23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTru24Cervicalvertebrae頸椎Thoracicvertebrae胸椎Lumbarvertebrae腰椎Sacrum骶椎Coccyx尾椎⒉Thevertebrae脊椎Vertebrae24Cervicalvertebrae頸椎⒉The25⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎體Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松質(zhì)Compactbone骨密質(zhì)Apairofpedicles1對(duì)椎弓根Apairoflaminae1對(duì)椎弓板Spinesandprocesses25⑴ThevertebralstructureV26bodyspinousprocessvertebralforamentransverseprocesslaminapedicleribfacetThevertebralstructureview26bodyspinousprocessvertebral27Thevertebralstructureview27Thevertebralstructureview28Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.⑵Thecervicalvertebrae

頸椎spinousprocess棘突articularprocesslaminapediclebodyThe

body

isrelativelysmall.28Theforamenisnearlytri29Thecervicalvertebrae-AtlasandAxisviewThefirstcervicalvertebraknownastheAtlas(寰椎),hasnobodyandnospine.The

second

cervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(樞椎),

bears

theodontoid(指狀的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.29Thecervicalvertebrae-Atl30ThearticulationofAtlaswithAxis30ThearticulationofAtlaswi31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶Thethoracicvertebrae胸椎Thespinesarelonganddownwardsloping.The

two

costal

facets

(肋凹面

)forarticulationwiththeribhead.Thetwofacetsfortheribtubercle(結(jié)節(jié)).31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶32Thefacets

(肋凹

)fortheribheadandtubercle32Thefacets(肋凹)fortherib33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷

Thelumbar

vertebrae腰椎Theforamenistriangular,

butlargerthanthatofthethoracicvertebrae.Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Ethmoidbone篩骨Costalgroove：肋溝Hyoidbone舌骨costalhead肋骨頭Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebones(簡(jiǎn)述人體顱骨的組成與功能)Pairedbones成對(duì)骨spinousprocess棘突Bonysubstance骨質(zhì)Ethmoidbone篩骨Question2:whatisthebonestructure?Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Theskullbones⒊四人一組制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT課件.Theribparts肋骨分部costalneck肋骨頸HardandresilientTheforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.Zygomaticbone34Madeupof5fusedvertebrae.⑸TheSacrum骶椎Inroughlytriangularshape.Thevisceralbonesareformed35Madeupof4coccygeal(尾椎的)vertebrae.⑹TheCoccyx尾椎Roughlytri-angularshape35Madeupof4coccygeal(尾椎的)36⒊Theribs

肋骨Theribstructurecostalhead肋骨頭costalneck肋骨頸costalshaft肋骨體Ribs:12pairsCostalcartilage:7pairs⑴Theribstructure36⒊Theribs肋骨Theribstruct37Ribs肋骨Costalcartilage肋軟骨Theribs

andcostalcartilage37RibsCostalcartilageTherib38neckTuberclecostalgrooveshaftheadTheribparts

肋骨分部Tubercle：結(jié)節(jié)，小瘤；

Costalgroove：肋溝38neckTuberclecostalgroovesha39Theribsmaybeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:⑵TheribclassificationFalseribs:8-12pairs123456712345FloatingTrueribs:1-7pairsFloatingribs:11-12pairs.39Theribsmaybeclassifie40Jugularnotch胸骨上切跡Clavicularnotch鎖骨切跡⒋Thesternum胸骨SternalPartsManubrium胸骨柄Sternalbody胸骨體Xiphoidprocess劍突40Jugularnotch⒋Thesternum胸Mandible下頜骨司舌之活動(dòng)，與吞咽和發(fā)音有關(guān)。Bonysubstance骨質(zhì)Nervousfibers神經(jīng)CompactboneSternalbodyPeriosteum骨膜Thefacets(肋凹)fortheribheadandtubercle⒉Thebonenumberoftheadult206inadultOccipitalbone枕骨Tubercle：結(jié)節(jié)，小瘤；Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.Sternum:3partsThereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Frontanelle:unossifiedmembranebetweenthebonesattheanglesofparietalbones.costalhead肋骨頭Totoal=Bonesubstance骨質(zhì)Compactbone(密質(zhì))：既致密又堅(jiān)硬，耐壓性較大，類似象牙。Apairoflaminae⑴Theribstructure41ThegeneralfeaturesoftheskullThebonesofthecerebralcranium

Thebonesofthefacialcranium

Thegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirth§3TheskullMandible下頜骨41Thegeneralfeat42Totallythereare23theskullboneswhichmaybedividedinto2parts:⒈ThegeneralfeaturesoftheskullCerebralcranium腦顱Facialcranium面顱Theskullbones42Totallythereare23the43⒉Thecerebralcranium腦顱Cerebralcranium腦顱=8piecesSinglebones

單塊骨Pairedbones

成對(duì)骨Frontalbone額骨Parietalbone頂骨Ethmoidbone篩骨Temporalbone顳骨Sphenoidbone蝶骨Occipitalbone枕骨Thecerebralcranium,madeupof8cranialbones,formsthecranialcavityenclosing(圈起)

andprotectingthebrain.43⒉Thecerebralcranium腦顱Cer44Frontalbone

額骨⑴Frontalbone額骨Frontalbone額骨顱前上部的一對(duì)膜化骨，后方緊接著一對(duì)頂骨，在人類頭上聯(lián)合形成單個(gè)骨，形成額與眶的上部。44Frontalbone額骨⑴Frontalbon45Ethmoidbone篩骨位于額骨與蝶骨之間,此骨有空泡小孔,是含氣骨。

⑵Ethmoidbone篩骨Ethmoidbone篩骨45Ethmoidbone篩骨⑵Ethmoidbon46Sphenoidbone蝶骨形如蝴蝶，位于前方的額骨、篩骨和后方的顳骨、枕骨之間，橫向伸展于顱底部。蝶骨分為體、小翼、大翼和翼突四個(gè)部分。⑶

Sphenoidbone蝶骨Sphenoidbone蝶骨46Sphenoidbone蝶骨⑶Sphenoidb47Occipitalbone枕骨是顱骨的一部分，俗稱“后腦勺”，是平臥位時(shí)頭部與枕頭相接觸的部位，故稱之為枕骨。位于頂骨之后，并延伸至顱底。在枕骨的下面中央有一個(gè)大孔，叫枕骨大孔，腦和脊髓在此處相續(xù)。⑷

Occipitalbone枕骨Occipitalbone枕骨47Occipitalbone枕骨⑷Occipital48⑸

Parietalbone頂骨Parietalbone頂骨Parietalbone頂骨位于額、枕骨之間，具左、右兩塊頂骨。48⑸Parietalbone頂骨Parietalb49Temporalbone顳骨位于顱骨兩側(cè)，并延至顱底，參與構(gòu)成顱底和顱腔的側(cè)部，形狀不規(guī)則，以外耳門為中心可分為顳鱗、鼓部和巖部3部分，周圍與頂骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。⑹

Temporalbone顳骨Temporalbone顳骨49Temporalbone顳骨⑹Temporalb50Thefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶)

,thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Facialcranium面顱=15piecesSinglebones

單塊骨Pairedbones

成對(duì)骨Mandible下頜骨Maxilla上頜骨Vomer犁骨Nasalbone鼻骨Hyoidbone舌骨Palatinebone腭骨Zygomaticbone顴骨Lacrimalbone淚骨Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲⒊Facialcranium面顱50Thefacialcraniumforms51Mandible下頜骨為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。

⑴Mandible下頜骨51Mandible下頜骨⑴Mandible下頜骨52Maxilla上頜骨位于人體面顱中央的上頜部的骨骼。成對(duì)分布，即左、右兩塊上頜骨在正中線相連結(jié)，上頜骨由1個(gè)骨體和4個(gè)突起組成。

⑵Maxilla上頜骨52Maxilla上頜骨⑵Maxilla上頜骨Hyoidbone舌骨位于面顱中央，兩眶之間，左右成對(duì)，構(gòu)成鼻背。⑴Mandible下頜骨TheshapeandclassificationofthebonesTheskullatbirthislargeinproportiontorestoftheskeleton―1/4(adult1/7).VertebralforamenThearticulationofAtlaswithAxisTheredandyellowbonemarrowRoughlytri-angularshape⑶ThebonemarrowRedbonemarrowHyoidbone舌骨ThebasicconceptsCostalcartilage:7pairsThebasicconcepts顱前上部的一對(duì)膜化骨，后方緊接著一對(duì)頂骨，在人類頭上聯(lián)合形成單個(gè)骨，形成額與眶的上部。主要由不同發(fā)育階段的血細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等處。Facialcranium面顱=15piecesSpinesandprocessesPalatinebone腭骨為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。53Zygomaticbone顴骨成對(duì)，位于上頜骨的外上方。具有兩個(gè)突起：額突和顳突。⑶Zygomaticbone顴骨Hyoidbone舌骨53Zygomaticbone54Hyoidbone

舌骨位于下頜骨的后方，呈馬蹄鐵形，系于舌根。司舌之活動(dòng)，與吞咽和發(fā)音有關(guān)。

⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨體小角大角54Hyoidbone⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨55Nasalbone鼻骨位于面顱中央，兩眶之間，左右成對(duì)，構(gòu)成鼻背。⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Nasalbone55Nasalbone鼻骨⑸Nasalbone鼻骨56Lacrimalbone淚骨成對(duì)，位于兩眶內(nèi)側(cè)壁的前部，為一小而薄的骨片。⑹Lacrimalbone淚骨56Lacrimalbone淚骨⑹Lacrimalb57Inferiornasalconcha

下鼻甲為一對(duì)卷曲的薄骨片,呈水平位附于鼻腔的外側(cè)壁。⑺

Inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲57Inferiornasalconcha⑺Infe58FrontalboneZygomaticboneNasalboneMaxilla

MandibleSphenoidbone

Parietalbone

TemporalboneOccipitalboneTheskullbones58FrontalboneZygomaticboneN59⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthTheskullatbirthislargeinproportiontorestoftheskeleton―1/4(adult1/7).Manybonesconsistofmorethanonepiece.59⒋Thegeneralcharactersof60Thefacialportionequalsaboutoneeightthatofthecraniuminsize,whereasinadultitisonequarter(1/4).Thefacialcraniumportion60Thefacialportionequalsa61Thereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Thecranialfrontanelles腦顱囟Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearPosteriorfrontanelle―closedbytheendofthe2ndmonthafterbirthMastoid(乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的)fontanelle

Frontanelle:unossified

membranebetweenthebonesattheanglesofparietalbones.61Thereareseveralcranialfrspinousprocess棘突Bonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,cranialfrontanellescostalhead肋骨頭為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。⑵Ethmoidbone篩骨⑹Temporalbone顳骨HardandresilientVertebralarch§2ThebonesofthetrunkEthmoidbone篩骨Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.而初生嬰兒的骨頭竟多達(dá)305塊。Pairedbones成對(duì)骨為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。Theskullbonesirregularbonespinousprocess棘突Nervousfibers§1ThegeneraldescriptionApairoflaminaeThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesMaxilla上頜骨62Thecranialfrontanelles(腦顱囟)viewspinousprocess棘突62Thecrania63§4復(fù)習(xí)·提問(wèn)·總結(jié)Question1:Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofbones?PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修復(fù)Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造63§4復(fù)習(xí)·提問(wèn)·總結(jié)Question1:64Bonesubstance骨質(zhì)Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓NervousfibersBloodvesselsLivingbonestructure骨密質(zhì)骨松質(zhì)紅骨髓黃骨髓Question2:whatisthebonestructure?64Bonesubstance骨質(zhì)Livingbone65VertebralStructureVertebralbody椎體Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松質(zhì)Compactbone骨密質(zhì)Apairofpedicles1對(duì)椎弓根Apairoflaminae1對(duì)椎弓板SpinesandprocessesQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?65VertebralVertebralbodySpon66Question4:howmanycranialfrontanellesarethere?Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearPosteriorfrontanelle―closedbytheendofthe2ndmonthafterbirthMastoid(乳突的)fontanelleSphenoidal(蝶骨的)fontanelle66Question4:howmanycranial67Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.§7Exercise1.TermExplanationBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,

cranialfrontanelles⒉

Brieflystatingthecomponentsandfunctionsoftheskullbones.

(簡(jiǎn)述人體顱骨的組成與功能)⒊

四人一組制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT課件.67Requirement:answereveryq68謝謝聆聽！歡迎指導(dǎo)！68謝謝聆聽！69§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones69§1Thegeneraldescription70PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修復(fù)Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones70Propershape⒈Thegeneralf71紅骨髓：主要由不同發(fā)育階段的血細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等處。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黃骨髓：含有大量的脂肪組織。6歲前后，長(zhǎng)骨內(nèi)的紅骨髓逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為黃骨髓，失去造血功能。患某種貧血癥狀時(shí)，黃骨髓可能重新轉(zhuǎn)化為具造血功能的紅骨髓。71紅骨髓：TheredandyellowboneMetabolismandgrowthThebonysubstancePropershapeThestructureofthebonesCostalcartilageThearticulationofAtlaswithAxisBonemarrow骨髓transverseprocessFacialcranium面顱=15piecesSphenoidbone蝶骨ThebasicconceptsTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThereareseveralcranialfrontanelles.Pairedbones成對(duì)骨Thevertebralstructureview成對(duì)，位于上頜骨的外上方。Question1:Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofbones?Anteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyearQuestion4:howmanycranialfrontanellesarethere?⑸TheSacrum骶椎CompactboneRibs:12pairs72年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響年齡段有機(jī)質(zhì)比例無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)比例物理特性幼兒50%50%不易骨折，易變形成人30%70%彈性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性較大，易骨折Metabolismandgrowth72年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)73⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎體Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松質(zhì)Compactbone骨密質(zhì)Apairofpedicles1對(duì)椎弓根Apairoflaminae1對(duì)椎弓板Spinesandprocesses73⑴ThevertebralstructureV74Temporalbone顳骨位于顱骨兩側(cè)，并延至顱底，參與構(gòu)成顱底和顱腔的側(cè)部，形狀不規(guī)則，以外耳門為中心可分為顳鱗、鼓部和巖部3部分，周圍與頂骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。⑹

Temporalbone顳骨Temporalbone顳骨74Temporalbone顳骨⑹Temporalb75Hyoidbone

舌骨位于下頜骨的后方，呈馬蹄鐵形，系于舌根。司舌之活動(dòng)，與吞咽和發(fā)音有關(guān)。

⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨體小角大角75Hyoidbone⑷Hyoidbone舌骨舌骨spinousprocess棘突ThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebodyinheart-shaped.為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。HardandresilientTheribstructureBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,cranialfrontanellesThespinesarestrongandhorizontal.位于下頜骨的后方，呈馬蹄鐵形，系于舌根。Madeupof5fusedvertebrae.AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyHardandresilient年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Thefacets(肋凹)fortheribheadandtubercleThesternumFacialcranium面顱=15piecesThecranialfrontanelles腦顱囟Thebonesoflimbs→homeworkPeriosteum骨膜23SkullbonesThoracicvertebrae胸椎76Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.§7Exercise1.TermExplanationBonemarrow,trueribs,falseribs,floatingribs,

cranialfrontanelles⒉

Brieflystatingthecomponentsandfunctionsoftheskullbones.

(簡(jiǎn)述人體顱骨的組成與功能)⒊

四人一組制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT課件.spinousprocess棘突76Requiremen77HunanUniversityofArtsandScienceHUMANANATOMY1HunanUniversityofArtsand78ThegeneraldescriptionThebonesoftrunkTheskullThebonesoflimbs→homework第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨學(xué)2Thegeneraldescription第一篇：Ch79§1ThegeneraldescriptionThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesThebonenumberoftheadultTheshapeandclassificationofthebonesThestructureofthebonesThechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebonesThebasicconceptsThevisceralbones3§1ThegeneraldescriptionT80PropershapeHardandresilientAbundantinbloodandnervesupplyMetabolismandgrowthRepairing修復(fù)Regeneration再生Reconstruction再造⒈Thegeneralfeaturesofthebones4Propershape⒈Thegeneralfe81兒童的骨頭比成人多。因?yàn)椋簝和镊竟怯?塊，成人后合為1塊。兒童的尾骨有4～5塊，成人后合為1塊。兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。這樣兒童的骨頭要比成人多11～12塊，就是說(shuō)有217～218塊。而初生嬰兒的骨頭竟多達(dá)305塊。

6AuditoryossiclesTrunkbones126Limbbones23Skullbones⒉ThebonenumberoftheadultTotoal=?206inadult成人骨塊數(shù)5兒童的骨頭比成人多。因?yàn)椋?Audito82longboneshortboneflateboneirregularbone⒊

TheshapeandclassificationofbonesBonetypes6longbone⒊Theshapeandcla83⒋

ThestructureofbonesBonysubstance骨質(zhì)Periosteum骨膜Bonemarrow骨髓Nervousfibers神經(jīng)Bloodvessels血管Livingbonestructure7⒋ThestructureofbonesBony年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響costalhead肋骨頭ThesecondcervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(樞椎),bearstheodontoid(指狀的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.spinousprocessMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Bonemarrowtype位于顱骨兩側(cè)，并延至顱底，參與構(gòu)成顱底和顱腔的側(cè)部，形狀不規(guī)則，以外耳門為中心可分為顳鱗、鼓部和巖部3部分，周圍與頂骨、枕骨及蝶骨相接。SternalbodyTheredandyellowbonemarrow兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。Hyoidbone舌骨Bonemarrowtype年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響成對(duì)分布，即左、右兩塊上頜骨在正中線相連結(jié)，上頜骨由1個(gè)骨體和4個(gè)突起組成。Requirement:answereveryquestioninEnglish.Sphenoidbone蝶骨⒋Thestructureofbones§1ThegeneraldescriptionMastoid(乳突的)fontanelle84Thestructureofbones年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響8Thestructur85Compactbone(骨密質(zhì))Cancellousbone(骨松質(zhì))⑴

ThestructureofthebonysubstanceBonysubstancestructureCompactbone(密質(zhì))：既致密又堅(jiān)硬，耐壓性較大，類似象牙。Spongybone(松質(zhì))：由互相交叉成網(wǎng)的骨小梁構(gòu)成，近似海綿，彈性較大。

9Compactbone(骨密質(zhì))⑴Thestruct86Thebonysubstance10ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Hyoidbone兒童的骶骨有5塊，成人后合為1塊。Temporalbone顳骨Thebonysubstance⑸TheSacrum骶椎Question3:whatisthevertebralstructure?BloodvesselsOccipitalbone枕骨成對(duì)分布，即左、右兩塊上頜骨在正中線相連結(jié)，上頜骨由1個(gè)骨體和4個(gè)突起組成。Reconstruction再造NervousfibersMadeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).MetabolismandgrowthThecranialfrontanelles腦顱囟AbundantinbloodandnervesupplyAnteriorfrontanelle―closedduringmiddleofthe2ndyear⑴ThevertebralstructureBonemarrow骨髓Thefacialcraniumportion位于面顱中央，兩眶之間，左右成對(duì)，構(gòu)成鼻背。Ribs:12pairs87ThebonysubstanceThevisceralbonesareformed88Thebonysubstance12Thebonysubstance891390Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplate(外板)

andinnerplate(內(nèi)板),whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediplo?(板障)。

⑵Thestructureoftheflatbone14Intheflatbonesof91RedbonemarrowYellowbonemarrow⑶ThebonemarrowBonemarrowtype15Redbonemarrow⑶Thebonema92紅骨髓：主要由不同發(fā)育階段的血細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，主要分布在胸骨、椎骨、肋骨、髂骨等處。具有造血功能。Theredandyellowbonemarrow黃骨髓：含有大量的脂肪組織。6歲前后，長(zhǎng)骨內(nèi)的紅骨髓逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為黃骨髓，失去造血功能。患某種貧血癥狀時(shí)，黃骨髓可能重新轉(zhuǎn)化為具造血功能的紅骨髓。16紅骨髓：Theredandyellowbone93Thedistributionoftheredbonemarrow17Thedistributionofthered94有機(jī)質(zhì)無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)⒌

骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)堿性磷酸鈣碳酸鈣膠原纖維粘多糖蛋白具韌性具彈性具硬度具脆性骨的化學(xué)成分18有機(jī)質(zhì)⒌骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)堿性磷酸鈣膠原纖維具韌性95年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響年齡段有機(jī)質(zhì)比例無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)比例物理特性幼兒50%50%不易骨折，易變形成人30%70%彈性和硬度都好老人20%80%脆性較大，易骨折19年齡對(duì)骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)的影響年齡段有機(jī)質(zhì)比例無(wú)機(jī)質(zhì)96Theaxialskeleton中軸骨骼

Madeupofthebonesalongthemidline(axis)ofthebody,includingtheskull,hyoidbone(舌骨)

,spinalcolumn,ribsandsternum(胸骨).⒍ThebasicconceptsTheappendicularskeleton

附肢骨骼Madeupofthebonesofthelimbs(肢).Thevisceralskeleton內(nèi)臟骨骼Madeupofbonesformedinsoftorgans.20Theaxialskeleton中軸骨骼⒍T97Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.

Theyarenotpresent

inallspeciesofanimals.

⒎ThevisceralbonesExamplesofthevisceralbones:

ospenis

陰莖骨

–boneinthepenisofdogs

oscordis

心臟骨–boneintheheartofcattle

osrostri

鼻骨–boneinthesnout

(鼻口部

)

ofpigs

21Thevisceralbonesareforme⑸Nasalbone鼻骨Inroughlytriangularshape.–boneintheheartofcattleNasalbone鼻骨ApairoflaminaeRedbonemarrow第一篇：Chapter1Osteology骨學(xué)⒈ThegeneralfeaturesofthebonesOccipitalbone枕骨HardandresilientThefacialcraniumformsthebonyframeworkoftheface,theorbit(眼眶),thenasalcavity(鼻腔)andtheroofandlateralwallofthemouth.Hyoidbone舌骨Temporalbone顳骨§7Exercise為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。TheredandyellowbonemarrowQuestion3:whatisthevertebralstructure?⑴Frontalbone額骨irregularbone兒童有2塊髂骨、2塊坐骨和2塊恥骨，到成人就合并成為2塊髖骨。⒋ThegeneralcharactersoftheskullatbirthApairofpedicles98ThegeneralcomponentsThevertebraeTheribsThesternum§2Thebonesofthetrunk⑸Nasalbone鼻骨22Thegeneralc99⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTrunkBonesVertebrae:33Sternum:3partsRibs:12pairsVertebraeSternumRibs23⒈ThegeneralcomponentsTru100Cervicalvertebrae頸椎Thoracicvertebrae胸椎Lumbarvertebrae腰椎Sacrum骶椎Coccyx尾椎⒉Thevertebrae脊椎Vertebrae24Cervicalvertebrae頸椎⒉The101⑴ThevertebralstructureVertebralStructureVertebralbody椎體Vertebralarch椎弓Vertebralforamen椎孔Spongybone骨松質(zhì)Compactbone骨密質(zhì)Apairofpedicles1對(duì)椎弓根Apairoflaminae1對(duì)椎弓板Spinesandprocesses25⑴ThevertebralstructureV102bodyspinousprocessvertebralforamentransverseprocesslaminapedicleribfacetThevertebralstructureview26bodyspinousprocessvertebral103Thevertebralstructureview27Thevertebralstructureview104Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.⑵Thecervicalvertebrae

頸椎spinousprocess棘突articularprocesslaminapediclebodyThe

body

isrelativelysmall.28Theforamenisnearlytri105Thecervicalvertebrae-AtlasandAxisviewThefirstcervicalvertebraknownastheAtlas(寰椎),hasnobodyandnospine.The

second

cervicalvertebraknownastheAxis(樞椎),

bears

theodontoid(指狀的)processonthesuperioraspectofitsbody.29Thecervicalvertebrae-Atl106ThearticulationofAtlaswithAxis30ThearticulationofAtlaswi107Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶Thethoracicvertebrae胸椎Thespinesarelonganddownwardsloping.The

two

costal

facets

(肋凹面

)forarticulationwiththeribhead.Thetwofacetsfortheribtubercle(結(jié)節(jié)).31Thebodyinheart-shaped.⑶108Thefacets

(肋凹

)fortheribheadandtubercle32Thefacets(肋凹)fortherib109Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷

Thelumbar

vertebrae腰椎Theforamenistriangular,

butlargerthanthatofthethoracicvertebrae.Thespinesarestrongandhorizontal.33Thebodyinkidney-shaped.⑷Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Ethmoidbone篩骨Costalgroove：肋溝Hyoidbone舌骨costalhead肋骨頭Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofthebones(簡(jiǎn)述人體顱骨的組成與功能)Pairedbones成對(duì)骨spinousprocess棘突Bonysubstance骨質(zhì)Ethmoidbone篩骨Question2:whatisthebonestructure?Theforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy.為面顱骨最大者，分為體部及升支部，兩側(cè)體部在正中聯(lián)合為一體。Thevisceralbonesareformedinsoftorgans.Theskullbones⒊四人一組制作“Theappendicularskeletonofthehumanbody”PPT課件.Theribparts肋骨分部costalneck肋骨頸HardandresilientTheforamenisnearlytriangularandisrelativelylargeandroomy