中考英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)大全

中考英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)大全英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（一）編稿：李俊和 審稿：李俊和 責(zé)編:張曉?。ㄒ唬┬稳菰~和副詞要點(diǎn)形容詞1、形容詞的用法形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語。如：Heishonestandhardworking.Ifoundthebookinteresting.某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.多個(gè)形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序：冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如：thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.2、形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式規(guī)則形式-er;--estmore,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant不規(guī)則形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法1①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than.如：Heisclevererthantheotherboys.Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone."the+形容詞最高級(jí)（+名詞）+of(in如：Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.③表示兩者是同等程度，用"as+形容詞原級(jí)+as".如：HeisastallasI.Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.④越…越…例如：ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful. 越小心越好又如：Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過分。⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。⑦M(jìn)yEnglishisnobetterthanyours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。副詞1、副詞的種類時(shí)間副詞如：ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow 等地點(diǎn)副詞如：here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside 等。方式副詞如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously 等。程度副詞如：almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very 等。2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如：Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.Wemustworkharder.3、某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別2already,yet,stillalreadyyet疑問句；still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如：We'vealreadywatchedthatfilm.Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.too,aswell,also,eithertoo,aswell和alsotoo和aswellalso多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：Hewenttheretoo.Hedidn'tgothereeither.Ilikeyouaswell.Ialsowentthere.hard,hardlyhardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：Iworkhardeveryday.Icanhardlyrememberthat.late,latelylately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：Henevercomeslate.Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?例題例1Tom'sfatherthinksheisalready Ahighenough BtallCenoughhigh CenoughtallBtall,high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。例2 theworseIseemtobe.AWhenItakemoremedicineBThemoremedicineItakeCTakingmoreofthemedicineDMoremedicinetaken解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…,the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。例3"Ihaven'tbeentoLondonyet".3"Ihaven'tbeenthere ".Atoo Balso Ceither Dneither解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。例4MrSmithwasmovedatthenews.AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply解析：該題正確答案為B。A.deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾具體的深，如digdeep,B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeplymoved.另如deeplyregretD-quite和deeply副詞，不能互相修飾。（二）介詞要點(diǎn)1、介詞和種類簡單介詞，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without 等。復(fù)合介詞，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof 等。2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout 等。afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat和名詞的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto 等.3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：Hecamerightafterdinner.Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.4、某些介詞的意義與用法舉例at,on,in（表時(shí)間）at,如atfouro'clock,atmidnightat,如thattime,atChristmas等。指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember, 指某天的朝夕用on,如onmorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst 等。指長于或短于一天的時(shí)段用如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999 等。between,among（表位置）betweenbetween,如4I'msittingbetweenTomandAlice.Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：Heisthebestamongthestudents.beside,besidesbeside意為"在旁邊"besides意為"除…之外"。如：Hesatbesideme.Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?inthetree,onthetreeinthetree指動(dòng)物或人在樹上，而onthetree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthiswayontheway指在路上intheway指擋道bytheway指順便問一句inthisway用這樣的方法inthecorner,atthecornerinthecorner指在拐角內(nèi)atthecorner 指在拐角外inthemorning,onthemorninginthemorning是一般說法onthemorning 特指某一天的早晨bybus,onthebusbybus是一般說法onthebus 特指乘某一輛車?yán)}例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage English?AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？例2Hesuddenlyreturned arainynight.AonBatCinDduring解析：我們均知道，atnightnight詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。例3I'mlookingforward yourletter.AtoBinCatDon解析：該題正確答案為A。lookforwardto為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。5（三）連詞要點(diǎn)1、連詞的種類并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas 等。除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語從句）。2、常用連詞舉例and和，并且Theydrankandsangallnight.both…and和，既…也…BothmyparentsandIwentthere.but但是，而I'msad,butheishappy.either…or或…或…，要么…要么…Eitheryou'rewrong,orIam.for因?yàn)镮askedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.however然而，可是Affirst,hedidn'twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.neither…nor既不…也不Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.notonly…but(also) 不但而且…Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.or或者，否則Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.Areyouaworkeroradoctor?6so因此，所以It'sgettinglate,soImustgo.although 雖然Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.assoonas …就I'lltellhimassoonasIseehim.because 因?yàn)镠edidn'tgotoschool,becausehewasill.unless除非，如果不Iwon'tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.until直到…Hedidn'tleaveuntileleven.(not…until結(jié)構(gòu)Hestayedthereuntileleven.while當(dāng)…時(shí)候，而表示對(duì)比)WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while 后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.for因?yàn)镠ewasill,forhedidn'tcome.(結(jié)論是推斷出來的)since自從…Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.hardly…when一…就Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.asfaras就…來說AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)例題例1Johnplaysfootball ,ifnotbetterthan,David.AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。和…樣好為aswellas. 故該題正確答案為B。例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter, ,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.7AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（二）（四）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)要點(diǎn)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes,always,often,everyday 等時(shí)狀語連用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now,atpresent等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow?和always,continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去常與just,already,sofar,once,never 等詞連用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?4、一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow,nextyear等連用。如：I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等詞連用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.86、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?7、過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.８、一般過去將來時(shí)表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.９、被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)／式一般進(jìn)行完成時(shí)／式一般進(jìn)行完成過去givenbeinggivenhadbeengivenwereshallwereshall將來 begiven havebeengivenwillshouldwillshould過去將來begivenhavebeengivenwouldwouldamamhas現(xiàn)在isaregivenisarebeingbeengivenhavewaswas例題例１Ilearnedthatherfather in1950.AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語in1950,所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。例２Thefive-year-oldgirl byherparents.AislookedBhaslookedforCisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語，而不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中。9（五）動(dòng)詞虛擬語氣要點(diǎn)一般常用于正式的書面語中。１、虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成情景情景條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞主句的謂語動(dòng)詞should（bewere）+動(dòng)詞原形wouldshouldhad過去分詞+have+過去分詞１、動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)與將來事實(shí)相反２、should+動(dòng)詞原形３、wereto+動(dòng)詞原形wouldshould＋動(dòng)詞原形would注：如果條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞包含有were或had,should,couldif省去,但要倒裝。如：Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.２、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用（１）在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省)＋動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.（２）在賓語從句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.（３）在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea 等。從句謂語形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.10（４）"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.（５）在Itistime"動(dòng)詞的過去式"或"should＋動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如：It'stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.例題例１Wehadhopedthathe longer.AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。hadhoped表示"本希望"think,expect面的句子需用虛擬語氣例２"Marywantstoseeyoutoday"."Iwouldrathershe tomorrowthantoday."AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。wouldrather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)表示例３Hadshebeenolder,she itbetter.AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold. 故該題正確答案為Ｂ。（六）短語動(dòng)詞要點(diǎn)英語中有許多短語動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：（１）動(dòng)詞＋介詞常見的有l(wèi)ookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：Don'tlaughatothers.Ididn'tcareaboutit.（２）動(dòng)詞＋副詞常見的有g(shù)iveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout 等這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副11前邊。如：You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.（３）動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞常見的有l(wèi)ookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith 等。這類短語詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.（４）動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞常見的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof 等這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能在介詞后邊。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.（５）動(dòng)詞＋形容詞leaveopen,setfree,cutopen容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.（６）動(dòng)詞＋名詞常見的有takeplace,makefriends等。這類短語動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.（7）辨析giveaway(讓給，暴露)和giveup（放棄，停止putaway（放起，收起）和putout（撲滅）turnup（出席，放大）和turnon（打開）keepout（阻止）和keepoff（不讓靠近）makeup（編造，補(bǔ)上）和makeout（辨認(rèn)）takeoff（脫，起飛）和takeout（拿出）例題例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney foroldage.AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup"存"；keepup意為"繼續(xù)"；giveaway意為"分發(fā)"；layup"貯藏"。12例２Here'smycard.Let'skeepin .AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship解析：該題正確答案為A.keepintouch為短語動(dòng)詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"例３ !There'satraincoming.ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：該題選A.lookout意為"小心"。（七）動(dòng)詞不定式要點(diǎn)１、不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。式｜語態(tài)式｜語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式完成進(jìn)行式towritetohavewrittentobewritingtohavebeenwritingtobewrittentohavebeenwritten２、不定式的句法功能（１）作主語Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動(dòng)詞后。如：It'snicetohearfromyou.It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.（２）作賓語通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.（３）作表語Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.（４）作定語13不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.（５）作賓補(bǔ)通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force 等詞后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.（６）作狀語Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.（７）作獨(dú)立成分Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.（８）"疑問詞＋不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Idon'tknowhowtochoosethem.Icannotdecidewheretogo.不定式的否定式。如：Idecidednottogo.不定式的完成式。如：HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.too…to結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高興了，樂意去)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：Thebookiseasytoread.Ihaveabooktoread.例題例１Ihaven'tgotachair .AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsittingtositon在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair.詞間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處on不能省略。例2Hewasmade .14AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo解析：該題選D。makesb.dosth. 如果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis veryAtobebuiltBbuiltCtobuildDtobuildingA。istobebuilt意為"將要被建"。（八）動(dòng)名詞要點(diǎn)動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。１、動(dòng)名詞的形式，以write為例。|一般式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式writinghavingwrittenbeingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+動(dòng)名詞２、動(dòng)名詞的用法（１）作主語Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.作主語的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長時(shí)，可用it作形式主語。如：Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.（２）作賓語IenjoyplayingPCgame.Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.（３）作表語Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.Seeingisbelieving.動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。（４）作定語There'sadiningroominmyschool.Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.（５）動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞（或名詞的所有格）+動(dòng)名詞"。如：15Tom'sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?不過，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時(shí)，必須用名詞的普通格（或人稱代詞的賓格）。①無生命名詞Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.②有生命名詞，但表泛指。Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,can'thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,devotetodoing,leadtodoing例題例１Shesaysshedoesn'tfeellike outwithyou.AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent解析：該題正確答案為A。feellike=want, 此處like為介詞，后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語例２Thegardenneeds .AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered解析該題正確答案為B。need=want=require. 如果物作主語此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或todone這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例３Excuseme you.AinterruptingBtointerruptCinterruptedDtohaveinterruptedAexcuse后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語（用于口語中）。（九）分詞要點(diǎn)現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式?，F(xiàn)在16分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，表主動(dòng)。過去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表被動(dòng)。過去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表主動(dòng)。過去分詞的句法功能：１、作定語IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.２、作表語WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.I'minterestedinthisbook.３、作賓語補(bǔ)足語I'mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.4、作狀語Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。1、作狀語Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.2、作賓語Ihatebeingspokenillof.HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.3、作表語Seeingisbelieving.Thebookis4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.5、作定語Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.17分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問題1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的不同現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成Ifoundthemankilledthere.Ifoundthemanstandingthere.4、have結(jié)構(gòu)Wehavethecarrepaired.Wehaverepairedthecar.WehaveTomrepairthecar.WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.5、分詞作表語Wewereexcitedatthenews.Thefootballgameisexciting.6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.例題例、Time ，I'llgoonapicnicwithyou.A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting解析：該題答案為D。Timepermitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話…"例、 ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（三）（十）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞要點(diǎn)助動(dòng)詞本身無意義，在句中幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成一定的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)、語氣，或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句，常用的助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).18情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表一定的詞義，本身并不表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而僅僅表達(dá)說話人的態(tài)度，它在句中須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語，主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.1、can能，可以，表說話人同意，許可還可表客觀條件許可，如:Youcangonow.canI,canyouCanIbuyyouadrink?can和beableto表能力時(shí)的區(qū)別。can表一般具有的能力，beableto表在特定條件下的能力，如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.2、may、可以，表說話人同意，許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可。Youmaygo.、（現(xiàn)在和將來）可能，也許，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如Hemaynotberight.3、must,havetomust表主觀上的必須，haveto表客觀上的必須，如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)4、need,dare這二詞有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩種詞性，如用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式todo，如用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)5shallwebeginlesson?用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻，如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.、should:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill."，、shouldhavedone表應(yīng)該做而未做musthavedone表對(duì)過去事實(shí)的肯定推測(cè)couldhavedone表本可以做某事9、判斷句：肯定句用must,否定句用can't,不太肯定用may,mightHemustbeintheofficenow.Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.19Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.例題例towalkinthestreetatmight.A.didn'tdare B.notdared C.notdare D.darednot解析，該題答案為A，此空需選一動(dòng)詞作謂語，因?yàn)楹竺媸莟owalk,didn'tdare是行為動(dòng)詞dare過去時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式。例hewasveryold,Mr.Smith A.would B.should C.must D.used

sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.解析，該題答案為A,would此處表過去的傾向性，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，意為"總是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.（十一）句子種類要點(diǎn)句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；按結(jié)構(gòu)又分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1、陳述句的否定在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine上，如:Idon'tthinkheisright.含有否定意義的副詞never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely 的句子應(yīng)視為否定句如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.2、反意疑問句need和dareWeneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?陳述部分出現(xiàn)否定意義的副詞或代詞如never,seldom,few,hardly,little 等時(shí)，反問部須用肯定形式如：Heseldomcomes,doeshe?陳述部分用不定代詞作主語時(shí)，反問部分的主語用it，如：Nothingcanstopme,canit?everybody,everyone,somebody,someone，等作主語時(shí)，反問部分常用it用they，如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?usedto:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?20陳述部分是"there+be"there:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?但，如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+賓語從句時(shí)，反問部分須和從句的動(dòng)詞保持一致，如，Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?3、感嘆句what或how,Whatabeautifulparkitis.Howbeautifulaparkitis.Howbeautifultheparkis.Howweworked!4、祈使句Takecare!Don'tstandthere.Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.例題例1，Don'tforgettoposttheletter, ?A.willyou B.doyou C.won'tyou D.shallyou解析：該題答案為A，在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2，Let'sgooutforawalk, ?A.willyou B.won'tyou C.shallwe D.dowe解析該題答案為后加上shallwe來表語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣而在letus后加上willyou。例3，Hehardlywritestoyou, ?A.doesn'the B.doeshe C.dothey D.hashe解析：該題答案為B，hardly否定副詞，反問部分要用肯定形式。（十二）各種從句要點(diǎn)根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。1、名詞性從句21主語從句Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.注：主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。賓語從句Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.Doyouknowwherehelives?表語從句Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.ThisiswhyIcamehere.同位語從句Ihavenoideawherehewent.Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.同位語從句用that引導(dǎo)，常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。2、定語從句who,whom,whose,which,that,as,when,where,why。（1）that指物時(shí)一般可與which互換，但在下列情況下，要用that而不用which。all,everything等不定代詞時(shí)，如，Everything(that)hedidiswrong.all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時(shí)，如，I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast 修飾時(shí)，如Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.which的情況在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.22wherewhen作關(guān)系副詞ThisistheroomwhereIworked.ThisistheroomwhichIstayedIrememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.as和whichas可以放于句首，而whichAsyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.threeofthem和threeofwhichIhavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、狀語從句在復(fù)合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。例題例、

Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.A.If B.Whether C.Evenif D.Nomatterwhen解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不可以，此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。例、Theway thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.A.where B.inthat C.X D.withwhich解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語從句中用that或inwhich來引導(dǎo)或不填例alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.A．Itwas B.Itis C.Ithadbeen D.Itcanbeis+時(shí)間數(shù)+since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型，意為"從…時(shí)候以來過了多久了。"（十三）主謂一致要點(diǎn)意義上一致和就近一致。1、語法上一致數(shù)，主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.23and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，BothheandIareright.但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)，如，Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.、某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyonehasabook.、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people,cattle,clothes如，Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.2、意義上一致、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)，如，Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.、表示總稱意義的名詞public,police,cattle,clothes 等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.、有些集合名詞，如family,team如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Myfamilyisabigone.MyfamilyarewatchingTV.3、鄰近一致用連詞or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso, 等連接的并列主語如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致，如，EitheryouorIammad.例題例、Thechemicalworks

wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt解析：該題答案為A。works有news,maths,politics,physics.例、Theyeach acopyofthenewphysics.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets24ATheyeacheachof…,each個(gè)詞組作主語謂語用單數(shù)如ofthestudentshandsintheirhomeworktheyeacheach前面的詞來變化。英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)（四）（十四）倒裝要點(diǎn)按"主語+謂語"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序，如果變?yōu)?謂語（或謂語的一部分）+主語"，就是倒裝語序。1、全部倒裝therebe句型Thereisgoingtobeameeting.Thereisabookonthetable.here,there,now,then,in,out主語和謂語語序不倒裝，如，Herecomesthebus.Herehecomes.直接引語的部分或全部位于句首時(shí)，有時(shí)也用倒裝，如，"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.為保持句子平衡，強(qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語，使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)須完全倒裝，如，Infrontofhousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒裝（1）so,neither,nor置于句首說明與前者情況一致時(shí)，如，Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.（2）only+狀語放在句首，如，Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等，如，NeverhadIheardthat.LittledidIknowaboutthis.以often,so+Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.25ifhad,were,should提前，如，WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.Hadhecome,wewouldhave用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，Mayyoubehappyforever.例題例、Notonly thismachinebut it.A.canherun……canherepair B.canherun……h(huán)ecanrepairC.hecanrun……h(huán)ecanrepair D.hecanrun……canherepair解析：該題答案為B，在notonly……but(also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語序。例、 ,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser（激光）.A.Hardalthoughthediamond B.HardasthediamondisC.Asthediamondishard D.Hashardisthediamond解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語從句中，從屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語序例、Onlyinthisway toimprovethesituationthere.A.canyouhope B.youcanhope C.hopecan D.youhope解析：該題答案為A，only和它所修飾的狀語一起置于句首時(shí)，須用倒裝。（十五）ittherebe的用法要點(diǎn)1、it的用法用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的無生命的事物，動(dòng)植物、嬰兒及指示代詞this,thatIhaveanewpen.Itisbeautiful.TheBrownshaveanewbaby.It'scute.用來表示時(shí)間、天氣、距離等，如，It'stwelveo'clocknow.It'sfinetoday.ing形式或從句表示的真正的主語或賓語，如，It'snogoodtellinghimthat.It'snecessaryforyoutodoso.26Itis/was被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who/whom+可強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語以外的句子其他成分，如，ItwasthismorningthatIsawhiminthestreet.ItwasIwhosawhiminthestreetthismorning.ItwasinthestreetthatIsawhimthismorning.ItwashimwhomIsawinthestreetthismorning.2、therebe句型英語表示某時(shí)某處或某物時(shí)，常用therebe句型，這是一種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如，Therearealotofstudentsplayingontheground.Thereisgoingtobeatestthisafternoon.當(dāng)主語有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上時(shí)，動(dòng)詞be常和最近的那個(gè)主語取得一致，如，Thereisapenandthreepencilsinthepencil-box.Thereisn'tadesk,abenchandthreechairsintheTherearelotsofpeoplelikeit,aren'tthere?therebe句型謂語動(dòng)詞除be之外還可用其他表示存在，位置移動(dòng)等意義的不及物動(dòng)詞或組，如exist,stand,lie,enter,come,happentobe,appeartobe 等，如，Therestandsahouseatthefootofthehill.therebe句型表示"存在"而have表"有""擁有therebe中behavehave表示事物的特征時(shí)，可用"主語+have"結(jié)構(gòu)替換therebe句型，如：Therearefivedoorsinthehouse.Thehousehasfivedoors.therebe的其它句型：1、Theremustbeameetingintheoffice.2、Therehavebeengreatchangessince1979.3、Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.I．例題例１ thathewenttosleep.AItwasuntilmidnight BThatwasuntilmidnightCItwasnotuntilmidnight DThatwasnotuntilmidnightuntilnotuntildidn'tleaveuntiltwelveItwasnotuntiltwelvethatheleft.例２Therearealotofstudents intheclassAtalk Btalking Ctalked Dtotalk27B。TherebeAlotofstudentsaretalkingintheclassroom.又如：Thereisalotofnoiseheardoutinthestreet.（十六）省略要點(diǎn)有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，使語言簡練緊湊，在不損害結(jié)構(gòu)或引起誤解的原則下，往往省去一個(gè)或多個(gè)句子成分或詞語。１、固定習(xí)慣用詞。如：Nosmoking!Thanksslot!等。2.簡單句中的省略（１）口語中，一、二、三人稱的主語，有時(shí)還包括謂語都可以省略。如：（Ittoyou!(Thisis)LiMingspeaking.（２）所有格后的名詞如為住宅、商店、工礦、教堂等可以省略。如：I'mgoingtovisitTom's(house).Imethimatthetailor's(shop).（３）兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶to，后面的不定式可省to.如:Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.（４）（賓tobeHewasconsidered(tobe)thebeststudentintheclass.（５）Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中therebe可同時(shí)省略，或只省略there.如：(Isthere)Anythingwrong?（６）yearsold,o'clock,minutetimeisitnow?It'sten(o'clock).3從句中的省略（１）賓語從句，以which,when,where,how和why引起的賓語從句謂語與主句謂語如相同，可省略從句中全部謂語，甚至主語也可省略，僅保留wh－一詞。如：Hewillcome,butwedon'tknowwhen(hewillcome).Hedidn'tcome,Iwonderedwhy(hedidn'tcome).（２）定語從句中可省略作賓語的關(guān)系代詞，如：Theman(whom)Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.（３）狀語從句，在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方式、條件狀語從句中，從句主語與主句主語一致，28或從句主語是it，則be動(dòng)詞及其主語?？墒÷浴Ｈ纾篒'lltellhimthatwhen(itis)possible.Iwon'tgothereunless(I'm)invited.例題例１Abeamofligh