工業(yè)酒精的提

工業(yè)酒精的提純演講：芮鵬

組長(zhǎng)：芮鵬

組員：姜悅金歡戴崢嶸

嵇曉敏錢(qián)磊

———第六組乙醇的介紹：乙醇分子由烴基（－C2H5）和官能團(tuán)羥基（－OH）兩部分構(gòu)成，其物理性質(zhì)（熔沸點(diǎn)、溶解性）與此有關(guān)。乙醇是無(wú)色、透明、有香味、易揮發(fā)的液體，熔點(diǎn)－117.3℃，沸點(diǎn)78.5℃，密度0.7893g/cm3，能與水及大多數(shù)有機(jī)溶劑以任意比混溶。各種飲用酒里都含有乙醇，酒精過(guò)量能引起中毒，因此青少年不能飲用含酒精的飲料。工業(yè)酒精含乙醇約95％。含乙醇達(dá)99.5％以上的酒精稱(chēng)無(wú)水乙醇。其中少量的水無(wú)法用蒸餾法除去。工業(yè)酒精中含有少量甲醇，有毒，不能摻水飲用。乙醇的化學(xué)性質(zhì)也很多，能發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)，取代反應(yīng)，脫水反應(yīng)等。Ethanolisintroduced:ethanolmoleculeconsistsofTingJi(-C2H5)andfunctionalhydroxyl(OH)twocomponents,anditsphysicalproperties(meltingboilingpoint,solubility)andrelevanthere.Ethanolisacolorless,transparent,havefragrance,volatileliquid,meltingpoint-℃,boilingpoint℃117.37.850.7893g/cm3density,canwithwaterandmostorganicsolventsthanimmisciblewitharbitrary.Variousdrinkingwinecontainsethanol,toomuchalcoholcancausepoisoning,soteenagerscannotdrinkalcoholicdrinks.Industrialalcoholincludingethanolabout95%.Includingethanolreaches99.5%abovealcoholsayanhydrousalcohol.Amongthemasmallamountofwatercannotdistillationineliminate.Industrialalcoholcontainsafewmethanol,poisonous,can'twaterblendingisdrinkable.Ethanolchemistryisverymuchalso,canoxidationreaction,substitutionreaction,dehydrationreaction,etc.實(shí)驗(yàn)原理

Principle

實(shí)驗(yàn)原理工業(yè)酒精的提純一般采用蒸餾的方法，蒸出的酒精就是較純的。蒸餾(又稱(chēng)簡(jiǎn)單蒸餾)是分離和提純液態(tài)有機(jī)化合物的最常用的重要方法之一.應(yīng)用這一方法,不僅可以把揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)與不揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)分離,還可以把沸點(diǎn)不同的物質(zhì)以及有色的雜質(zhì)分離.

在通常情況下,純粹的液態(tài)物質(zhì)在大氣壓力下有一定的沸點(diǎn).為了制得乙醇含量為99.5%的無(wú)水乙醇,實(shí)驗(yàn)室中常用最簡(jiǎn)便的制備方法是生石灰法,即利用生石灰與工業(yè)酒精中的水反應(yīng)生成不揮發(fā),一般加熱生成不分解的熟石灰(氫氧化鈣),在利用甲醇乙醇沸點(diǎn)不同，蒸餾出甲醇，以得到無(wú)水乙醇。

為了使反應(yīng)充分進(jìn)行,除了將反應(yīng)物混合放置過(guò)夜外,還讓其加熱回流一段時(shí)間.制得的無(wú)水乙醇(純度可達(dá)99.5%)用直接蒸餾法收集.這樣的無(wú)水乙醇已能滿(mǎn)足一般實(shí)驗(yàn)使用.

若要制得絕對(duì)無(wú)水乙醇(純度>99.95%),則將制得的無(wú)水乙醇和金屬鈉進(jìn)一步處理,除去殘余的微量水分即可.實(shí)驗(yàn)原理

Principle

Thepurificationofindustrialalcoholusuallyadoptsthedistillationmethod,steamedoutofalcoholisrelativelypure.Distillation(alsocalledsimpledistillation)isseparationandpurificationofliquidorganiccompoundsofthemostcommonlyusedoneoftheimportantways.Applicationofthismethod,notonlycanthevolatilesubstanceandvolatilematerialseparation,stillcanputtheboilingpointofdifferentmaterialandcoloredimpurityseparation.Normally,pureliquidsubstancesinatmosphericpressurehascertainboilingpoint.Inordertoethanolcontentsystemfor99.5%ofanhydrousalcohol,laboratorycommonlyusedinthepreparationofthesimplestmethodisquicklimemethod,i.e.useofwaterwithindustrialalcoholreactsnon-volatile,generallyaren'theateddecompositionofShouShiHui(hl),togetanhydrousalcohol.Inordertomaketheresponsesufficiently,besidesreactantsbeingmixedplacedovernightoutside,stillletitsheatingbackflowforaperiodoftime.Preparationofanhydrousalcohol(puritycanreaches99.5%)withdirectdistillationcollection.SuchanhydrousalcoholhassatisfiesthegeneralexperimentUSES.Ifwantmadeabsoluteanhydrousalcohol(purity>99.95%),willsystemofanhydrousalcoholandsodiummetalfurtherprocessing,removeresidualtracemoisturecan.關(guān)鍵詞

KeyWords

蒸餾生石灰金屬鈉甲醇乙醇distillationquickmethodsodiummethanolethanol主要原料

Materials適量無(wú)水硫酸銅生石灰工業(yè)酒精金屬鈉ModerateanhydrouscoppersulfateLimeIndustrialalcoholSodiummetal主要儀器

Equipments電熱套蒸餾瓶接受管冷凝管溫度計(jì)蒸餾頭鐵架臺(tái)石棉網(wǎng)接收器燒杯長(zhǎng)頸漏斗ElectrothermalsetDistillationbottleAccepttubeCondensingtubesthermometerDistillationheadhobTaiwanAsbestosnetsReceiverBeakerVatidaefunnel詳細(xì)操作步驟

SOP1,前期準(zhǔn)備

將100ml95%乙醇,15g生石灰裝入100ml蒸餾瓶,搖勻后用橡皮塞塞緊并放置過(guò)夜.

2,回流

將裝有放置過(guò)夜的物料的蒸餾瓶加上冷凝管,裝配好回流裝置并在電熱套上加熱回流.

3,蒸餾

回流結(jié)束后,待反應(yīng)體系稍冷,將其改裝成蒸餾裝置.用電熱套加熱蒸餾，甲醇（沸點(diǎn)64.5℃）先出來(lái)，乙醇（沸點(diǎn)78.5℃）后出來(lái)。

4,對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)

取后餾分1ml于小試管中,加入無(wú)水硫酸銅,觀察現(xiàn)象.用95%乙醇作對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn),并得出結(jié)論.詳細(xì)操作步驟

SOP1,preparationWill100mlcanister95%ethanol,15gslakingload100mlcanisterdistillationbottle,shakewellbeforeusingrubberstopplepluggedandplaceovernight.2,reflowWiththematerialofplaceovernight,plusthecondensepipedistillationbottleassemblecircumfluenceequipment.inandinelectrothermalcoveronheatingbackflow.3,distillationBackflowended,stayreactionsystem,itwillbeacoldconvertedintoadistillationunit.Usingelectro-thermalsetofheatingdistillation,methanol(boilingpoint6.45℃)outfirst,ethanol(boilingpointout.℃)after7.854,comparativeexperimentsTakeafter1mlinsmallfractiontubes,joinwithoutwater,coppersulfatewith95%ethanol.Observedphenomenaascomparativeexperiments,andconcluded.實(shí)驗(yàn)裝裝置圖圖安全問(wèn)問(wèn)題SafetyPoints必須在在燒瓶瓶中加加入沸沸石,以防止止在回回流和和蒸餾餾過(guò)程程中發(fā)發(fā)生爆爆沸.沸石應(yīng)應(yīng)在加加熱前前加入入,在蒸餾餾過(guò)程程中,若發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)未加加沸石石,則應(yīng)先先停止止加熱熱,稍冷(待液體體溫度度下降降到沸沸點(diǎn)以以下下),方可加加入沸沸石當(dāng)燒瓶瓶中的的物料料變?yōu)闉楹隣顮钗飼r(shí)時(shí),表示蒸蒸餾已已接近近尾聲聲.此時(shí),應(yīng)立即即停止止加熱熱,利用電電熱套套的余余溫將將剩余余的液液體蒸蒸出,以避免免燒瓶瓶過(guò)熱熱破裂裂.蒸餾餾時(shí)時(shí)液液體體不不能能蒸蒸干干,即使使溫溫度度計(jì)計(jì)讀讀數(shù)數(shù)仍仍在在沸沸點(diǎn)點(diǎn)范范圍圍內(nèi)內(nèi),也應(yīng)應(yīng)在在被被蒸蒸液液體體剩剩0.5～1mL時(shí)停停止止蒸蒸餾餾,以免免餾餾瓶瓶破破裂裂或或發(fā)發(fā)生生其其他他意意外外事事故故.Mustbeinaflaskjoinzeolite,topreventthebackflowanddistillationprocessoccursblastingboiling.Zeoliteinheatingbeforejoining,shouldbeindistillationprocess,ifdiscoverdidnotaddboilingstone,itshouldfirststopheating,slightlycold(stayliquidtemperaturedroppedtoundertheboilingpoint),fangkejoinzeoliteWhenthematerialintomush