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AcademicPi,王東晨Chapter4.StatesofConsciousness1.LevelsofAcademicPi,王東晨Chapter4.StatesofConsciousness1.LevelsofConsciousnessConscious:isawarenessofoutsideworldandyourself,includingmentalNonconsciousislevelofconsciousnessdevotedtoprocessescompletelyinaccessibletoconsciousawareness.secretionofhormones...Preconsciousislevelofconsciousnessthatisoutsideofawarenessbutcontainsfeelingsandmemoriesthatyoucaneasilybringintoconsciousawareness.ManyautomaticbehaviorsarestoredaspreconsciousmemoriesFreudianViewpoint-Unconscious(psychodynamic):someunconsciouscontent—suchasunacceptablesexualandaggressiveurges,traumaticmemories,andthreateningemotionals—isrepressed.awarenessbecauseitwouldarouseanxiety,guilt,orothernegativeemotionsAcademicPi,王東晨CognitiveViewpoint-Unconscious(cognitive):AcademicPi,王東晨CognitiveViewpoint-Unconscious(cognitive):informationofwhichyouareunaware.Cognitivepsychologistsrejectthenotionofanunconsciousminddrivenbyinstinctiveurgesandrepresseds.Rather,theyviewconsciousandunconsciousmentallifeascomplementaryformsofinformationprocessingthatworkinharmonyCognitiveviewpointonUnconscious---controlled(conscious)processing,theconscioususeofattentionandeffort.awarenessoreffort.automaticprocessingalsofacilitatesdividedattention,thecapacitytoattendtoandperformmorethanoneactivityatthesametime.NeuroscienceviewpointonUnconsciousemotionallythreateningstimuliareprocessedconsciouslyandunconsciouslythroughdifferentneuralpathways.Thepathwaythatproducesconsciousrecognitioninvolvestheprefrontalcortexandseveralotherbrainregionsthatarebypassedinthepathwayforunconsciousprocessing。2.0SleepandDreaming2.1Sleep:ThemysteriousthirdofourlivesAcademicPi,王東晨???Circadianrhythms:dailypatternsofchanges.AcademicPi,王東晨???Circadianrhythms:dailypatternsofchanges.dyesci,dne.Sclock.euronshaveageneticallyprogrammedcycleofactivityandinactivity,functioninglikeabiological?SCNlinkstothetinypinealgland,whichsecretesmelatonin,ahormonethathasarelaxingeffectonthebody.?Sseegeedeelsnf,??CircadianRhythmsImpactTravelers:jetlaganaturalwake-sleep(freerunning)cycle,calledafree-runningcircadianrhythm,thatislongerthan24hours,about24.2hours.AcademicPi,王東晨EEGpatternsinstagesofsleepBetawaveswhenyouareAcademicPi,王東晨EEGpatternsinstagesofsleepBetawaveswhenyouareawakeandalert.Theyhaveahighfrequency(ofabout15to30cyclespersecond,orcps)butalowamplitude,orheight.Asyoucloseyoureyes,feelingrelaxedanddrowsy,yourbrainwavesslowdownandalphawavesoccuratabout8to12cps.Stage1sleep???Quicksleepstagewithgraduallossofresponsivenesstooutside,driftingthought,andimages.thetawaves(3-7cps)lydtawsne,gheeee,vividimages,andsuddenbodyjerks.Stage2sleep??About50%ofsleeptimeTerallyslowerEEGispunctuatedbysleepspindles—1-to2-secondshortburstsoffastelectricalactivity(12to15cps).ItisareliablysignaltheendofStage1.instage2,yourmusclesaremorerelaxed,breathingandheartrateareslower,dreamsmayoccur,andyouarehardertoawaken.?Stage3,4sleep?Deepestsleepstagewithslowedheartrateandrespiration,loweredtemperatureandloweredbloodgrowthhormonesecreted.time.?REMsleepAcademicPi,王東晨?ThesleeperbeginstoproduceAcademicPi,王東晨?ThesleeperbeginstoproducefastbetawavesontheEEG,alongwithrapideyemovements—thesignfrequentdreaming.TheMainEventsofSleep?EugeneAserinsky(Recordhissleepingson'sbrainwaves/EEGandmusclemovementsoftheeyes)Overall,within60to90minutesofgoingtosleep,youhavecompletedacycleofstages:1-2-3-4-3-2andthenREM?CyclesofSleepAfterabout10minutesofREM,thesleeperslipsbackintoStage1andtheentirecyclerepeatsitself,witheachsucceedingREMperiodgettinglongerandlonger.REMSleepAcademicPi,王東晨BrainsendssignalsmakingitmoredifficultforvoluntarymusclesAcademicPi,王東晨Brainsendssignalsmakingitmoredifficultforvoluntarymusclestocontract.Asaresult,musclesmaytwitch,butineffectyouareparalyzed.Becauseofit,REMsleepissometimescalledparadoxicalsleep:yourbodyishighlyaroused,yetitlookslikeyouaresleepingpeacefullybecausethereissolittlemovement.Fourimportantfeaturesofnormalsleepthe90-minutecyclestheoccurrenceofdeepestsleepnearthebeginningofthenighttheincreaseinREMdurationassleepprogresses.Asweage,threeimportantchangesoccur:?Wesleepless?REMsleepdecreasesdramaticallyduringinfancyandearlychildhoodbutremainsrelativelystablethereafter.?Timespentinstages3and4declines.Byoldagewegetrelativelylittleslow-wavesleep.Whydowesleep?Sleepdeprivingexperiment;youwillbedisturbedthroughdifferentsleepstagesAccordingtotherestorationmphysicalandmentalfatigue.,sleeprechargesourrun-downbodiesandallowsustorecoverfromEvolutionary/circadiansleepmsetsnesoea’sflnnitsenvironmentaldemands.Therestorationandevolutionarytheorieshighlightcomplementaryfunctionsofsleep.AcademicPi,王東晨?awakenyouonlywhenyouenterAcademicPi,王東晨?awakenyouonlywhenyouenterREMsleep.youprobablywillexperienceaREMreboundeffect,atendencytoincreasetheamountofREMsleepafterbeingdeprivedofit.REMsleepstageshelpusrememberimportantinformationbyenhancingmemoryconsolidation,agradualprocessbywhichthebraintransfersinformationintolong-termmemory.SomeresearchersarguethatthefunctionofREMsleepistokeepthebrainhealthybyoffsettingtheperiodsoflowbrainarousalduringrestfulslow-wavesleep??remainscontroversialnow??Sleepdisorders?Insomnia(失眠癥):insufficientsleep,theinabilitytofallasleepquickly,frequentarousals,orearlyawakenings.Willcausebystress,alcohol,stimulantssuchascaffeine?Sleepapnea(睡眠窒息):breathingmanytimeswhileasleep.Suddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS)?Narcolepsy(嗜睡癥):anirresistiblecompulsiontosleep(REM)duringthedaytime.Unclearcause,butallcanbetreated.?Nightterror:deepsleepepisodesthatseemtoproduceterror,althoughanyisusuallyforgottenonawakening.Nightterrorsoccurmainlyinchildren.(occursinREMsleep)terrifyingmental--?Sleepwalkingorsomnambulismorstage-4periodofslow-wavesleep.Sleepwalkersoftenstareblanklyandareunresponsivetootherpeople.Atendencytosleepwalkmaybeinherited,anddaytimestress,alcohol,fatigue,sleepdeprivationandcertainillnessesandmedicationscanincreasesleepwalking.Sleepwalkingtendstodiminishaschildrengrowolder2.2Dreaming:ThePegeantsofthenight?syfsAcademicPi,王東晨--tensionscreatedduringthedaydreamertoworkharmlesslyAcademicPi,王東晨--tensionscreatedduringthedaydreamertoworkharmlesslythroughunconsciousdesires.ast,eeyter,itslatentcontent,whichisitsdisguisedpsychologicalmeaning.mkssmresyhasttsdoandbycreatingindividualdreamcharacterswhocombinefeaturesofseveralpeopleinreallife.Thiswayunconsciousneedscanbefulfilled,andbecausetheyaredisguisedwithinthedream,thesleeperdoesnotbecomeanxiousandcansleeppeacefully.libido:a'soverallsexualdriveordesireforsexualactivity.(箱子、柜子、夢(mèng)到旅行,,希望受到注意》? CognitiveTheoryofDreams:Whenwesleep,informationfromtheexternalworldislargelycutoff,sotheonlyworldourconstantlyactivebraincanmistheonealreadyinsideitfromstoredmemories,recentconcerns,currentemotions,andexpectations.Accordingtoproblem-solvingdreamms,becausedreamsarenotconstrainedbyrealitytheycanhelpusfindcreativesolutionstoourproblemsandongoingconcerns.?PhysiologyTheoryofDreams:DreamsasrandomactivityofthebrainActivation-synthesisbyPsychiatrists:RobertMcCarley&JAllanHobsonDreamsbegin(areactivated)withrandomelectricalactivationcomingfromthebrainstem(pons).Thestorylineofdreamsisthebrain’sattempttomakesenseof(tosynthesize)thisrandomactivitydoesnotserveanyparticularfunction---AcademicPi,王東晨? Nightmare:frighteningdreamsoccurredduringREMsleep.AcademicPi,王東晨? Nightmare:frighteningdreamsoccurredduringREMsleep.Childrenexperiencemoreoftenthanadult.? Luciddreaming:abilitytobeawareofanddirectone’sdreams.Traininginluciddreaminghasbeenusedtohelppeoplemakerecurrentnightmareslessing.Whatotherformscanconsciousnesstake?IsthisHypnosis?Hypnosis:alteredstateofconsciousnesscharacterizedbydeeprelaxation,heightenedsuggestibilityandhighlyfocusedattention.Dissociationtheory(ErnestHilgard)hypnosissomehowdividesordissociatesthemindintotwoparts.onepartobeysthehypnotist,whiletheotherpart,referredtoasthehiddenobserver,silentlyobserveseverything.Whilethistheorymayexplainthephenomenologyofhypnotism,thephysiologyofhypnotismremainsunexplained.3.2MeditationAstateofconsciousnessofteninducedbyfocusingonarepetitivebehavior,assumingcertainbodypositions,andminimizingexternalstimulation.Meditationmaybeintendedtoenhanceself-knowledge,well-being,andspiritualitypsychologicaltreatment(phobia,stress,unwantedbehavior).Stepsofbasicmeditation:1.Findaquietplaceandsit,stand,orliedowninacomfortablepositionwithyourspinereasonablystraight.Armsandlegsshouldnotbecrossedunlessyouaresittinginlotusposition..Takeafewdeepbreaths.Closeyoureyesordirectyourgazesoftlydownwards.Focusonanobject(e.g.,aphysicalobjectinfrontofyou,asoundlike“Om”)oronyourbreath.Ifyourattentionwanders(anditwill!),simplyreleasethethoughtandfocusbackonyourbreathingormantra.3.3PsychoactiveDrugsTwomainfeatures:AcademicPi,王東晨graduallyalterthenaturallevelsofneurotransmittersinthebrainallAcademicPi,王東晨graduallyalterthenaturallevelsofneurotransmittersinthebrainallstimulatethebrain’s“rewardcircuits.”Twotypes:Agonist:mimicneurotransmitters;fitinthereceptorsitesonaneuronthatnormallyreceivetheneurotransmitterandfunctionastheneurotransmitternormallywould.blockneurotransmitters;intoaneuron,creatinganabundanceofthatneurotransmitterinthesynapse.AddictionSymptomtolerance:theoriginaldosageofdrugnolongerproducesdesireeffects.withdrawalsymptoms:painfulphysicalandpsychologicalsymptomsoccurafterthedrugisnolonginthesystem.physiologicaldependence:bloodchemistrychangesfromtakingthedrugagaintopreventwithdrawalsymptoms.- dependence:hasintensedesiretoachievethedruggedstateinspiteofadverseeffects.Maindrugs? depressants:reduceactivityofCentralnervoussystemandinducesleep.(alcohol,barbiturates,tranquilizers,anxiolytics[Valium])? stimulants:activatemotivationalcenters;reduceactivityininhibitorycentersoftheCNS.(caffeine,amphetamines,nicotine,e,ecstasy)?hallucinogens/psychedelics:distortperceptionsandevokesensoryimagesintheabsenceofsensoryinput.(LSD,mescaline,phencyclidine,peyote,psilocybinmushroom[Marijuana]).Also,reversetolerance:theseconddosemaybelessthanthefirstbutcausethesameorgreatereffect.AlcoholEFFECTS:relaxation,well-being,loweredinhibition,impairedphysicalandpsychologicalfunctioning.RISKS:slowerreaction,disorientation,unconsciousness,possibledeathatextremedoses.Barbiturates&Tranquilizers:depressthenervoussystembyincreasingtheactivityoftheinhibitoryneurotransmitterGABAEFFECTS:reducedtension,impairedreflexesandmotorfunctioning,drowsinessRISKS:shallowbreathing,clammyskin,weakandrapidpulse,coma,possibledeatheEFFECTS:rushofeuphoria,confidence,energyRISKS:overdosescanproducevomiting,convulsions,paranoiddelusions,evensuddenAcademicPi,王東晨deathfromcardiorespiratoryarrest.AdepressivecrashAcademicPi,王東晨deathfromcardiorespiratoryarrest.Adepressivecrashmayoccurafteraehigh.AmphetaminesEFFECTS:increasedopamineandnorepinephrineactivity,powerfulstimulantsprescribedtoreduceappetiteandfatigue,decreasetheneedforsleep,andreducedepression.RISK:injectingamphetaminesgreatlyincreasesbloodpressureandcanleadtoheartfailureandbraindamage.Overdoseusersmaysleepfor1to2days,wakingupdepressed,exhausted,andirritable.(methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)EFFECTS:producesfeelingsofpleasure,elation,empathy,andwarmth.RISK:Inthebrain,itprimarilyincreasesserotoninfunctioning,whichboostsone’smoodbutmaycauseagitation.long-lastingdamagetotheaxonsofneuronsthatreleaseserotonin(depression).continuedusehasbeenassociatedwithimpairedmemoryandsleepdifficultiesHallucinogensSomepowerfulmind-alteringdrugsthatproducehallucinationsderivefromnaturalsources.LSD(lysergicaciddiethylamide,or“acid”)andphencyclidine(“angeldust”)aresynthetic.Hallucinogensdistortsensoryexperienceandcanblurtheboundariesbetweenrealityandfantasy.ItincreasestheactivityofserotoninanddopamineatcertainreceptorsitesHallucinationsarefalseordistortedsensoryexperiencesthatappeartobeveridicalperceptions.Thesesensoryimpressionsaregeneratedbythemindratherthanbyanyexternalstimuli,andmaybeseen,heard,felt,andevensmelledortasted;occurswhenenvironmental,emotional,orphysicalfactorssuchasstress,medication,extremefatigue,ormentalillnessDelusioniscommonlydefinedasafixedfalsebeliefandisusedineverydaylanguagetodescribeabeliefthatiseitherfalse,fancifulorderivedfromdeception.Inpsychiatry,monsymptomofseveralmoodandillnesses,includingschizoaffectivedisorder,psychoticdisorder,majordepressivedisorder,andbipolardisorder.MarijuanaTHC,m

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