專題24 人與社會之對社會有突出貢獻的人物-2022年高考英語一輪復習講練測（新教材新高考）（測）（含答案解析）

人與社會之對社會有突出貢獻的人物（測）滿分：50得分閱讀理解（每小題2分，共16）A（2021?吉林?長春外國語學校高三期中）BeforeDouglasEngelbart,computerswereasbigasroomsandusedmostlyforhandlingnumbers.Butinthelate1960s,Engelbartinventedalmosteverythingyourpersonalcomputerhastoday:amouse,hypertext,screensharingandmore.Engelbartwasaddingreal-timeedits,graphics,hyper-linkingandsharingscreens-allbeforethebirthoftheWorldWideWeb.“Thedigitalrevolutionisfarmoresignificantthantheinventionofwritingorevenofprinting/9saidEngelbart,andasitturnsout,heheldalltherightcards.Ifhe'dbeenBritish,Engelbartwouldhavebeenknighted（授爵）,butthePortland,Oregon,nativeinsteadlivedouttherestofhisyearsasanunsunghero,tryingtofryevenbiggerfishinSiliconValley.HisblueprintoftheInternetwastotallydifferentfromtoday'sprofit-driven,streamlinedversion.Engelbartimaginedaninformationsystembuiltonthebackbonesofcooperationandeducation,allmeanttoenhancethecollectivehumanmind.Hewantedacomputerizednetworkofreal-time,human-widecooperation,withtheopen-sourcespiritofWikipediaandthepurposefulnessofC.Bythelate70sandearly80s,EngelbartandhisideaswerecastasideinfavourofAppleMacintoshandMicrosoftWindows,alongwiththeirprofit-generatingvisionforpersonalcomputing,andauser-friendlyapproachtotheInternet.Engelbart'steamofresearchersabandonedhim,andhehadalesserpositionatacompanycalledTymsharewhilestillbattlingwithhispie-in-the?skyvisionsofabetterworld.Evenworse,whenEngelbart'smouseinventiongainedwidespreaduseyearslater,henevergainedtheprofits——ithadbeenlicensedtoAppleforaround$40,000,Engelbartrevealed.AndifEngelbarthadwon?“Hardtosay,“saysJeffersonoftheInternetArchiveinSanFrancisco."TheWebwasboundtogrowinwaysitsfoundersneverintended,hesays.Henoteshisbeliefthatthesamespiritofknowledge-sharingandcooperationEngelbarttirelesslypushedforwillonedaybecomepartofourfast-evolvingInternet,evenifacommerciallayercloudstheoriginalvision.Butevenso,fameisdifficulttoachieve;itoftenridiculesgreatthinkerslikeGalileoorTesla,onlytomeetthemdecadesafterdeath.Granted,EngelbartwaseventuallyallowedintotheNationalInventorsHallofFamein1998,andintothePioneersCircleintheInternetHallofFameafterhisdeath,buttheheartofhisdreamhasyettoberealized.1.Theexpression“hispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld“inPara3refersto.A?thefunctionofcomputerdataprocessingB.areal-timevideochatontheInternetC.auser-friendlyapproachtotheInternetD.anInternetofknowledge-sharingandcooperation2.MostprobablyEngelbart'sgreatestregretwasthat.A.hewastoocrazyabouthisvisionoftheInternetwhentotallyignoredB.hewasnotprofitablyrewardedforhislandmarkinventionsofcomputerC.hewasadmittedtotheU.S.NationalInventorsHallofFametoolateD.theInternetwascommerciallyorientedagainsthisoriginalintention3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Engelbartroseandfellinhisall-outbattleoverthefutureoftheInternet.EngelbartcouldhavesucceededintheInternetwithhislandmarkinventions.Engelbart'sachievementshaveneverbeenrecognized.Engelbartdidn'tgetanyprofitfbrhismouseinvention.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?WhoBenefitsfromtheInternet?WhoLosttheInternetWars?WhopioneeredtheWorldWideWeb?WhoCommercializedtheInternet?【答案】1.D2.D3.C4,B【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了恩格爾巴特為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做出的貢獻，恩格爾巴特發(fā)明了今天個人電腦所用的幾乎一切東西：鼠標以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技術(shù)，倡導一個全人類合作的計算機網(wǎng)絡，但是因為出身他沒有獲得應有的地位。相信恩格爾巴特不懈倡導的“知識共享和協(xié)作精神”有朝一日會成為我們快速發(fā)展的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一部分。I.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句"Hewantedacomputerizednetworkofreal-time,human-widecooperation,withtheopen-sourcespiritofWikipediaandthepurposefulnessofC.（他要的是一種能實時展開全人類合作的計算機網(wǎng)絡，兼具維基百科的開源精神和“變革”網(wǎng)的堅定目的戶以及第三段中的“Engelbarfsteamofresearchersabandonedhim,andhehadalesserpositionatacompanycalledTymsharewhilestillbattlingwithhispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld.（恩格爾巴特的研究團隊拋棄了他，他在一家名為Tymshare的公司里只擔任了一個較低的職位，同時還在與自己對更美好世界的不切實際的幻想作斗爭）”可知，第三段中的“他對更美好世界的不切實際的幻想”是指知識共享和合作的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。故選Do.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Henoteshisbeliefthatthesamespiritofknowledge-sharingandcooperationEngelbarttirelesslypushedforwillonedaybecomepartofourfast-evolvingInternet,evenifacommerciallayercloudstheoriginalvision』他相信恩格爾巴特不懈倡導的“知識共享和協(xié)作精神”有朝一日會成為我們快速發(fā)展的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一部分，就算商業(yè)的外衣遮蔽了最初的設想）”可知，很可能恩格爾巴特最大的遺憾是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是以商業(yè)為導向的，違背了他的初衷。故選D。.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句段的"EngelbartwaseventuallyallowedintotheNationalInventorsHallofFamein1998,andintothePioneersCircleintheInternetHallofFameafterhisdeath,（在1998年，他最終被允許進入國家發(fā)明家行列。在他去世后，被承認是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的開拓先鋒）“可知，C項Engelbarfsachievementshaveneverbeenrecognized.“他的成績從來沒有被認可”是錯誤的。故選C。.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主耍講述了恩格爾巴特為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做出的貢獻，恩格爾巴特發(fā)明了今天個人電腦所用的幾乎一切東西：鼠標以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技術(shù)，倡導一個全人類合作的計算機網(wǎng)絡，但是因為出身他沒有獲得應有的地位。反而是一些后起之秀獲得了殊榮。最后一段首句中的“AndifEngelbarthadwon?”給出了本文的中心主旨，因此推斷B項“誰輸了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)戰(zhàn)爭?”作為題目最佳。故選B。B（2021.四川成都.高三月考）LeonardodaVincidied500yearsagoattheageof67.Hewasauniversalgeniuswhoalwaysenjoyedexploringideasinmanyfields,includingsculpting,drawingandpamting.Hissurvivingbodyofworkasapainterisremarkablyslim:Fewerthan20artworkscanbecomfortablyregardedashis,althoughtwoofthem-thenMonaLisa"and"TheLastSupper"-areeasilyamongthemostfamousintheworld."TheVirginandChildwithSaintAnneJ"St.JohntheBaptist,'andthenMonaLisa,”nowallhangattheLouvreinParis.TheFrenchmuseumhastwomoreLeonardos-oneofwhichiscurrentlylenttotheLouvreAbuDhabi—formingthelargestcollectionintheworld.Buildingonitscollection,theLouvrewillhostagrandexhibition,startinginOctober,whichithopeswillunitethelargestevernumberofLeonardoartworksunderoneroof.Organizersanticipatesomuchdemandthatareservationwillberequiredtoattend,andticketswillgoonsaleinJune.CelebrationsarealreadyunderwayinItaly.Leonardo'shometownofVinciishostingaspecialexhibitionfeaturinghisearliestknowndrawing.InMilan,whereLeonardolivedforover20years,celebrationswillcenteraroundtheSfbrzaCastleandtherestoredSaladelleAsse,wherevisitorscanseeoriginalwallandceilingdecorationsbyLeonardo.InVenice,hismostfamousdrawing,the"VitruvianMan/willbeondisplayuntilJuly—arareoccurrence,astheitem'sfragilitymeansit'sseldomexhibited.

InLondon,visitorswillbeabletoseeover200originaldrawingsatthenLeonardodaVinci:Lifeindrawing”exhibition,whichopensatBuckinghamPalaceonMay24,thoughorganizerssaythisisthelargestexhibitionofLeonardo'sworksinover65years.TheuncertaintythatsurroundssomanyaspectsofLeonardo'slifeandworkshasundoubtedlyfueledtheworld'sfascinationwiththeRenaissancemaster.Fivehundredyearson,itseemstobestrongerthanever.5.A.Hewasboredwithart.B.Hewascuriousaboutthings.C.Hewasdeaddespiteachievements.D.Hewasintelligentinacertainaspect.6.WhatcanweinferaboutLeonardo'sartworksfromparagraph2?A.TheLouvreinParishasfourofhisworks.B.OnlyTheLastSupperisregardedasthebest.C.Morethan20worksareeasilyrecognizedashis.D.TheirexhibitioninAbuDhabimaybequitepopular.7.WhyisitrareforVitruvianMantobeexhibitedinItaly?A.Itwasn'tdiscovereduntillately.B.Itistheeasiesttoruinwhileonshow.C.ItisLeonardo'smostfamousdrawing.D.Italyhasdifficultyrentingitforthemoment.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofLeonardoDaVinci?5.A.Hewasboredwithart.B.Hewascuriousaboutthings.C.Hewasdeaddespiteachievements.D.Hewasintelligentinacertainaspect.6.WhatcanweinferaboutLeonardo'sartworksfromparagraph2?A.TheLouvreinParishasfourofhisworks.B.OnlyTheLastSupperisregardedasthebest.C.Morethan20worksareeasilyrecognizedashis.D.TheirexhibitioninAbuDhabimaybequitepopular.7.WhyisitrareforVitruvianMantobeexhibitedinItaly?A.Itwasn'tdiscovereduntillately.B.Itistheeasiesttoruinwhileonshow.C.ItisLeonardo'smostfamousdrawing.D.Italyhasdifficultyrentingitforthemoment.8.A.TheLifeofLeonardoB.Leonardo'sArtworksC.LeonardoandLouvreD.CelebrationsforLeonardo8.A.TheLifeofLeonardoB.Leonardo'sArtworksC.LeonardoandLouvreD.CelebrationsforLeonardoWhatisthebesttitleforthetext?【答案】5.B6.D7.B8.D【解析】本文是說明文。文章介紹了達芬奇的存世畫作和世界各地為紀念達芬奇去世500周年而開展的各種慶?；顒?。.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Hewasauniversalgeniuswhoalwaysenjoyedexploringideasinmanyfields,includingsculpting,drawingandpamting.（他是一個普世的天才，總是喜歡在許多領(lǐng)域探索思想，包括雕刻、繪畫和縱容）”可知，作者認為達芬奇是個充滿好奇心的人。故選B項。.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Organizersanticipatesomuchdemandthatareservationwillberequiredtoattend,（組織者預計需求量會很大，所以必須提前預訂）“可知，阿布扎比的展覽需要提前預定，由此推知，阿布扎比的展覽可能會很受歡迎。故選D項。.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“astheitem'sfragilitymeansit'sseldomexhibited（因為這件物品非常脆弱，意味著它很少被展出）“可知，VitruvianMan很少被展出，是因為它很脆弱，展出時容易損毀。故選B項。.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了在達芬奇去世500年之際，世界各地為紀念達芬奇而開展的各種慶?；顒樱珼項“CelebrationsforLeonardo（紀念達芬奇的慶?；顒樱笔亲罴褬祟}。故選D項。完形填空（2021?湖南?長沙一中高三月考）（每小題1分，共15分）ClaraBartoniswidelyknownasoneofthemosthonoredwomeninAmericanhistory.Shebeganteachingschoolwhenmostteachersweremenatthattime.Later,shebecameoneofthefirstwomenevertobe]bythegovernment.HercareerinhelpingthesickbeganwhenherbrotherDavidbecameherfirst2HefelldownfromtheroofofahousewhenClarawasjust11yearsold.Shestayedbyhissideand3himforthreeyears.WhentheCivilWarbegan,sheimmediatelyrecognizedthatthe4soldiersneededhelp.5waitingforotherstostepin,Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown.Shealsoaskedthepublicfordonationsandlearnedhowtostoreand6themtosoldiers.Shealsoreadtothesoldiersandwrotelettersforthem.AftertheBattleofCedarMountaininnorthernVirginia,Claraarrivedatafieldhospitalat7withavehiclefullofsupplies.AdoctornamedPaulSmithatthathospitallatersaid8,“Ithoughtheavenhadsentoutanangelthatnight.Her9appearedexactlyattherighttime.”Shesuccessfully10theAmericanRedCrossandledtheorganizationforthenext23years.Herlastfield11aspresidentoftheAmericanRedCrosswastohelpthe12ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane.Shedidnot13fromtheAmericanRedCrossuntilshewas83.Truetoher14,Claraalwayswenttowheretheneedwasthegreatest.Today,withthehelpofvolunteers,theAmericanRedCrossprovidesrelieftopeopleofdisasters,aswellashelpspeople15,prepareforandrespondtoallsortsofemergencies.1.A.firedB,employedC-arrestedD.scolded2.A.patientB,studentC.friendD.colleague3.A.caredaboutB.dependedonC,tendedtoD.quarreledwith4.A.well-organizedB.highly-praisedC.badly-shockedD.poorly-equipped5.A.InsteadofB,RegardlessofC?ApartfromD.Incaseof6.A.introduceB,distributeC,returnD.lend7.A.noonB,duskC.midnightD.dawn8.A.sadlyB.peacefullyC.disappointedlyD.gratefully9.A.assistanceB.guidanceC,performanceD.disturbance10.A.inventedB.foundedC.ruinedD.left11.A.missionB.hobbyC,interestD.dream12.A.doctorsB.victimsC.soldiersD.citizens

13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recoverB.sufferC.learnD.retireA.ideaB.opinionC.natureD.conceptA.preventB.ignoreC.forgiveD.forget13.A.recoverB.sufferC.learnD.retire【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.B7.C8.D9.A10.Bll.A12.B13.D14.C15.A【解析】本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了一位偉大的女性ClaraBarton從一名老師到美國紅十字會創(chuàng)建人的經(jīng)歷，她對夢想的追求、對弱勢群體的憐愛都展露了她人性的光輝。.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：后來，她成為政府雇傭的第一批女性之一。A.fired開除；B.employed雇傭；C.arrested逮捕；D.scolded責罵。由“bythegovernment”可知，她是被政府雇傭。故選B。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她幫助病人的事業(yè)始于她的哥哥大衛(wèi)成為她的第一個病人。A.patient病人;B.student學生；C.friend朋友；D.colleague同事。由后面的"Hefelldownfromtheroofofahouse”可知，她的哥哥從屋頂上摔了下來，成為了病人。故選A。.考查動詞短語詞義辨析。句意：她在他身邊照顧了他三年。A.caredabout關(guān)心；B.dependedon取決于；C.tendedto照顧；D.quarreledwith與某人吵架。由“Hefelldownfromtheroofofahouse”可知，她的哥哥從屋頂上摔了下來，因此她照顧她哥哥。故選C。.考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：當內(nèi)戰(zhàn)開始時，她立即意識到裝備簡陋的士兵需要幫助。A.well-organized有序的;B.highly-praised被高度贊揚的；C.badly-shocked大為震驚的；D.poorly-equipped裝備簡陋的。由后文的“Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown”可知，她立即意識到裝備簡陋的士兵需要幫助。故選D。.考查固定短語詞義辨析。句意：克拉拉沒有等待別人的介入，而是自己收集必要的東西。A.Insteadof相反,而不是；B.Regardlessof不管；C.Apartfrom除了；D.Incaseof萬一。"Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown”可知，她沒有等別人而是自己收集必要的東西，因此空格處是“而不是”。故選A。.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她還要求公眾捐贈，并學會了如何儲存和分發(fā)給士兵。A.introduce介紹；B.distribute分發(fā)；C.return歸還；D.lend借。由“askedthepublicfordonations”可知，她要求公眾捐贈，并分發(fā)給士兵。故選B。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在弗吉尼亞州北部的雪松山戰(zhàn)役結(jié)束后，克拉拉在午夜帶著一輛裝滿補給品的車抵達了野戰(zhàn)醫(yī)院。A.noon中午；B.dusk黃昏；C.midnight半夜；D.dawn黎明。由后文的“thatnight”可知，克拉拉在午夜帶著一輛裝滿補給品的車抵達了野戰(zhàn)醫(yī)院。故選C。.考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：后來，醫(yī)院里一位名叫保羅?史密斯(PaulSmith)的醫(yī)生感激地說。A.sadly悲哀地；B.peacefully平靜地；C.disappointedly失望地；D.gratefully感激地。由"Claraarrivedatafieldhospitalatwithavehiclefullofsupplies”可知，克拉拉在午夜帶著一輛裝滿補給品的車抵達了野戰(zhàn)醫(yī)院，那兒的醫(yī)生應該是感激她。故選D。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她的幫助來得正是時候。A.assistance幫助;B.guidance指導；C.performance表現(xiàn)；D.disturbance打擾。由前面的“withavehiclefullofsupplies”可知，克拉拉帶著補給品來了，也就是她的幫助來得正是時候。故選A。.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她成功地成立了美國紅十字會，并在接下來的23年里領(lǐng)導該組織。A.invented發(fā)明;B.founded建立；C.ruined破壞；D.left離開。由“theAmericanRedCross”可知，她是建立了美國紅十字會。故選B。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她作為美國紅十字會主席的最后一次實地任務是幫助19。。年加爾維斯頓颶風的受害者。A.mission使命；B.hobby愛好；C.interest興趣；D.dream夢想。由"wastohelpthe12ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane”可知，幫助1900年加爾維斯頓颶風的受害者是她的使命。故選A。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她作為美國紅十字會主席的最后一次實地任務是幫助1900年加爾維斯頓颶風的受害者。A.doctors醫(yī)生；B.victims受害者；C.soldiers士兵；D.citizens市民。由“ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane”可知，此處是指幫助1900年加爾維斯頓颶風的受害者。故選B。.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她直到83歲才從美國紅十字會退休。A.recover恢復；B.suffer遭受；C.learn學習;D.retire退休。由“untilshewas83”可知，她是直到83歲才從美國紅十字會退休。故選D。.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：忠實于她的本性，克拉拉總是去最需要幫助的地方。A.idea想法；B.opinion意見；C.nature本性;D.concept概念。由“Claraalwayswenttowheretheneedwasthegreatest”可知，克拉拉總是去最需要幫助的地方，這是她的本性。故選C。.考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：今天，在志愿者的幫助下，美國紅十字會向人們提供救災，并幫助人們預防、準備和應對各種緊急情況。A.prevent預防；B.ignore忽視；C.forgive原諒；D.forget忘記。由后文的“allsortsofemergencies”可知，美國紅十字會幫助人們預防各種緊急情況。故選A。讀后續(xù)寫（19分）（2021.全國.高三）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Theeleven-year-oldhadjustarrivedinfamousCarnegieHall.HewastoappearasaviolinperformerwiththeNewYorkSymphonyOrchestra.Onhiswayfromthestageentrancetotheartists9room,hesawalargefireax（斧子）onawall."What'sthatfbr?”heaskedaguard.“Tocuttheheadsofftheperformerswhodon'tplaywellJwasthereply.“Andhowmanyheadshaveyoualreadycutoff?”"Oh,quiteafbwjsaidtheguard,withafriendlysmile.Someintheaudiencethatnight,especiallythemusiccritics,expectedtheboy'sheadtoroll.HewastoplayadifficultviolinpiecebyBeethoven.Criticsfeltthatthisgreatpieceshouldbeattemptedonlybyamatureartist.Forachild,thecomplicatedfingeringwouldbeimpossible,theyadded.ItwasNovember25,1927.ThatnightCarnegieHallwaspacked.AlleyesintheaudiencewatchedforYehudiMenuhin,theeleven-year-oldviolinperformer,toappearonthestage.Newsofhistalenthadalreadyexcitedthepublicimagination.Therewasanoutburstofapplausewhenhecameoutinhiswhitesilkshirtandblackpants.Inabusinesslikemanner,Yehuditookhisplaceneartheconductorandhandedhisviolintothefirstviolinisttobetuned.Therewasabreathlesssilenceinthehall.Whenthekettledrum（定音鼓）announcedtheopeningofthemusic,Yehudistoodcalmly,soabsorbedinthemusicthatsomepeoplefearedhewouldnotcomeinontime.But,withonlysecondstospare,headjustedhisviolinandraisedhisbow.Atthegreatsingingtonethatfilledthehall,therewasaslightexcitement,andthenasilence.注意：.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應為150左右；.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。Listenerswereimpressedbyhispuretone,expertfingeringandwonderfulskill.Eventhenewspapercriticsstayedontoa