大學英語語法和寫作CollegeEnglishGrammarandWriting12ClauseAdverbialclauses課件

CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingCollegeEnglishGrammar:

1Unit12Clause:Adverbialclauses

Grammar:

AdverbialclausesWriting:

Correcting:

ArticleMisuse

Rewriting:

Periodic/Loosesentences

Unit12Clause:Adverbialclaus2AdverbialClauses

1.Functions

Anadverbialclauseisasubordinateclausethatfunctionsasanadverbtomodifyaverb,anadjective,oranadverb.Ittellswhen,where,how,why,towhatextent,orunderwhatcondition.

1.1.TomodifyaverbShepassedthedrivingtest.Sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.Aftershehadpassedthedrivingtest,sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.[tellingwhen]AdverbialClauses1.Function31.2.TomodifyanadjectiveThelibraryisagoodplace.Therewestudywell.Itisquiet.Thelibraryisagoodplacetostudybecauseitisquiet.[tellingwhy]1.3.TomodifyanadverbHewasoftendisappointed.Hebecamehopeless.Hewasdisappointedsooftenthathebecamehopeless.[tellingtowhatextent]1.2.Tomodifyanadjective42.FormsandkindsAnadverbialclausealwaysbeginswithsubordinatingconjunction(suchasif,when,because,

than,although)andincludesasubject(S.)andapredicate(P.).

Anadverbialclause=subordinatingconjunction+S.+P.

Subordinatingconjunctionsthatintroduceadverbialclausesmayindicatearelationshipoftime,place,manner,reason,conditionordegree.Theycannotbeomitted.Theycannotbesubjects.2.Formsandkinds5Herearekindsofadverbialclausesandsomeoftheirsubordinatingconjunctions.

Place:

where,whereverTime:after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,etc.Manner:

as,asif,etc.Reason:

as,because,for,inorderthat,since,sothat,that,etc.Degree:as,than,etc.Condition:

incase,if,evenif,provided,unless,etc.Concession:

although,though,as,whereas,while,etc.Herearekindsofadve6Shegoestoanyplace.Therearealwayscrowdsofpeople.Theyarewaitingtoseeher.

Wherevershegoes,therearealwayscrowdsofpeoplewaitingtoseeher.

Herangoff.Ihadnotimetoexplain.HerangoffbeforeIcouldexplain.

Hewasexhausted.Hehadbeenseeminglyworkingforhours.Hewasexhaustedasifhehadbeenworkingforhours.Shegoestoanyplace.73.Punctuation

Whenanadverbialclausebeginsthesentence,acommaisusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.

Shehesitatedforamoment.Shefinallywentin.Sheaskedtoseeadress.Thedresswasinthewindow.

Thoughshehesitatedforamoment,shefinallywentinandaskedtoseeadressthatwasinthewindow.3.Punctuation8

Whentheadverbialclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.

Hewaitedandwaited.Thevolcanobecamequiet.Hewaitedandwaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequiet.

Youcanheartheclock.YoucandosoontheradioMicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Youcanheartheclockontheradiobecausemicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Whentheadverbialclau94.PositionLikeanordinaryadverb,thelocationofanadverbialclauseinasentenceisveryflexible.Youcanplaceanadverbialclauseatthebeginning,attheend,orinthemiddleofasentence.Iftherearetwoadverbialclausesinasentence,weusuallyplaceoneinfrontofthemainclauseandonebehindit,asshownbelow.

Ifthecarhadbeenlarger,wewouldhaveboughtitbecausewehadabigfamily.4.Position10

Whentheactiondescribedintheadverbialclausehappensbeforetheactioninthemainclause,itismorenaturalandmorelogicaltoplacetheadverbialclausebeforethemainclauseandviceverse.So,ofthethreesentencesabove,thefirstonesoundsbetterthanthethird.Seeanotherexample.

Untiltherainstopped,theywaitedandwaited.

[lessnatural]Theywaitedandwaiteduntiltherainstopped.[morenatural]Whentheactiondescri11

Whenanadverbialclauseisinsertedinthemiddleofasentence,itisusuallyputbetweenthesubjectandverb,indicatingthatthewritergetsasuddenideaorfeelsnecessarytomentionortoillustrate.

Mysister,whileIwastakingashower,calledfromCalifornia.Theoldlady,aftershehadhadadinner,setouttocallonherseconddaughter.Whenanadverbialclaus12Note1.ReducingAdverbialClausesAdverbialclauses(particularlytimeclauseswithafter,before,while,whenandsoon)canbeshortenedtophrasesonlywhenthesubjectoftheadverbialclauseisthesameasthesubjectofthemainclauseanditsverbis“be”.Thestepsare

Checkthatthesubjectofboth(mainandsubordinate)clausesisthesameperson.Omitthesubjectofthefirstclause.Omittheverb“be”.Replacethepronounwiththeoriginalnounsothatinformationisnotlost.Note1.ReducingAdverbialCla13Ifadropofoil

isplacedinaglassofwater,itwouldfloattotop.Ifplacedinaglassofwater,adropofoilwouldfloattotop.Afterhe

wasdefeatedbyJackson,

hewasquicklyforgotten.

AfterdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenhe

wasonlysixteenyearsold.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenonlysixteenyearsold.ThoughVerrazano

isbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,

hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.

Thoughbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.Ifadropofoilisplacedin14Ifthereisno"be"verb,changetheverbinthesubordinatingclausetoits-ingform.Sometimesthesubordinateconjunctionscanbedeletedaswell.

Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.

Whenreturninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.

Returninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Ifthereisno"be"152)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingtime:

theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,theday，everytime,

immediately,directly,

nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when.

ThemomentIspokeIregrettedmywords.Iprogrammedmycomputertoscanforviruseseverytimeitturnson.Itoldhim

immediatelyhecame.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethen

itbegantorain.2)Specialsubordinatorsindic163)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingplace：

where,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypolluted

wheretherearefactories.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Youcangoanywhereyoulike.Theycollectantiquefurnitureandfolkornamentseverywheretheygo.3)Specialsubordinatorsindic174)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcondition:

providing/providedthat,supposingthat,onconditionthat

Iwillcome

providedthatIamwellenough.Supposing(that)youarewrong,whatwillyoudothen?IwilllendyouthebookonconditionthatyoureturnitonMonday.4)Specialsubordinatorsindic185)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingconcession:

as,whatever(=nomatterwhat),whoever(=nomatterwho),wherever(=nomatterwhere),whenever(=nomatterwhen),whichever(=nomatterwhich)

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.Whateveryousay,Ishallholdtomydecision.HoweverhardIworkedshewasneversatisfied.Youcantakewhicheveryoulike.5)Specialsubordinatorsindic196)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcomparison:

themore…themore…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.

7)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingmanner:…theway…

Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.6)Specialsubordinatorsindic20Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastoneadverbialclause.

1.Thistime,hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano.

Hecouldtakephotographs.

Hecouldmeasuretemperatures.Thistime,hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures.2.Helookedverywell.

Hewasratherthirsty.

Hedrankhalfabottleofmilk.

Helookedverywellthoughhewasratherthirsty,forhedrankhalfabottleofmilk.3.Heownedalargecar.

Hehardlyeverusedit.

Hepreferredtogoonfoot.

Thoughheownedalargecar,hehardlyeverusedit,preferringtogoonfoot.Combinethesentencesineach214.Theteacherexplainedthatpassage.

Hedidsoagainandagain.

Everystudentmightunderstandit.Inorderthateverystudentmightunderstandit,theteacherexplainedthatpassageagainandagain.5.Hehasfivehundredgoldwatches.

Thesewatcheswerehiddeninhissuitcase.

Thesmugglerisnevertroubledbysuchfeelings.Thesmugglerisnevertroubledbysuchfeelings,evenifhehasfivehundredgoldwatcheshiddeninhissuitcase.6.Theofficerheardthenews.

Theofficerwasinthecontroltower.

Hewasveryangry.

Balloonscanbeagreatdanger.

Thedangeristoaircraft.Theofficerinthecontroltowerwasveryangrywhenheheardthenews,becauseballoonscanbeagreatdangertoaircraft.4.Theteacherexplainedth22ArticleMisuse

Therearetwotypesofarticles:theindefinitearticle(a/an)andthedefinitearticle(the).“a/an”isusedbeforesingularnouns,referringtoanymemberofaclasswhile“the”canbeusedbeforebothsingularandpluralnouns,referringtooneparticularmemberofaclass.

Ifyouarefree,pleasebuymeabook.(any,indefinite)Ifyouarefree,pleasebuymethebook(s).(specific)

Inaddition,whenyouspeakofsomethingforthefirsttime,use“aoran”;thenexttimeyourepeatthatobjectuse“the”.

Wehaveanoldmusicalinstrument,whichwasmadeinGermanyin1681.Theinstrumenthasbelongedtoourfamilyforalongtimesinceitwasboughtbymygrandfathermanyyearsago.ArticleMisuseTherear23Onlycountablenounshavethesingleformandpluralform.Theycannotbeusedaloneexceptthattheyareusedinidioms.Generally,youhavetoplacetheword“a/an”beforethemiftheyaresingle,oryouhavetoaddthesuffix“-s/-es”tothemiftheyareplural.

Whenitgrewdark,sheturnedasuitcaseintoabadandputthechildreninsideit,coveringthemwithalltheclothes.Thepopulationandthelaborforcehavemoveddramaticallyfromfarmstoservicesindustries,thusprovidingmorepersonalandpublicservices.Onlycountablenouns241.Don’tuse“a/an”withuncountablenouns.

"A/an"canbeusedonlywithcountablenouns.Asforuncountablenouns,youcanuse“the”orusenoarticle.Thedifferenceisthat“the”signalsthenounisspecificwhilenoarticlesignalsthenounisindefinite.

Awaterisveryimportanttolife.Waterisveryimportanttolife.

Milkandcreamaremajordairyproducts.(indefinite)ShallIsugarthemilkforyou?(specific)1.Don’tuse“a/an”withuncou252.Don’tuseanarticlewithcountries,states,countiesorprovinces,lakesandmountains.

TheEnglandisacountrythatispartoftheUnitedKingdom.

EnglandisacountrythatispartoftheUnitedKingdom.

(Butweusethearticle“the”whenthecountryisacollectionofstatessuchas"theUnitedStates"and“theUnitedKingdom”.)

Theviewistotheeast-southeastfromthewesternshoreoftheLakeMichiganintheDoorCounty.Theviewistotheeast-southeastfromthewesternshoreofLakeMichiganinDoorCounty.2.Don’tuseanarticlewithc263.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesoflanguagesandnationalities.

SheattendsanightschooltolearntheChinese.SheattendsanightschooltolearnChinese.

SheisanAmerican.SheisAmerican./SheisanAmericangirl.3.Don’tuseanarticlewithn274.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesofsports.

Myhusbandiskeenonthefootball.Myhusbandiskeenonfootball.

Ibelieveyouarequitegiftedforaboxing.

Ibelieveyouarequitegiftedforboxing.4.Don’tuseanarticlewithn285.Don’tuseanarticlewithnamesofacademicsubjects.

Johnminorsinacomputerscience.Johnminorsincomputerscience.

HehasanintimateknowledgeoftheAmericanliterature.HehasanintimateknowledgeofAmericanliterature.5.Don’tuseanarticlewithn29Correctthefollowingmisusedarticlesandaddarticlesifnecessary.Fishermanandsailorsometimesclaimtohaveseenmonsterinasea.Smallfishingboatwascarriedmilesouttoseabythepowerfulfish.Apolicehadbeentoldthatbombhadbeenplantedonplane.IusedtotravelbytheairagreatdealwhenIwastheboy.Agodwhichhasheadofcowwasnormallyplacedinsidemummy.Fortunately,pilotsawasignalandsentmessagebytheradiotoanearesttown.TherehewaspickedupbypolicemanandsentbacktotheEnglandbylocalauthorities.Letussupposethatchildsuddenlycrossesroadinthefrontofyou.Inthe1860,betterplanwasputforwardbyEnglishman,WilliamLow.Assoonasheopensgatefromoutside,hecomesintoagardenandwaitsuntilagateshuts.Correctthefollowingmisused302.LackofacompleteverbApredicateverbismostnecessaryforasentence.Theerroroflackingacompleteverbcanbecorrectedby:1)addingacompleteverborahelpingverbtomakethesentencecomplete;2)combiningthefragmentwithanothersentence.

Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow,wonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Fullyawakenow,Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome.2.Lackofacompleteverb313.Lackofbothasubjectandaverb.Agroupofwordswithoutasubjectandaverbisonlyafragment.Theerrorcanbecorrectedbycombiningitwithanothersentence.

TheTitanicwascompletedin1912.Themostluxuriousshipofitsday.TheTitanic,themostluxuriousshipofitsday,wascompletedin1912.Completedin1912,theTitanicwasthemostluxuriousshipofitsday.3.Lackofbothasubjectand324.LackofamainclauseAmainclause—sometimescalledanindependentclause—isaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandstillmakesense.Youmusthaveatleastonemainclauseineverysentence.Amainclauseistheessentialcomponent.Withoutamainclause,agroupofwordsisafragment.Twosolutionsareavailable:1)combiningthefragmentthatisasubordinateclausewithamainclause;2)rewritingthefragmentasacompletesentence,eliminatingthesubordinatingconjunctionortherelativepronounandaddingwordsnecessarytomakeacompletethought.

Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.

Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones,becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Theyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.4.Lackofamainclause33Exercises:

Findthemissingwordandcorrectthefollowingsentencefragments.1.Theplaywillsoonover.2.Astrangeflyingobjectseeminglyinthebackyard.3.Thecatmaybeontherooforinthebushes.4.Ialwaysnervousinthefirstdayofclasses.5.Stanleyalwaysreadyforafight.6.Lightingthedarkskyforafewseconds.7.PumasarefoundinAmerica.Large,cat-likeanimals.8.Thesearchingwentonforseveralweeks,butthemurdernotcaught.9.We'llsaygoodbyetohim,becausehe’llawayfortwomonths.10.Theteamplanstostayhereforfivedays.Duringthistime,willgivefiveperformances.11.Thebeggarmayaskyouformoney.Butneveraskyoutofeelsorryforhim.12.“Oh,that,”hesaidwithasmileasifhetalkingaboutanoldfriend.Exercises:

Findthemissingwo34Correcting:Fishermenandsailorssometimesclaimtohaveseenmonstersinthesea.AsmallfishingboatThepolicehadbeentoldthatabombhadbeenplantedontheplane.bytheair;theboy→aboyThegodwhichhastheheadofacowwasnormallyplacedinsideamummy.Fortunately,apilotsawthesignalandsentamessagebytheradiotothenearesttown.apolicemanandsentbacktotheEnglandbythelocalauthoritiesachildsuddenlycrossestheroadinthefrontofyouInthe1860,abetterplanwasputforwardbyanEnglishman,WilliamLow.heopensthegatefromtheoutside,hecomesintothegardenandwaitsuntilthegateshutsCorrecting:35Assignment：Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,

morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson20,NewConceptEnglishIIIbyL.G.Alexander)

In1908,LordNorthcliffetookout$1,000torewardthefirstmanifhecouldflycrosstheEnglishChannel.However,itwasoverayearlater,someonemadeafirsttry.IntheearlymorningonJuly19th,1909,HubertLathamdroveaplane“AntoinetteIV”fliesupfromtheFrenchcoast.ButheflewoveronlysevenmilesabovetheChennel.Hisenginebrokedown.Hehadtolandonthesea.The“Antoinette”floatedonthesea.Laterashippassedby.TheypickedupLatham.Assignment：Theexerciseinthi36

Twodayslater,LouisBleriotdroveaplanecometotheplacenotfarawayfromCalais.Theplanewasnamed“No.XI”.Bleriotbegantomakeplanefrom1905.“No.XI”washisnewestplane.Aweekago,hehadsuccessfullymadeanoverlandfly.Heflewtwenty-sixmiles.ButLathamwouldnotliketogiveupeasily.Onthesameday,hedroveanew“Antoinette”cometoCalais.Itwasquiteclear.TherewouldbeafiercematchofcrossingEnglishChannel.TwoplaneswereplannedtoflyoffonJuly25th.ButLathamgotuplateronthatday.Bleriotmadeashorttestflyat4:15.Halfanhourlater,hesetoffnormally.Hisgreatflylastedthirty-sevenminutes.HelandednearDover.Thefirstmangreetedhimwasapolice.Lathamalsomadeatryafteraweeklater.HeflewtoaplacelessthanhalfmiletoDover.Thistimehealsometmisfortune.Hisenginebrokedown.Hehadtolandontheseaforthesecondtime.Twodayslater,LouisBl37謝謝！謝謝！38CollegeEnglishGrammar:

GrammarandWritingCollegeEnglishGrammar:

39Unit12Clause:Adverbialclauses

Grammar:

AdverbialclausesWriting:

Correcting:

ArticleMisuse

Rewriting:

Periodic/Loosesentences

Unit12Clause:Adverbialclaus40AdverbialClauses

1.Functions

Anadverbialclauseisasubordinateclausethatfunctionsasanadverbtomodifyaverb,anadjective,oranadverb.Ittellswhen,where,how,why,towhatextent,orunderwhatcondition.

1.1.TomodifyaverbShepassedthedrivingtest.Sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.Aftershehadpassedthedrivingtest,sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.[tellingwhen]AdverbialClauses1.Function411.2.TomodifyanadjectiveThelibraryisagoodplace.Therewestudywell.Itisquiet.Thelibraryisagoodplacetostudybecauseitisquiet.[tellingwhy]1.3.TomodifyanadverbHewasoftendisappointed.Hebecamehopeless.Hewasdisappointedsooftenthathebecamehopeless.[tellingtowhatextent]1.2.Tomodifyanadjective422.FormsandkindsAnadverbialclausealwaysbeginswithsubordinatingconjunction(suchasif,when,because,

than,although)andincludesasubject(S.)andapredicate(P.).

Anadverbialclause=subordinatingconjunction+S.+P.

Subordinatingconjunctionsthatintroduceadverbialclausesmayindicatearelationshipoftime,place,manner,reason,conditionordegree.Theycannotbeomitted.Theycannotbesubjects.2.Formsandkinds43Herearekindsofadverbialclausesandsomeoftheirsubordinatingconjunctions.

Place:

where,whereverTime:after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,etc.Manner:

as,asif,etc.Reason:

as,because,for,inorderthat,since,sothat,that,etc.Degree:as,than,etc.Condition:

incase,if,evenif,provided,unless,etc.Concession:

although,though,as,whereas,while,etc.Herearekindsofadve44Shegoestoanyplace.Therearealwayscrowdsofpeople.Theyarewaitingtoseeher.

Wherevershegoes,therearealwayscrowdsofpeoplewaitingtoseeher.

Herangoff.Ihadnotimetoexplain.HerangoffbeforeIcouldexplain.

Hewasexhausted.Hehadbeenseeminglyworkingforhours.Hewasexhaustedasifhehadbeenworkingforhours.Shegoestoanyplace.453.Punctuation

Whenanadverbialclausebeginsthesentence,acommaisusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.

Shehesitatedforamoment.Shefinallywentin.Sheaskedtoseeadress.Thedresswasinthewindow.

Thoughshehesitatedforamoment,shefinallywentinandaskedtoseeadressthatwasinthewindow.3.Punctuation46

Whentheadverbialclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.

Hewaitedandwaited.Thevolcanobecamequiet.Hewaitedandwaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequiet.

Youcanheartheclock.YoucandosoontheradioMicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Youcanheartheclockontheradiobecausemicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Whentheadverbialclau474.PositionLikeanordinaryadverb,thelocationofanadverbialclauseinasentenceisveryflexible.Youcanplaceanadverbialclauseatthebeginning,attheend,orinthemiddleofasentence.Iftherearetwoadverbialclausesinasentence,weusuallyplaceoneinfrontofthemainclauseandonebehindit,asshownbelow.

Ifthecarhadbeenlarger,wewouldhaveboughtitbecausewehadabigfamily.4.Position48

Whentheactiondescribedintheadverbialclausehappensbeforetheactioninthemainclause,itismorenaturalandmorelogicaltoplacetheadverbialclausebeforethemainclauseandviceverse.So,ofthethreesentencesabove,thefirstonesoundsbetterthanthethird.Seeanotherexample.

Untiltherainstopped,theywaitedandwaited.

[lessnatural]Theywaitedandwaiteduntiltherainstopped.[morenatural]Whentheactiondescri49

Whenanadverbialclauseisinsertedinthemiddleofasentence,itisusuallyputbetweenthesubjectandverb,indicatingthatthewritergetsasuddenideaorfeelsnecessarytomentionortoillustrate.

Mysister,whileIwastakingashower,calledfromCalifornia.Theoldlady,aftershehadhadadinner,setouttocallonherseconddaughter.Whenanadverbialclaus50Note1.ReducingAdverbialClausesAdverbialclauses(particularlytimeclauseswithafter,before,while,whenandsoon)canbeshortenedtophrasesonlywhenthesubjectoftheadverbialclauseisthesameasthesubjectofthemainclauseanditsverbis“be”.Thestepsare

Checkthatthesubjectofboth(mainandsubordinate)clausesisthesameperson.Omitthesubjectofthefirstclause.Omittheverb“be”.Replacethepronounwiththeoriginalnounsothatinformationisnotlost.Note1.ReducingAdverbialCla51Ifadropofoil

isplacedinaglassofwater,itwouldfloattotop.Ifplacedinaglassofwater,adropofoilwouldfloattotop.Afterhe

wasdefeatedbyJackson,

hewasquicklyforgotten.

AfterdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenhe

wasonlysixteenyearsold.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenonlysixteenyearsold.ThoughVerrazano

isbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,

hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.

Thoughbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.Ifadropofoilisplacedin52Ifthereisno"be"verb,changetheverbinthesubordinatingclausetoits-ingform.Sometimesthesubordinateconjunctionscanbedeletedaswell.

Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.

Whenreturninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.

Returninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Ifthereisno"be"532)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingtime:

theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,theday，everytime,

immediately,directly,

nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when.

ThemomentIspokeIregrettedmywords.Iprogrammedmycomputertoscanforviruseseverytimeitturnson.Itoldhim

immediatelyhecame.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethen

itbegantorain.2)Specialsubordinatorsindic543)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingplace：

where,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypolluted

wheretherearefactories.

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Youcangoanywhereyoulike.Theycollectantiquefurnitureandfolkornamentseverywheretheygo.3)Specialsubordinatorsindic554)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcondition:

providing/providedthat,supposingthat,onconditionthat

Iwillcome

providedthatIamwellenough.Supposing(that)youarewrong,whatwillyoudothen?IwilllendyouthebookonconditionthatyoureturnitonMonday.4)Specialsubordinatorsindic565)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingconcession:

as,whatever(=nomatterwhat),whoever(=nomatterwho),wherever(=nomatterwhere),whenever(=nomatterwhen),whichever(=nomatterwhich)

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.Whateveryousay,Ishallholdtomydecision.HoweverhardIworkedshewasneversatisfied.Youcantakewhicheveryoulike.5)Specialsubordinatorsindic576)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingcomparison:

themore…themore…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.

7)Specialsubordinatorsindicatin