專外復(fù)習(xí)終極版

Lesson3internalcombustionengines內(nèi)/外燃機(jī)internal/externalcombustionengines曲軸crankshaft化油器曲軸crankshaft凸輪車由camshaft凸輪車由camshaft火花塞asparkplug汽油gasoline/benzene水冷liquid-cooled汽油gasoline/benzene水冷liquid-cooled空冷air-cooled點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)ignitionsystems冷去卩系統(tǒng)coolingsystems冷去卩系統(tǒng)coolingsystemsSuction/intakestroke吸氣沖程Compressionstroke壓縮沖程Compressionstroke壓縮沖程Expansion/powerstroke作功沖程Exhauststroke排氣沖程.Experimentswithinternalcombustiongobacktotheseventeenthcentury.Thefirstfueltriedwasgunpowder,withapredictablyexplosivelycombustible」twasnotuntilthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturythatthedevelopmentofpetroleumproductsmadepossibletoday'sinternalcombustionengine.Keroseneforlampsandstoveswastheproductfirstsoughtfrompetroleumwhilegasolineseemednothingmorethanadangerousby-product.Butafterotherfuelhadbeentrieditwasgasolinethatemergedasthemostpracticalforinternalcombustion.Thefirstgenuinelymarketableinternalcombustionenginewastheworkofagermaninventor,NicholsAugustOtto.TheOttodevicewasafourstrokeengineinwhicheachpistonmadefour-movements(twoupandtwodown)foreachcombustioninthecylinderusinggasolinevaporizedandmixedwithairinacarburetor.Itutilizedacycleinwhichthecombustiblemixtureisdrawnintothecylinderofaninternalcombustionengineonasuctionstrokejscompressedandignitedbyasparkplugonacompressionstroke,burnsandperformsonaexpansionstroke,expelscombustionproductsonaexhauststroke.Sineeonlythethirdstrokeproductswork,thepistonneedhelpovertheotherstroke.Thisisgivenbyaflywheelattachedtothecrankshaft.Theflywheelineffectstoresenergyfromthepowerstroke.thisenergythencarriesthepistonthroughthethreestrokeuntilthenextpowerstrokecausedbythecombustionisrepeated.內(nèi)燃機(jī)的實(shí)驗(yàn)可以追溯到17世紀(jì)。第一種使用的燃料是具有可控爆炸結(jié)果的火藥。另一些實(shí)驗(yàn)是用不同的含氫氣體進(jìn)行的，氫具有爆燃性。知道19世紀(jì)后半葉，石油產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展才使現(xiàn)代的內(nèi)燃機(jī)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。用于照明和鍋爐的煤油是從石油中得到的第一種產(chǎn)品， 而汽油只是一種危險(xiǎn)的副產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)其他燃料被試過之后，只有汽油最適用于內(nèi)燃。最初真正進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的內(nèi)燃機(jī)是一個(gè)德國(guó)發(fā)明家，尼古拉斯 奧格斯特奧托的作品。奧拓的裝置是一個(gè)4沖程的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，每一個(gè)活塞的每一次缸內(nèi)燃燒要做4次運(yùn)動(dòng)（2次向上，2次向下），使用蒸發(fā)的空氣和汽油在汽化器中混合。這種內(nèi)燃機(jī)利用可燃混合氣在吸氣沖程被吸入內(nèi)燃機(jī)氣缸，在壓縮沖程被壓縮并被火花塞點(diǎn)火，在膨脹沖程燃燒并做功，在排氣沖程排除燃燒廢氣這樣一個(gè)循環(huán)做功。因?yàn)橹挥械谌龥_程做功，活塞在其他沖程需要幫助。由安裝在曲軸端部的飛輪提供這種幫助。實(shí)際上，飛輪在做功沖程吸收能量，這些能量可以帶動(dòng)活塞通過3個(gè)沖程知道下一次燃燒產(chǎn)生的做功沖程。Lesson4dieselengines柴油機(jī)dieselengines壓縮比柴油機(jī)dieselengines燃燒室thecombustionchamber熱效率thermalefficiency燃料噴射系統(tǒng) afuel-injectionsystemDieselengineisaninternalcombustionengineoperatingonathermodynamiccycle.Identifyingalternativefeaturesofdieseltypeinelude(1)two-cycleorfour-cycleoperation(2)honzontalorverticalpistonmovement(3)singleormultiplecylinder(4)large(5000hp)orsmall(50hp)(5)cylindersinline、opposed、Vorradial(6)singleactingordoubleacting(7)high(1000-2000rpm)、low(100-300rpm)、mediumspeed(8)constantspeedorvariablespeed(9)reversibleornonreversible(10)airinjectionorsolidinjection(11)superchargedorunsupercharged(12)singleormultiplefuel.柴油機(jī)是靠熱力循環(huán)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的一種內(nèi)燃機(jī)。識(shí)別柴油機(jī)可供選擇的一些特征有：（1）2沖程或4沖程循環(huán)工作（2）活塞水平運(yùn)動(dòng)或垂直運(yùn)動(dòng) （3）單缸或多缸（4）大功率（5000馬力）或小功率（50馬力）（5）氣缸排列方式：直列式、對(duì)置式、V行或星形（6）單動(dòng)式或雙動(dòng)式 （7）高速（1000-2000轉(zhuǎn)/分）、低速（100-300轉(zhuǎn)/分）或中速（8）恒速或變速 （9）可逆的或不可逆的（10）氣體燃料噴射或固體燃料噴射 （11）增壓式或非增壓式

(12)—種燃料或多種燃料。Lesson5 distributor分電器Lesson6 clutches離合器clutches離合器clutches變速箱gearbox飛輪flywheel摩擦系數(shù)飛輪flywheel推進(jìn)器impellerAclutchisadeviceforquicklyandeasilyconnectingordisconnectingarotatingshaftandarotatingcoaxialshaft,whichallowstwocomponents,usuallydriveshaft,tobeengagedordisengagedbyitsoperation.分類：Electromagnetic,dryfrictionplate,multi-oilimmersedplate,centrifugalandvanearejustsomeofthevarioustypesofclutchavailable.離合器式一種是從動(dòng)軸和同軸的主動(dòng)軸快速連接和脫開的裝置。 通過它的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，通常是傳動(dòng)軸，嚙合和分離。分類：電磁式、干摩擦盤式、多片油浸式、離心式和葉片式。Lesson7Automobilestransmissions汽車傳動(dòng)器front/rearaxle前/后橋(hydraulic)torqueconverterfront/rearaxle前/后橋Planetarygeartrains行星齒輪系A(chǔ)utomobiles,trucks,buses,andtractorsalldependontransmissionstodeliverpowerfromtheenginetothewheels.Thegasolineanddieselenginesthatpowerthesevehiclescannotbeconnecteddirectlytothewheels,becausetheenginesmustkeepturningatacertainspeedtokeepfromstalling.Also,differentamountoftorque(turningforce)mustbedeliveredtothewheelsatdifferenttimes.Alargeamountofforceisneededtogetacarmovingfromastandstill.Lessforceisneededtokeepthecarmovingonceitisrolling.Goingupahillofdrivingathighspeedrequiresstillotheramountofforce」tisthejobofthetransmissiontodelivertheparticularamountofforcethatisneeded.Thetransmissionalsoallowsamotorvehicletobackup--gasolineanddieselenginescanruninonlyonedirection,butthetransmissioncanreversethedirectionoftheforce.Andwhenacarstops,thetransmissionletstheenginekeeprunningwithoutmovingthewheels.轎車，卡車，公交車以及拖拉機(jī)都靠汽車傳動(dòng)系將動(dòng)力從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸送到車輪上。為機(jī)動(dòng)車輛提供動(dòng)力的汽油或柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不能直接與車輪相連，因?yàn)榘l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)必須以一定的速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)以防熄火停車。而且，在不同的時(shí)刻，需要有不同大小的力矩（旋轉(zhuǎn)力）傳遞到車輪上。當(dāng)車輛從靜止開始運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)候需要有較大的力矩，而一旦啟動(dòng)后要維持車輛行走則需要較小的力矩。當(dāng)車輛以比較高的速度爬坡的時(shí)候，還需要額外的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。傳動(dòng)系的作用就是在需要的時(shí)候傳遞特定大小的力矩。傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)也能夠使機(jī)動(dòng)車輛后退一一雖然汽油或者柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)只能夠按一個(gè)方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，但是傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以改變力矩的方向。當(dāng)車輛停止運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)能夠發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)保持運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而車輪不運(yùn)動(dòng)。Theheartofanytransmission-evenanautomaticone-isasetofgears.Gearsdonotchangethepowerofanengine,buttheycanincreasethe

torquebydecreasingthespeed.Theycanalsoincreasethespeedbydecreasingthetorque.即使是自動(dòng)的，任何一個(gè)汽車傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的核心都是一系列齒輪裝置。齒輪不改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率大小，但它可以通過降低轉(zhuǎn)速來增大轉(zhuǎn)矩；也可以減小轉(zhuǎn)矩來提咼轉(zhuǎn)速。Lesson8Differentials差速器Differential 差動(dòng)齒輪、分速器cabbageDifferential 差動(dòng)齒輪、分速器cabbage甘藍(lán)卷心菜Bulbous球根的 Bulbous球根的 pinion 小齒輪spline用花鍵bevel斜角斜面Crown頂beveledcrowngear傘齒輪slippery滑的likelihood可能性Crown頂beveledcrowngear傘齒輪slippery滑的likelihood可能性Undue不適當(dāng)?shù)膌ap拋光研磨duplicate復(fù)制shim薄墊片用墊片填I(lǐng)nflate充氣膨脹drivewheel主動(dòng)輪traction牽引力Thedifferentialsisagearassemblyinamotorvehiclewhichallowsthepropellershaftordriveshaft,toturnthedrivewheelsatdifferentialspeedswhenthevehicleisgoingaroundacurve.Whenavehiclegoesaroundacurve,thewheelontheinsideofthecurvetravelslessdistaneethantheother,andsoturnmoreslowly.forsafetyinhandingandtokeeptyreweartoaminimum.Afourwheeldrive,suchasajeeporaLandRover,hastwodifferentials.Formaximumtraction,afourwheeldrivevehiclehasbeendesignedwiththreedifferentials,separatingthefrontwheel,therearwheelsandthefrontfromtherear,allowingeachwheeltoturnatitsownspeedunderpower.Theonlycarwhichdoesnothaveadifferentialisthe

Dafcar,builtinHolland,whichhasabeltdrivesystemallowingslippageofthebeltonthepulleys.差速器是裝在機(jī)動(dòng)車輛上的一套齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置。 當(dāng)車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，差速器使轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸以不同的速度驅(qū)動(dòng)各驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。當(dāng)車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，彎道內(nèi)側(cè)的車輪行走的距離要比另一側(cè)車輪行走的距離短些。因此，為了駕駛安全和最大限度的減少輪胎的磨損，內(nèi)側(cè)車輪必須轉(zhuǎn)的慢些。一臺(tái)四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛，像吉普車或越野車，都裝有兩套差速器。為了得到最大的牽引力，四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車已設(shè)計(jì)成裝有三套差速器，分別裝在兩個(gè)前輪間、兩個(gè)后輪間及后輪與前輪間，容許每個(gè)輪在動(dòng)力作用下以各自的速度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。唯一不裝差速器的是荷蘭的“達(dá)夫”小汽車，該車有一套皮帶傳動(dòng)裝置，容許皮帶在皮帶輪上打滑。Lesson9Powersteering動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置;steeringwheel方向盤;actuatorPowersteering動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置;steeringwheel方向盤;actuator啟動(dòng)裝置；controlvavle控制閥cylinder缸體;Steeringcolumn駕駛桿； Steeringcolumn駕駛桿； optional可選擇的隨意的；servomechanism自動(dòng)駕駛裝置;servoloop伺服環(huán)路;ram公羊，活塞，猛擊;actuate開動(dòng)，促使;Atspeed飛快地； servomechanism自動(dòng)駕駛裝置;servoloop伺服環(huán)路;ram公羊，活塞，猛擊;actuate開動(dòng)，促使;Atspeed飛快地； motor馬達(dá);dispensewith免除;Hose軟管、水龍帶，長(zhǎng)筒襪;reservoir水庫，蓄水池;integral完整的;axialspoolvalve軸向柱塞閥Lesson10Brakebrake制動(dòng)器rotarybrake制動(dòng)器rotary旋轉(zhuǎn)的hoists升降機(jī)selflock自鎖asbestos石棉locomotive機(jī)車/運(yùn)動(dòng)的moisture潮濕caliper測(cè)徑器/用卡鉗測(cè)量 sustain支撐mattress床墊panel儀表板pedal踏板dispense刪除curvature彎曲/曲率elliptic橢圓形的cantilever懸臂laminated疊層梁dissipate5區(qū)散Brakeisadeviceusedtosloworstopthemotionofavehicleormachine.Brakearemostcommoniyusedtocontrolorstopmotorvehicles,trains,bicycles,androtatingdevicessuchasshaftsandmotors.Somebrakesalsoactaslockingdevice.Thebandbrakeisasimplebuteffectivebrakethatisusedonmachineryforhoistsandelevators,inconstructionequipment,andtocontrolthemovementsofgearsinautomatictransmissions.制動(dòng)器是一種用于車輛或機(jī)器降低運(yùn)行速度或使其停止的裝置。制動(dòng)器最常用來停止機(jī)動(dòng)車輛、火車、自行車以及像轉(zhuǎn)軸和馬達(dá)之類的旋轉(zhuǎn)裝置。有些制動(dòng)器也起到了鎖定裝置的作用。帶式制動(dòng)器簡(jiǎn)單而有效，通常用于像起重機(jī)、提升機(jī)等建筑設(shè)備,在自動(dòng)變速中控制齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速。制動(dòng)器包括：blockbrake塊式制動(dòng)bandbrake帶式制動(dòng)drumbrake制動(dòng)器包括：blockbrake塊式制動(dòng)bandbrake帶式制動(dòng)drumbrake鼓形或內(nèi)膨脹制動(dòng)器diskbrake盤形制動(dòng)器diskbrake盤形制動(dòng)器Lesson1ScraperLesson1ScraperShovel鏟功能：Aseraperremovesoilbyslice,transportsandplacesitinanearthenstructure,orpushesittoadumpandthenlevelsit.Whenmovingoverfreshlydugsoilthescraperalsopartiallycompactsit.鏟運(yùn)機(jī)在土方施工中一層一層鏟除，運(yùn)輸并堆放土壤，即將土壤推到卸土場(chǎng)并進(jìn)行刮平。當(dāng)在新開挖的土壤行駛時(shí)，鏟運(yùn)機(jī)還可對(duì)其進(jìn)行部分壓實(shí)。分類：Scraperscanbeclassifiedasfollows:Bythegeometricalcapacityofthebowl:1.5,3.0,6.0,10.0,15.0,25m3etc.Bythemodeoflocomotion:trailer,semi-trailerandself-powered.Bythemethodofdischarge:withfree,half-forcedandforceddischarge.Bythesystemofcontrol:scraperswithahydraulicorcablecontrol.按鏟斗的容量分為：1.5,3.0,6.0,10.0,15.0,25m等等按行走方式分為：拖式，半拖式和自行式三種按卸載方式分為：自由式，半強(qiáng)制式和強(qiáng)制式按控制系統(tǒng)分為：液壓控制和纜繩控制。Lesson2Loadingmachineshydraulicexcavator液壓挖掘機(jī)，vibratoryroller振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)，augerbox螺旋分料倉，augerconveyer螺旋運(yùn)輸機(jī)，asphaltpaver瀝青攤鋪機(jī),screed熨平板passability通過,性 manoeuvrability可操縱性

steeringwheel方向盤excavators挖掘機(jī)loaders裝載機(jī)3.forkliftloaders叉式裝載機(jī)4.scoopingloaders鏟斗式裝載機(jī)5.single-bucketloaders單斗裝載機(jī)6.multi-bucketloaders多斗裝載機(jī)7.crawlerandwheeledloaders履帶式和輪胎式裝載機(jī)8.truckloaders卡車裝載機(jī)unloader卸載機(jī)powerunloaders機(jī)動(dòng)卸載機(jī)pneumaticunloaders氣動(dòng)卸載機(jī)general-purposemachine通用機(jī)械runninggear行走裝置ahighpassability良好的通過性ahighmanoeuvrability機(jī)動(dòng)性好agreatthrusteffort很大的推進(jìn)力flatcars平板貨車gondolacars敞篷貨車sand沙子cement水泥gravel礫石crushedstone碎石19.bucket鏟斗19.bucket鏟斗grabs抓斗2O.torgueconvertertransmission液力變矩傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)21.storagebatteries蓄電池Bythekindofloadshandled,loadersareclassifiedasforkliftloadersforpieceloadsandscoopingloadersforloosematerials.Scoopingloadersaredividedintosingle-bucketandcontinuous-actionmulti-bucketloaders.Dependingonthekindofrunninggear,crawlerandwheeledloadersareavailable.Lesson3Hydraulicexcavators（液壓挖掘機(jī)）工作裝置：thebucket（鏟斗）thedipperstick斗桿theboom動(dòng)臂Lesson4 Vibratoryrollers 振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)Emergencybrake緊急制動(dòng)器振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)翻譯部分： Compactorarealsoempioyedwhenbuildingroadsbythesoilstabilizationmethod.Compactorareclassifiedbytheprincipleofoperation:rollers,whichcompactsoilbyrollingtamper,whichoperateonthepercussionprinciple;vibratorsandmachinescombiningrollingwithtampingorvibration;bymodeofmovement:trailer,semi-trailer,self-powered,pendant;bythekindofenergyused:internalcombustionengines,electricmotors,explosion-actingmachines.壓實(shí)機(jī)械還被用于筑路當(dāng)中，作為土層結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定方法。按照工作原理的不同，壓實(shí)機(jī)械可分為：壓路機(jī)（以滾輪壓實(shí)土壤），夯實(shí)機(jī)（以沖擊壓實(shí)土壤），以及振動(dòng)器與動(dòng)力機(jī)器組合而成的依靠沖擊或振動(dòng)工作的壓路機(jī)。按照行走的方式可分為：拖式，半拖式，自行式以及懸掛式，按照驅(qū)動(dòng)種類的不同可分為：內(nèi)燃機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，爆燃驅(qū)動(dòng)。Compactingbyvibrationisachievedbythereciprocatingmovementsofavibrator,whichshiftthesoilparticlesandcompactthesoil.振動(dòng)壓實(shí)使通過振子的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)迫使土壤顆粒重新位移而得到壓實(shí)Lesson6 AsphaltpaversScreed熨平板glowplugignition火花塞點(diǎn)火Automaticlevelcontrol自動(dòng)找平控制系統(tǒng)瀝青攤鋪機(jī)翻譯部分：asphaltpaversorbituminousfinishersarespecialmachinesforpavingasphaltmixturewhicharemixedbyasphaltplant.Pavercanpavemixedasphaltmixturerapidlyanduniformlyontheroadbase,andcanbeclassifiedbythelocomotion:trailerandself-powered;bytherunninggear:wheel-mountedandcrawler-mounted.瀝青攤鋪機(jī)即瀝青成型機(jī)，是攤鋪瀝青拌和設(shè)備攪拌的瀝青混合料的專用機(jī)械。它可以快速、均勻地將混合好的瀝青攤鋪料攤鋪在路基上。根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式分為：牽引式和半機(jī)動(dòng)式。根據(jù)行走裝置分為：輪式和履帶式。TheProductionprocessofanasphaltpaverisasfollows:therearwheelsofreversingdumpercontactthepushrolleroftheasphaltpaveranddumptheasphaltmixturetothehopperofthepaver.Asphaltmixtureisdeliveredtotheaugerconveyerbythedragconveyerwhichhasbothleftandrightindividuallydriven.Asphaltmaterialsarefurtherspreadtotwosidesoftheroad.Tempercompactthemprimarily.Screedunitonwhichtherearevibrator,bearingunit,crowingdevice,andscreedplatemakesthe

asphaltmixtureformpositiveshapeandthicknessofmat.瀝青攤鋪機(jī)的生產(chǎn)過程如下：倒退中的自卸車的后輪接觸瀝青攤鋪機(jī)的推滾，并將瀝青混合料傾倒在攤鋪機(jī)料斗中，瀝青混合料由獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)的左右兩個(gè)鏈板輸送器輸送到螺旋輸送器。瀝青材料進(jìn)一步向路的兩側(cè)攤鋪。振搗夯錘首先進(jìn)行壓實(shí)。熨平板使瀝青混合料形成確定的形狀和鋪層厚度，熨平板上有振動(dòng)器、軸承裝置、調(diào)拱裝置和熨平底板。Lesson3graders平地機(jī)Zeroelevation零高程maneuverable機(jī)動(dòng)性BladeZeroelevation零高程propshaft 傳動(dòng)車由Tandempropshaft 傳動(dòng)車由Tandem串聯(lián)chassis底盤Self-poweredgradersareusedinroadconstructiontoexcavatesideSelf-poweredgradersareditches,chapthesurfaceandsidesoffillsandcutsandgivethemtherequiredgradients.自行式平地機(jī)在道路施工中被用于挖邊溝，填補(bǔ)或切削刮平邊坡表面，并使其具有一定坡度。Powerfulself-propelledgraderscanalsobeutilizedforlayingearthbedsatzeroelevation,forlevelingandauxiliaryjobs,andforbuildingplatformsandmakingprofilecutsandbanks,Inwintertime,self-poweredgradersareusedtocleanroadsofcompactedsnow.功能強(qiáng)大的自行式平地機(jī)還可以用來以水平面為基準(zhǔn)整平路基和做其他輔助工作、構(gòu)建平臺(tái)以及修整縱切面和邊坡等。在冬季，自行式平地機(jī)還被用來清除道路上結(jié)冰的雪。Lesson4Oilpumps油泵hydraulicpumps 液壓油泵Compressors壓縮機(jī)generators發(fā)電機(jī)Motor馬達(dá)Lesson5concretepumps混凝土泵Dispel消除驅(qū)除skepticism懷疑論Oilpumps油泵hydraulicpumps 液壓油泵Compressors壓縮機(jī)generators發(fā)電機(jī)Motor馬達(dá)Lesson5concretepumps混凝土泵Dispel消除驅(qū)除skepticism懷疑論decisive決定性的Modestoutput較小的輸出intheconstructiontrade建筑領(lǐng)域Innovation改革革新breaknewground開拓新天地Reservecapacity儲(chǔ)備能力Reservecapacity儲(chǔ)備能力proverbial/precept諺語格言規(guī)貝卩Hydraulichoses液壓軟管Hydraulichoses液壓軟管performaneevalue性價(jià)比towercranes塔式起重機(jī)Truck-mountedpumpstowercranes塔式起重機(jī)Generally,theconcretepumpcanbeclassifiedintothreemaintypes:boomtrucks,linepumps,andseparateplacingbooms.通常，混凝土泵可以分為三大類：泵送卡車、拖泵，以及獨(dú)立布料臂。Lesson6 bulldozers推土機(jī)Lay嚴(yán)整dumptrucksLay嚴(yán)整Hydro-mechanicalequipment水利設(shè)備Municipal市政的expedient有效地有利的TiltTilt傾斜adversesituations惡劣的情形Discharged卸料derivation 派生Coupledwith與什么結(jié)合outperforming超額完成分類Bythemountingoftheblade:straightbulldozers anglingoruniversalbulldozers直鏟推土機(jī)、斜鏟或通用推土機(jī)hydraulicbulldozersBythecontrolsystem:cablebulldozershydraulicbulldozers鋼纜式推土機(jī)，液壓推土機(jī)Bythetypeofcarryingvehicle:crawlerwheeltractors specialair-tyredtractors.履帶輪拖拉機(jī)式和專用輪胎拖拉機(jī)式推土機(jī)段落Bulldozersisanearthmovingmachine,whichconsistsoftractorandabladeinstalledatthefrontofthetractor.Thetermbulldozermaybeusedinabroadsensetoincludebothabulldozerandanangledozer.Bulldozersaremountedwithbladesperpendiculartothedirectionoftravel,whichangledozersaremountedwiththebladesetatananglewiththedirectionoftravel.Theformerpushtheearthforward,whilethelatterpushitforwardandtooneside,somebladesmaybeadjustedtheirusetobulldozersorangledozers.推土機(jī)是一種用來推移土壤的機(jī)器，它是由拖拉機(jī)和安裝在前面的鏟刀組成。我們所說的推土機(jī)是就廣義而言的，包括直鏟推土機(jī)和斜鏟推土機(jī)。直鏟推土機(jī)的鏟刀與其行進(jìn)方向 垂直,斜鏟推土機(jī)的鏟刀與其行進(jìn)方向有一定角度。前者是將土壤向前推，而后者是將土壤推向前面和一側(cè)，有些推土機(jī)的鏟刀可以調(diào)節(jié)，以完成直鏟或斜鏟的功能。Lesson7 truckmixers攪拌車chassis底盤ETO(enginetake-off)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)取力truckmixer攪拌車Lesson7 truckmixers攪拌車chassis底盤ETO(enginetake-off)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)取力truckmixer攪拌車transitmixer自動(dòng)攪拌機(jī)Lesson8conveyersandcranesConveyer運(yùn)輸機(jī)screwconveyer螺旋輸送機(jī)chainconveyer鏈?zhǔn)捷斔蜋C(jī) hopper斗倉，布料器vibratingconveyer振動(dòng)輸送機(jī) gravityconveyor重力輸送器crane起重機(jī)Conveyersconveyersareextremelyusefuldevicesfortransportingawidevarietyofobjects.輸送裝置是輸送各種物料的極為有用的機(jī)械裝置Craneswecandefineacraneasamachinewhichlift