美國文學(xué)史名詞解釋

AmericanRomanticismAmericanRomanticism美國浪漫主義AmericanPuritanism美國清教主義Simplyspeaking,AmericanPuritanismjustreferstothespiritandidealofpuritanswhosettledintheNorthAmericancontinentintheearlypartoftheseventeenthcenturybecauseofreligiouspersecutions. 美國清教主義指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陸十七世紀(jì)初期由于內(nèi)容的宗教迫害。Itmigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofNewEngland.它為新英格蘭奠定了宗教，知識和社會秩序的基礎(chǔ)。PuritansadheredtotheFivePointsofCalvinismascodifiedattheSynodofDort:unconditionalelection,limitedatonement,totaldepravity,irresistiblegraceandtheperseveranceofthesaints. 清教徒遵循力口爾文派于多特宗教會議上制定的五點(diǎn)信條：無條件揀選，有限救贖，完全墮落，不可抗拒的恩典，以及圣徒的堅守。ItisbasisofAmericanliterature.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth—gardenofEden.ItcontributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism:atechnique,widelyused.它是美國文學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。所有文學(xué)基于一個神話一一伊甸園。它的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的象征主義：技術(shù)，廣泛使用。TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.浪漫主義時期是美國文學(xué)歷史上最重要的時期 ，從18世紀(jì)末延伸至爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。它始于華盛頓?歐文的《見聞札記》，以惠特曼的《草葉集》結(jié)束。InliteratureitwasAmerica'sfirstgreatcreativeperiod,afullfloweringoftheromanticimpulseonAmericansoil. 在文學(xué)上，這個時期是美國第一次偉大的創(chuàng)作期，浪漫主義的種子在北美的土壤里生根發(fā)芽。Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“areal newexperience”andcontained “analienquality ”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace “wasradicallynewandalien. 美國浪漫主義在本質(zhì)上是一個“全新的經(jīng)歷”的表達(dá)，因為這個新大陸充滿著生機(jī)和活力而使美國的浪漫主義蘊(yùn)含異國的氣質(zhì)。PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.清教主義對美國浪漫主義有著顯著的影響。浪漫主義作家往往更講道德。許多浪漫主義作品旨在陶冶他們過癮了。Subjectivity,backtomedieval,espmedievalfolkliterature,backtonatureisromanticism'scharacteristics. 主體性，回到中世紀(jì)，尤其是中世紀(jì)民間文學(xué)，回歸自然是浪漫主義的特征。Itstressingemotionratherthanreason,stressingfreedomandindividuality,Idealismratherthanmaterialism.Writingaboutnature,medievallegendsandwithsupernaturalelements.強(qiáng)調(diào)情感，而不是原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)自由和個性，理想主義，而不是唯物主義。寫關(guān)于自然、中世紀(jì)的傳說和超自然的元素AmericanTranscendentalism美國超驗主義ItisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.ThebeliefsthatGodisimmanentineachpersonandinnatureandthatindividualintuitionisthehighestsourceofknowledgeledtoanoptimisticemphasisonindividualism,self-reliance,andrejectionoftraditionalauthority. 它是美國浪漫主義的頂峰。超驗主義者認(rèn)為人人都有內(nèi)在的神性，只有通過接觸自然才能使神性與人的天性相融合，從而超驗主義十分強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義、自立、拒絕傳統(tǒng)權(quán)威思想。Thetranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheoversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.TakingnatureasthesymboloftheSpirit. 超驗主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)精神，或超靈，認(rèn)為它是是宇宙中最重要的事情。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)個人的重要性，以自然為精神的象征。IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance—oneofthemostprolific

periodinAmericanliterature.ItmarkedtheindependenceofAmericanperiodinAmericanliterature.literature. 建立第一個美國文藝復(fù)興時期，美國文學(xué)中最多產(chǎn)時期之一。標(biāo)志著美國文學(xué)的獨(dú)立。TheideasoftranscendentalismweremosteloquentlyexpressedbyEmersoninsuchessaysasNature,andSelf-RelianceandbyThoreauinhisbookWalden.超驗主義思想在愛默生的《論自然》和《論自立》以及梭羅的《瓦爾登湖》等書中表現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。Freeverse自由詩Freeverseispoetrythathasanirregularrhythmandlinelengthandthatattemptstoavoidanypredeterminedversestructure;itusesthecadencesofnaturespeech.Freeversedoessoinalooserway.Whitman 'spoetryisanexampleoffreeverseatitsmostimpressive.SuchastheSongofMyself.WhitmanwhopioneeredtheformandmadeitacceptableinAmericanpoetry.自由詩是一種詩體，押韻和句子長度都不規(guī)則，而是采取正常說話的方式，避免固定的詩體結(jié)構(gòu)。它使用大自然的韻律演講。自由詩比較松散?；萏芈脑姼枋亲杂稍姷淖詈美印＠纭蹲晕抑琛??；萏芈徽J(rèn)為是美國自由詩的先驅(qū)。Alliteration頭韻Itreferstotherepetitionofthesamesounds----usuallyinitialconsonants

ofwordsorofstressedsyllables----inanysequenceofneighboringwords:"Landscape-lover,lordoflanguage”(Tennyson).Suchpoetry,inwhichalliterationratherthanrhymeisthechiefprincipleofrepetition,isknownasalliterationverse. 頭韻是兩個單詞或兩個單詞以上的首字母相同，anysequenceofneighboring形成悅耳的讀音，最常見的押頭韻的短語"Landscape-lover,lordoflanguage"(丁尼生)。主要使用重復(fù)頭韻的詩歌被稱為頭韻體詩歌，其元音相互押韻。ScarletLetter(A:AdulterytoAbletoAngel)NathanielHawthorneCharacters:HesterPrynne(heroine,attractive,activetowardsthesin)RogerChillingworth(Hester'shusband,emotionless,onlythinkingaboutrevenge,realvallaininthenovel,signifyingpureintellectwhichwasmercilessinHawthorne'smind)Arthur Dimmesdale(ahandsomeandadmirableyoungpriest,contraditionaryonthesinhemadewithHester,beingabravemanatlast)Theme:Thethemeofthestoryshouldbethemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectsofthesinonpeople.ScarletLetterisaculturalallegory,inwhichtheauthorindirectlytellsthefutureofPuritanism.ScarletLetterisasampleinwhichAmericanRomanticismadapteditselftoAmericanPuritanism.(BecauseofthestronginfluenceofPuritanisminAmericansociety,Hawthorneonlyexpressedhisideasonthesinindirectlybyemployingsymbolism.)MobyDickHermanMelvilleMoby-dickisregardedastheGreatAmericanNovel,thefirstAmericanproseepic.knownasthewhalingencyclopedia.Moby-DicktellsthestoryhowAhab,thecaptainofawhalingship,isdeterminedtokillthewhitewhaleforithascrippledoneofhislegs.Ambiguity(YoucanunderstandhisMobyDickdiff