高考英語外刊 可改為選詞填空 完形填空 拓展閱讀

高考英語外刊可改為選詞填空完形填空拓展閱讀拓展閱讀1HumanbodytemperaturedeclinedoverthepasttwocenturiesBy

DavidSzondyJanuary11,2020Anewstudybyateamof

StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine?scientistssuggeststhattheaveragehumanbodytemperatureintheUnitedStateshasdecreasedoverthelastcentury.Bycross-checkingavarietyofhealthrecords,theresearchersconcludedthattheaverageAmerican'sbodytemperatureisabout0.58°F(0.03°C)and1.06°F(0.6°C)lowerforwomenandmen,respectively,thanitwasinthe19thcentury.Theideathatthestandardhumanbodytemperatureisabout98.6°F(37°C)wasfirstpresentedbytheGermanphysicianCarlReinholdAugustWunderlichin1851.Sincethen,it'sbecomesowidelyacceptedthatitservesasatouchstoneforhealth–adiagnostictoolusedbyphysiciansandparentsasabasicindicatorifsomeoneissickorwell.However,itturnsoutthatthiswell-establishedfactisn't,infact,correct–or,toputitmoreaccurately,humanbeingshavebeengettingcoolerovertheyears.Recentstudieshaveshownthattemperaturerecordsofgroupsofpeoplehavetendedtorunlowcomparedtotheacceptednorm,sotheStanfordteam,ledbyJulieParsonnet,MD,professorofmedicineandofhealthresearchandpolicy,decidedtodoamorein-depthstudytocomparemodernmeasurementswithhistoricalrecordstotrytoidentifybodytemperaturetrendsand,perhaps,uncoverthereasonwhythiscoolingishappening.Fortheirresearch,theStanfordteamlookedatthreedistinctdatasetsfromthreehistoricalperiods.Onewasmilitaryservicerecords,medicalrecords,andpensionrecordsfromUnionArmyveteransoftheAmericanCivilWarthatwerecompiledfrom1862to1930.ThesecondwasfromtheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyIcollectedbetween1971and1975,andthirdfromadultpatientsvisitingStanfordHealthCarefrom2007to2017.Inall,theteamwentthrough677,423temperaturemeasurements,makingsurethattemperaturesrecordedwereaccurateratherthantheresultofpoorlydesignedthermometers.Theydidthisbylookingatthechangeintemperatureinsideeachgroupovertimetoensurethatthecurvesshowingadecreasewereconsistentbetweenthedatasets.Attheendoftheday,theteamfoundthatmenborninthe21stcenturyhadanaveragebodytemperatureof1.06°F(0.6°C)lowerthanthosebornintheearly19thcentury,whilemodernwomenshowedanaveragedecreaseof0.58°F(0.03°C)comparedtothoseborninthe1890s.Together,thismeansthathumanbodytemperatureshavefallenby0.05°F(0.03°C)perdecade.However,becausetherearemanyfactorsthatinfluencebodytemperatures,theteamsaysthatitisn'tnecessarytoupdatethedefinitionoftheaveragebodytemperatureforeverydaypurposes.Astowhythisishappening,theresearcherssaythatthemostlikelymechanismisareductioninthehumanmetabolicrateduetoenvironmentalfactors.Onepossibilityisthatimprovementsinpublichealthover200yearshavereducedtheincidenceofinflammations,whichboostsmetabolism.This,combinedwithpeoplelivingmorecomfortablelivesinmorestableenvironmentsmeansthatthebodydoesn'thavetoworkashardtostaywarm,sotheaveragetemperaturefalls."Physiologically,we’rejustdifferentfromwhatwewereinthepast,"saysParsonnet."Theenvironmentthatwe’relivinginhaschanged,includingthetemperatureinourhomes,ourcontactwithmicroorganismsandthefoodthatwehaveaccessto.Allthesethingsmeanthatalthoughwethinkofhumanbeingsasifwe’remonomorphicandhavebeenthesameforallofhumanevolution,we’renotthesame.We’reactuallychangingphysiologically."（623）（/science/humans-body-temperature-decrease/）外刊核心詞匯accept acceptability acceptable acceptably acceptance acceptances accepted accepting acceptor acceptors accepts unacceptability unacceptable unacceptably access accessed accesses accessibility accessible accessing inaccessibility inaccessible accurate accuracies accuracy accurately inaccuracies inaccuracy inaccurate inaccurately actual actualisation actualisations actualise actualised actualises actualising actualities actuality actualization actualizations actualize actualized actualizes actualizing actually adult adulthood adults average averaged averagely averages averaging basic basically basics become became becomes becoming between betweens body bodied bodies bodily boost boosted booster boosters boosting boosts born reborn unborn care cared careful carefully carefulness careless carelessly carelessness carer carers cares caring uncared uncaring century centuries change changeable changed changer changers changes changing unchangeable unchangeably unchanged unchanging check checked checker checkers checking checks unchecked civil civilities civility collect collectable collectables collected collecting collection collections collective collectively collectives collectivism collectivist collectivists collectivities collectivity collectivization collector collectors collects uncollected combine combinability combination combinations combined combines combining recombinant recombination recombinations recombine recombined recombines recombining comfort comfortable comfortably comforted comforting comfortingly comforts uncomfortable uncomfortably uncomforted compare comparability comparable comparably compared compares comparing comparison comparisons incomparable incomparably compile compilation compilations compiled compiler compilers compiles compiling conclude concluded concludes concluding unconcluded consistent consistently inconsistent contact contactable contacted contacting contacts uncontactable cool coolant coolants cooled cooler coolers coolest cooling coolly coolness cools uncool uncooled correct corrected correcting correction correctional corrections corrective correctly correctness corrects incorrect incorrectly uncorrected cover coverage covered covering coverings coverlet coverlets covers uncover uncovered uncovering uncovers cross crossed crosses crossing crossings crosslike crossly crossness uncrossed curve curvaceous curvature curvatures curved curves curving curvy day dailies daily daylight daylights days midday decade decades decide decided decidedly decider deciders decides deciding undecided decrease decreased decreases decreasing deep deepen deepened deepening deepens deeper deepest deeply depth depths define definable defined defines defining definition definitional definitions indefinable indefinably predefined redefine redefined redefines redefining redefinition redefinitions undefinable undefined design designed designer designers designing designs diagnostic diagnostically diagnostician diagnosticians diagnostics different differently distinct distinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctiveness distinctivenesses distinctly distinctness indistinct indistinctlydue dues duly undue unduly early earlier earliest earliness end ended ending endings endless endlessly ends unended unending ensure ensured ensures ensuring environment environmental environmentalism environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments establish established establishes establishing establishment establishments reestablish reestablished reestablishes reestablishing reestablishment evolution evolutionarily evolutionary evolutionism evolutionist evolutionists examine examination examinations examined examinee examinees examiner examiners examines examining unexamined fact factly facts factor factored factoring factors fall fallen falling falls fell find finder finders finding findings finds found unfound get gets getting got gotten go goer goers goes going goings gone goner goners gonna gunna went 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inwardly inwardness inwards incidence incidences include incl included includes including indicate indicated indicates indicating indication indications indicative indicator indicators inflame inflamed inflames inflaming inflammation inflammations inflammatory noninflammatory influence influenced influences influencing influential uninfluenced inside insider insiders insides last lastly lead leader leaderless leaders leadership leaderships leading leads led mislead misleading misleadingly misleads misled likely likelier likeliest likelihood unlikeliest unlikely live lived lives living livings look looked looker looking looks unlooked low lowish lowlier lowliest lowly lows lower lowered lowering lowers lowest make made maker makers makes making makings remade remake remakes remaking unmade unmake man manfully manhood manliness manly manned manning mannish mans men mens unmanned mean meaning meaningful meaningfully meaningfulness meaningless meaninglessness meanings means meant measure immeasurable immeasurably measurable measurably measured measurement measurements measures measuring unmeasured mechanism mechanisms medical medicalization medically medicals medicine medicinal medicinally medicines metabolic metabolically metabolism metabolisms microorganism microorganisms military militarily militarism militarist militaristic militarists modern moderner modernisation modernise modernised modernising modernism modernisms modernist modernists modernity modernization modernize modernized modernizer modernizers modernizing moderns postmodern postmodernism postmodernist postmodernists nation national nationalisation nationalisations nationalise nationalised nationalising nationalism nationalisms nationalist nationalistic nationalistically nationalists nationalization nationalize nationalized nationalizing nationally nationals nationhood nationhoods nations nationwide necessary necessaries necessarily unnecessarily unnecessary new newer newest newish newly newness renew 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unsure survey surveyed surveying surveyor surveyors surveys unsurveyed team teamed teaming teams temperature temperatures tend tended tendencies tendency tending tends thermometer thermometers thing thingies things thingy think rethink rethinking rethinks rethought thinker thinkers thinkin thinking thinks thought thoughtful thoughtfully thoughtfulness thoughtless thoughtlessly thoughtlessness thoughts unthinkable unthinking unthinkingly unthought three third thirdly thirds threes through throughout time anytime timed timeless timelessness timeliness timely timer timers times timing timings untimed untimeliness untimely together togetherness togethers tool tooled tooling tools touchstone touchstones trend trended trending trends try triable tried tries tryin trying untried turn turned turning turnings turns unturned union unionisation unionism unionisms unionist unionists unionization unions unión unite reunite reunited reunites reuniting united unites uniting university preuniversity univ universities update updated updates updating updatings use misuse misused misuser misusers misuses misusing reusable reuse reused reuses reusing unusable unused usability usable useable used useful usefully usefulness useless uselessly uselessness user users uses using variety varietal varieties veteran veterans visit revisit revisitation revisitations revisited revisiting revisits unvisited visitation visitations visited visiting visitor visitors visits war interwar postwar prewar warred warring wars warm warmed warmer warmers warmest warming warmly warms warmth well unwell wellness wide widely widen widened wideness widening widens wider widest width widths woman womanhood womaniser womanisers womanising womanizer womanizers womanizing womanly women womens work rework reworked reworking reworks unworkable unworked workable worked worker workers working workings works year yearling yearlings yearly years 拓展閱讀2'Normal'HumanBodyTemperatureHasChangedintheLastCenturyBY

ALICEPARK?\t"/5764051/normal-body-temperature-has-changed/_blank"

JANUARY14,2020Whetheryouhaveastomachache,awristsprainorachronicdisease,oneofthefirstthingsdoctorsandnurseswilldoatanappointmentistakeyourtemperature.Anormaltemperaturemeansyourbodyishummingalongthewayitshould.Ahighertemperaturemeansyouhaveafever,andshowsyourbodycouldbefightinganinfection.Andsince1871,“normal”hasmeant98.6°F(37°C).ThatnumberwasdeterminedbyaGermanphysician,basedonmillionsofreadingsfrom25,000Germanpatients,takenbystickingthermometersundertheirarms.WhendoctorsintheU.S.andEuroperepeatedtheexperimentinlocalpopulations,theycameupwiththesamenumber,soitstuck.Butinapaper\t"/5764051/normal-body-temperature-has-changed/_blank"publishedlastweekin?eLife,researchersatStanfordUniversityreportedthatthenormalhumanbodytemperaturehasdroppedsincethattime.Andthatmeansthestandardsthatdoctorshavebeenusingtodefinenormaltemperatureandfevermightneedtobereworked.JulieParsonnet,aprofessorofmedicineatStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,andherteamanalyzeddatafromthreelargedatabasesinvolvingmorethan677,000temperaturereadingsfromnearly190,000people,collectedbetween1862and2017.ThefirstdatasetisdrawnfromhealthinformationcollectedonUnionArmysoldiersfrom1862to1930.Thesecond,theNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,comesfromU.S.population-widedatafrom1971to1975.Thethirdisthemostrecent,andincludesmeasurementstakenbytheStanfordTranslationalResearchIntegratedDatabaseEnvironmentstudyfrom2007to2017.Theteamfoundthataveragebodytemperaturesintheearliestdatabase,fromtheUnionArmyveterans,werehigherthanthetemperaturesrecordedineachofthelattertwoperiods.Onaverage,thetemperaturesdroppedby0.03°Cand0.029°Cperdecadeformenandwomen,respectively,overthe150-yearspan.Toaddresstheissueofwhetherthermometerswerelessaccurateinearliertimes,orwhetherpreviousgenerationsofdoctorsmeasuredtemperaturedifferently,thescientistsalsocomparedbodytemperatureswithinasinglepopulation,tominimizeanypotentialmeasurementbias.WithintheUnionArmypopulation,forexample,thetrendremainedstrong;temperatureswerehigheramongthosebornearlierthanamongthosebornlater,byabout0.02°Cperdecade.“Inpreviousstudiespeoplewhofoundlowertemperatures[inmorerecenttimes]thoughtthetemperaturestakeninthe19thcenturywerejustwrong,”Parsonnetsays.“Idon’tthinktheywerewrong;Ithinkthetemperaturehasgonedown.”Itmakessensethatbodytemperatureswouldchangeovertime,saysParsonnet.“Wehavegrowninheightonaverage,whichchangesourtemperature,andwehavegottenheavier,whichalsochangesourbodytemperature,”shesays.“[Today,]wehavebetternutrition,bettermedicalcare,andbetterpublichealth.Wehaveairconditioningandheating,sowelivemorecomfortablelivesataconsistent68°Fto72°Finourhomes,soit’snotastruggletokeepthebodywarm.It’snotbeyondtheimaginationthatourbodytemperatureswouldchangeasaresult.”Perhapsthemostimportantfactor,however,isthedevelopmentoftreatmentsforinfectiousdiseasesoverthelastcentury.“Wehavegottenridofmanyoftheinflammatoryconditionsthatpeoplehad—tuberculosis,syphilis,periodontaldisease,woundsthatdidn’theal,dysentery,diarrhea—withantibioticsandvaccines,”saysParsonnet.“Plus,weconqueredgeneralinflammationwithnon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugsandstatins,allofwhichenableustolivealmostinflammation-free.”That,inturn,mighthavecontributedtoacreepingdeclineinaveragebodytemperatureasthebodyisfreedfromheatinguptofightoffdisease.Whilethedropindicatesthattoday’spopulationsarelesslikelytobeharboringinfections,thatdoesn’tnecessarilymeantheyarehealthieroverallcomparedtoearliergenerations,sinceotherchronicdiseaseslikediabetesandcancerhavebecomemorecommoninrecentdecades.Thatmeansitisn’tobviousthatapopulationofpeoplefromonecountry,forexample,whoseaveragetemperatureislowerthanthatofanotherpopulation’s,isnecessarilyhealthier.Butwhatthefindingsdosupportistheideaofmovingawayfromusingauniversal“normal”temperature,andtowardsmorepersonalizedtemperaturereadingsthattakeintoaccountthemanyfactorsthatcaninfluencethemeasure,likeheight,weight,age,timeofday,andoutsidetemperature.“Wecanestimatebetterwhatanormaltemperatureisforanindividualpersonthanwecurrentlydo,”saysParsonnet.“Nowweuseonenumber,butthatvaluemaynotmakesense,sinceanormaltemperaturemaybedifferentfordifferentpeople.”（803）（/5764051/normal-body-temperature-has-changed/）拓展閱讀3Hotterbodiesfightinfectionsandtumorsbetter--researchersshowhowTheresearchershavedemonstratedthatsmallrisesintemperature(suchasduringafever)speedupthespeedofacellular'clock'thatcontrolstheresponsetoinfections--andthisnewunderstandingcouldleadtomoreeffectiveandfast-workingdrugswhichtargetakeyproteininvolvedinthisprocess.Biologistsfoundthatinflammatorysignalsactivate'NuclearFactorkappaB'(NF-κB)proteinstostarta'clock'ticking,inwhichNF-κBproteinsmovebackwardsandforwardsintoandoutofthecellnucleus,wheretheyswitchgenesonandoff.Thisallowscellstorespondtoatumour,woundorinfection.WhenNF-κBisuncontr