英語四級課程-閱讀(徐磊)-講義

英語四級課程-閱讀(徐磊)-講義英語四級課程-閱讀(徐磊)-講義英語四級課程-閱讀(徐磊)-講義xxx公司英語四級課程-閱讀(徐磊)-講義文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchancesofstayinghealthy.Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehowtheresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage.Women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness”Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,thearticlessaidavoidstressfulevents.Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerousmany—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescription(處方)forstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerable(脆弱的)andpassiveinthefaceofadversity(逆境).Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity﹖Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredom,andphysicalandmentalstrain.21.TheresultofHolmes-Rahe'smedicalresearchtellsus____.AthewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestressBwhatshouldbedonetoavoidstressCwhatkindofeventwouldcausestressDhowtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife22.Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sledto____.AwidespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffectsBgreatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcauseCanintensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnessesDpopularavoidanceofstressfuljobs23.ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows____.AhowmuchpressureyouareunderBhowpositiveeventscanchangeyoulifeChowstressfulamajoreventcanbeDhowyoucandealwithlife-changingevents24.Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”Line1Para.3impossibletofollow﹖ANoonecanstayonthesamejobforlongBNoprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstressCPeoplehavetogetmarriedsomedayDYoucouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell25.Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome____.AnervouswhenfacedwithdifficultiesBphysicallyandmentallystrainedCmorecapableofcopingwithadversityDindifferenttowardwhathappenstothemPsychiatrists（精神病專家)whoworkwitholderparentssaythatmaturitycanbeanassetinchildrearing-olderparentsaremorethoughtful,uselessphysicaldisciplineandspendmoretimewiththeirchildren.Butraisingkidstakesmoneyandenergy.Manyolderparentsfindthemselvesbalancingtheirlimitedfinancialresources,decliningenergyandfailinghealthagainstthegrowingdemandsofanactivechild.Dyingandleavingyoungchildrenisprobablytheolderparents'biggest,andoftenunspoken,fear.Havinglate-lifechildren,saysaneconomicsprofessor.oftenmeansparents,particularlyfathers,"endupretiringmuchlater."Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream.HenryMetcalf.a54-year-oldjournalist,knowsittakesmoneytoraisekids.Buthe'salsoworriedthathisenergywillgiveoutfirst.Sure,hecanstillridebikeswithhisathleticfifthgrader,buthe'slearnedthatyoungatheartdoesn'tmeanyoung.Latelyhe'sbeentakingafternoonnaps(午睡)tokeepuphisenergy."Mybodyisaging,"saysMetcalf."Youcan'tgetawayfromthat."Often,olderparentshearthetickingofanotherkindofbiologicalclock.Therapistswhoworkwithmiddle-agedandolderparentssayfearsaboutagingarenothingtolaughat."Theyworrythey'llbemistakenforgrandparents,orthatthey'llneedhelpgettingupoutofthoselittlechairsinnurseryschool,"saysJoannGalst,aNewYorkpsychologist.Butatthecoreofthoselittlefearsthereisoftenamuchbiggerone:"thattheywon'tbealivelongenoughtosupportandprotecttheirchild,"shesays.Manylate-lifeparents,though,saytheirchildrencameatjusttherighttime.Aftermarryinglateandundergoingyearsoffertility(受孕)treatment,MarilynNolenandherhusband.Randy,hadtwins."Webothwantedchildren,"saysMarilyn,whowas55whenshegavebirth.Thetwinshavegiventhecouplewhattheydesiredforyears,"asenseoffamily."Kidsofolderdadsareoftensmarter,happierandmoresociablebecausetheirfathersaremoreinvolvedintheirlives.'Thedadsareolder,moremature,"saysDr.Silber,"andmorereadytofocusonparenting."36.Whydopsychiatristsregardmaturityasanassetinchildrearing?A)Olderparentscanbetterbalancetheirresourcesagainstchildren'sdemands.B)Olderparentsareusuallymoreexperiencedinbringinguptheirchildren.C)Olderparentsareoftenbetterpreparedfinancially.D)Olderparentscantakebettercareoftheirchildren.37.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying"Formany,retirementbecomesanunobtainabledream"(Lines7-8,Para.1)A)Theyhavetogoonworkingbeyondtheirretirementage.B)Theycan'tgetfullpensionunlesstheyworksomeextrayears.C)Theycan'tobtaintheretirementbenefitstheyhavedreamedof.D)Theyarereluctanttoretirewhentheyreachtheirretirementage.38.TheauthorgivestheexampleofHenryMetcalftoshowthatA)manypeopleareyounginspiritdespitetheiradvancedage.B)takingafternoonnapsisagoodwaytomaintainenergyC)olderparentstendtobeconcernedabouttheiragingbodiesD)olderparentsshouldexercisemoretokeepupwiththeirathleticchildren39.What'sthebiggestfearofolderparentsaccordingtoNewYorkpsychologistJoanGalst?A)Beinglaughedatbyotherpeople.B)Slowingdownoftheirpaceoflife.C)Beingmistakenforgrandparents.D)Approachingofdeath.40.WhatdowelearnaboutMarilynandRandyNolen?A)Theythoughttheywereanexampleofsuccessfulfertilitytreatment.B)Notuntiltheyreachedmiddleagedidtheythinkofhavingchildren.C)Notuntiltheyhadthetwinsdidtheyfeeltheyhadformedafamily.D)Theybelievedthatchildrenbornofolderparentswouldbesmarter.Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwicelikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded—andcancomebacktohaunt(困擾)you–appearstobethekeytothefindings.JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca.NewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationforeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.Hisresults,tobepresentedatconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectede-mailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachmentofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime–inaninstantmessageorphonecalls–thantheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneousresponsestoanexpectedquestion,suchas:“Doyoulikemedress”Hancockhopesthisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.Butgivenhisresults,workassessment,wherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.57.Hancock’sstudyfocuseson____________.Atheconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.BthesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveyingideasCpeople’spreferencesinselectingcommunicationstechnologies.Dpeople’shonestylevelsacrossarangeofcommunicationsmedia.58.Hancock’sresearchfindingsurprisedthosewhobelievedthat_______.Apeoplearelesslikelytolieininstantmessage.Bpeopleareunlikelytolieinface-to-faceinteractionsCpeoplearemostlikelytolieinemailcommunicationDpeoplearetwiceaslikelytolieinphoneconversation.59.Accordingtothepassage,whyarepeoplemorelikelytotellthetruththroughcertainmediumofcommunication?ATheyareafraidofleavingbehindtracesoflies.BTheybelievethathonestyisthebestpolicy.CTheytendtoberelaxedwhenusingthosemedia.DTheyaremostpracticedatthoseformsofcommunications.60.AccordingtoHancock,thetelephoneisapreferablemediumforpromotingsalesbecauseAsalesmencantalkdirectlytotheircustomsBsalesmenmayfeellessrestrainedtoexaggerateCsalesmencanimpresscustomersbeingtrustworthyDsalesmenmaypassoninstantmessageseffectively61.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.Ahonestyshouldbeencouragedininterpersonalcommunications.BmoreemployerswilluseemailstocommunicatewiththeiremployeesCsuitablemediashouldbechosenfordifferentcommunicationpurposesDemailisnowthedominantmediumofcommunicationwithinacompany.Morethanthreedozenbillionaires,includingwell-knownphilanthropist(慈善家)DavidRockefeller,havepromisedatleasthalfoftheirfortunestocharity,joiningaprogrammethatBillandMelindaGatesandWarrenBuffettstartedinJunetoencourageotherwealthypeopletogive.Thepledgeiscurrentlyworthabout$150billion,buttheprogrammepredictsitwilleventuallybeworth$600billion."DuringeventheDepression'sworstyears,myparentsgavemoney-about8%oftheirannualincomeof$2200,"saidLorryLokey,oneofthedonors,onthewebsiteoftheprogramme,theGivingPledge,"Iremembersayingtomymotherthatwecan'taffordthat.Butshesaidwehavetosharewithothers."Thepledgehasbeenamatterofsomedebateinphilanthropicandnon-profitcircles,withsomeexpertsdismissingitasmerepublicityandotherspredictingthatitwouldproduceafloodofnewmoneytosupportnon-profitgroups.Buffettsaidtherealvalueofthepledgewasfoundintheexampleitsetandinthesentiments(情感)expressedintheletterspostedonthewebsite.BuffettandGateswillholdseveraldinnerslaterthisyeartorecruitmorebillionaires,andmembersoftheGivingPledgewillmeetannuallytodiscusstheirphilanthropy.ThepairareduetomeetsomewealthiestpeopleinChinanextmonthandIndiainMarch."Wehopethiscatchesfireinsomeothercountries,"Buffettsaid,"Iftheywanttotakewhatwethinkisagoodideaandrunwithit,wewillbecheering."Buffettsaidthenumberofpeoplewhohadagreedtosignonwasatthehighendofhisexpectations.Hesaidsomepeoplewhodeclinedtosignthepledgewereplanningtogiveawaymostoftheirwealthbutdidnotwanttodrawattentiontothoseplans.Energytycoon(大亨)Pickens,whoisworthabout$1billion,saidinhisGivingPledgeletter:"I'velongstatedthatIenjoymakingmoney,andIenjoygivingitaway.I'mnotabigfanofinheritedwealth.Itgenerallydoesmoreharmthangood."62.What'sthepurposeoftheprogrammestartedbyBillandMelindaGatesandWarrenBuffett?A)Tospreadtheideaofcharityaroundtheworld.B)Topublicisethepainsandgainsofcharitywork.C)Toinvolvemorewealthypeopleinphilanthropy.D)Tonarrowthegapbetweentherichandthepoor.63.WhatmessagedoesLorryLokeyintendtoconveythroughhiswebsiteposting?A)Hisfamily'sincomeisfarfromlarge.B)Thespiritofgivingrunsinhisfamily.C)HisfamilysufferedduringtheGreatDepression.D)Thewealthofhisfamilyhascomethehardway.64.WhyareBuffettandGatesgoingtomeetsomewealthiestpeopleinChinaandIndia?A)Tosharetheirexperiencewiththenewlyrichthere.B)Topublicisetheirgenerosityinhelpingtheneedy.C)Topersuadethewealthypeopletheretojointheirranks.D)Tohelpthebillionairesthereseethetruevalueofmoney.65.Whatreasondosomepeoplegivefordecliningtosignthepledge?A)Theyareunsureiftheycanmeetthepublic'sexpectations.B)Theyhavemadeplansfordisposingoftheirwealth.C)Theyarestillundecidedwhethertogiveornot.D)Theyarereluctanttobethefocusofattention.66.WhatdoesenergytycoonPickenstrytosayinhisGivingPledgeletter?A)Blessedarethosewhoinheritlargefortunes.B)Themoreyougive,thehappieryouwillbe.C)Leavingafortunetoone'schildrenisunwise.D)Philanthropycanhelpfreethepoorfromwant.Kodak’sdecisiontofileforbankruptcy（破產(chǎn)）protectionisasad,thoughnotunexpected,turningpointforaleadingAmericancorporationthatpioneeredconsumerphotographyanddominatedthefilmmarketfordecades,butultimatelyfailedtoadapttothedigitalrevolution.AlthoughmanyattributeKodak’sdownfallto“complacency（自滿）,”thatexplanationdoesn’tacknowledgethelengthstowhichthecompanywenttoreinventitself.Decadesago,Kodakanticipatedthatdigitalphotographywouldovertakefilm—andinfact,Kodakinventedthefirstdigitalcamerain1975—butinafatefuldecision,thecompanychosetoshelfitsnewdiscoverytofocusonitstraditionalfilmbusiness.Itwasn’tthatKodakwasblindtothefuture,saidRebeccaHenderson,aprofessoratHarvardBusinessSchool,butratherthatitfailedtoexecuteonastrategytoconfrontit.Bythetimethecompanyrealizeditsmistake,itwastoolate.Kodakisanexampleofafirmthatwasverymuchawarethattheyhadtoadapt,andspentalotofmoneytryingtodoso,butultimatelyfailed.Largecompanieshaveadifficulttimeswitchingtonewmarketsbecausethereisatemptationtoputexistingassetsintothenewbusinesses.AlthoughKodakanticipatedtheinevitableriseofdigitalphotography,itscorporate（企業(yè)的）culturewastoorootedinthesuccessesofthepastforittomakethecleanbreaknecessarytofullyembracethefuture.Theywereacompanystuckintime.Theirhistorywassoimportanttothem.Nowtheirhistoryhasbecomealiability.Kodak’sdownfalloverthelastseveraldecadeswasdramatic.In1976,thecompanycommanded90%ofthemarketforphotographicfilmand85%ofthemarketforcameras.Butthe1980sbroughtnewcompetitionfromJapanesefilmcompanyFujiPhoto,whichunderminedKodakbyofferinglowerpricesforfilmandphotosupplies.Kodak’sdecisionnottopursuetheroleofofficialfilmforthe1984LosAngelesOlympicswasamajormiscalculation.ThebidwentinsteadtoFuji,whichexploiteditssponsorshiptowinapermanentfootholdinthemarketplace.62.WhatdowelearnaboutKodak?A)Itwentbankruptallofasudden.B)Itisapproachingitsdownfall.C)Itinitiatedthedigitalrevolutioninthefilmindustry.D)Itisplayingthedominantroleinthefilmmarket.63.WhydoestheauthormentionKodak’sinventionofthefirstdigitalcamera?A)Toshowitsearlyattempttoreinventitself.B)Toshowitsefforttoovercomecomplacency.C)Toshowitsquickadaptationtothedigitalrevolution.D)ToshowitswilltocompetewithJapan’sFujiPhoto.64.Whydolargecompanieshavedifficultyswitchingtonewmarkets?A)Theyfinditcostlytogiveuptheirexistingassets.B)Theytendtobeslowinconfrontingnewchallenges.C)Theyareunwillingtoinvestinnewtechnology.D)Theyaredeeplystuckintheirgloriouspast.65.WhatdoestheauthorsayKodak’shistoryhasbecome?A)Aburden.B)Amirror.C)Ajoke.D)Achallenge.66.WhatwasKodak’sfatalmistake?A)Itsblindfaithintraditionalphotography.B)ItsfailuretoseeFujiPhoto’semergence.C)Itsrefusaltosponsorthe1984Olympics.D)Itsoverconfidenceinitscorporateculture.WhenRobertoFelizcametotheUSAfromtheDominicanRepublic,heknewonlyafewwordsofEnglish.Educationsoonbecamea__47__.“Icouldn'tunderstandanything,”hesaid.He__48__fromhisteachers,camehomeintears,andthoughtaboutdroppingout.

ThenMrs.Malave,abilingualeducator,begantoworkwithhimwhileteachinghimmathandscienceinhis__49__Spanish.“ShehelpedmestaysmartwhileteachingmeEnglish,”hesaid.Giventhechancetodemonstratehisability,he__50__confidenceandbegantosucceedinschool.Today,heisa__51__doctor,runshisownclinic,andworkswithseveralhospitals.Everyday,heusesthelanguageandacademicskillshe__52__throughbilingualeducationtotreathispatients.

Roberto’sstoryisjustoneof__53__successstories.Researchhasshownthatbilingualeducationisthemost__54__waybothtoteachchildrenEnglishandensurethattheysucceedacademically.InArizonaandTexas,bilingualstudents__55__outperformtheirpeersinmonolingualprograms.Calexico,Calif.,implementedbilingualeducation,andnowhasdropoutratesthatarelessthanhalfthestateaverageandcollege__56__ratesofmorethan90%.InElPaso,bilingualeducationprogramshavehelpedraisestudentscoresfromthelowestinTexastoamongthehighestinthenation.A)wonderI)hid

B)acquiredJ)prominent

C)consistentlyK)decent

D)regainedL)countless

E)nightmareM)recalled

F)nativeN)breakthrough

G)acceptanceO)automaticallyH)effectiveEINinoisthenamegiventothemysteriousandoftenunpredictablechangeintheclimateoftheworld.Thisstrange__47__happenseveryfivetoeightyears.ItstartsinthepacificOceanandisthoughttobecausedbyafailureinthetradewinds(信風(fēng)),whichaffectstheoceancurrentsdrivenbythesewinds.Asthetradewindslessenin_48_,theoceantemperaturesrise,causingthePerucurrentflowinginfromtheeasttowarmupbyasmuchas5℃.Thewarningoftheoceanhasfar-reachingeffects.Thehot,humid(潮濕的)airovertheoceancausessevere_49_thunderstorms.TherainfallisincreasedacrossSouthAmerica,__50__floodstoPeru.IntheWestPacific,therearedroughtsaffectingAustraliaandIndonesia.Sowhilesomepartsoftheworldprepareforheavyrainsandfloods,otherpartsfacedrought,poorcropsand_51_.EINinousuallylastsforabout18months.The1982-83EINinobroughtthemost__52__weatherinmodernhistory.Itseffectwasworldwideanditleftmorethan2,000peopledeadandcausedovereightbillionpounds_53_ofdamage.The1990EINinolasteduntilJune1995.Scientists_54__thistobethelongestEINinofor2,000years.Nowadays,weatherexpertsareabletoforecastwhenanEINinowill__55__,buttheyarestillnot__56__surewhatleadstoitorwhataffectshowstrongitwillbe.[A]estimate[I]completely[B]strength[J]destructive[C]deliberately[K]starvation[D]notify[L]bringing[E]tropical[M]exhaustion[F]phenomenon[N]worth[G]stable[O]strike[H]attractionIt'sthefirstquestionparentsaskwhentheirchildisdiagnosedwithautism(自閉癥).Willhisfuturebrothersorsistershaveahigherriskof__47__it,too

Accordingtothelargeststudyofsiblings(兄弟姐妹)infamilieswithautism,theanswerisyes.Among664childrenwhohadatleastoneoldersiblingwiththedevelopmentaldisorder,the__48__riskofautismwasnearly19%,__49__higherthanprevioussibling-recurrenceestimatesthatwereanywherefrom3%to10%.Kidswithmorethanoneolderautisticsiblinghadanevenhigherriskofthedisorder:32%.The__50__suggestthatgenesplayakeyroleinautismrisk.Buttheyalsohintthatotherenvironmentalfactors__51__bysiblings,likeinfluencesinthewomb(子宮),maybeimportantaswell.Onthe__52__ofthefindings,theresearchersrecommendthatdoctorsclosely__53__youngersiblingsofautisticchildrentopickupanyearlysignsofthedisorder,__54__anunusuallylargeheadordelayedlanguagedevelopmentandcommunicationskills.Evidencesuggeststhatearly__55__anddiagnosisofautismcanhelpchildrentakeadvantageoftherapiesthatcantreatsomeofits__56__.A)averageI)includingB)basisJ)monitorC)commonK)reasonD)consequentlyL)resultsE)detectionM)sharedF)developingN)symbolsG)distributedO)symptomsH)dramaticallyUniversitiesBranchOutA)Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.B)Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.C)Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.D)Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(實(shí)習(xí))abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.E)Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendvideoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.F)Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.G)Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.