國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英文版參考答案

Chapter1I.YES，Pleaserefertothe1stparagraphofthetext.II.流動(dòng)性過剩自給自足經(jīng)濟(jì)資源直接投資國(guó)際收支易貨交易出口退稅傾銷出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)東道國(guó)貿(mào)易差額貿(mào)易順差／貿(mào)易逆差歐盟國(guó)際收支順差／國(guó)際收支逆差有形貿(mào)易無形貿(mào)易貨物貿(mào)易服務(wù)貿(mào)易excessliquidityself-sufficienteconomicresourcesdirectinvestmentbalanceofpaymentsexporttaxrebatedumpingexport-driveneconomicgrowthhostcountrybalanceoffavorable/unfavorablebalanceoftradeEuropeanUnionfavorable/unfavorablebalanceofpaymentsvisibletradeinvisibletradetradeingoodstradeinservicesIIIThechartaboveshowstheU.S.importsfromChina,U.S.exportstoChinaandthetradebalance.TheU.S.hasanegativetradebalancewithChina,andithasbeengrowing.Duringtheperiodfrom1997to2003,importsfromChinahavegrown244%whileexportstoChinahavegrown221%,indicatingthatthetradedeficitisincreasing.TherehadalreadybeenasizeabletradebalancedeficitwithChinain1996,totaling$39.5billionattheendoftheyear.IVExportgoodsaretangiblegoodssentoutofcountries.Tradeinservicesareinternationalearningsotherthanthosederivedfromtheexportingandimportingoftangiblegoods.Importgoodsaretangiblegoodsbroughtin.Internationaltradeisallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.5.FDIisonethatgivestheinvestoracontrollinginterestinaforeigncompany.6.Investmentisusedprimarilyasfinancialmeansforacompanytoearnmoremoneyonitsmoneywithrelativesafety.VInternationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.Intoday'scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient. Nationsparticipateintheinternationaltradeformanyreasons.Astotheeconomicreasons,nonationhasalloftheeconomicresources(land,laborandcapital)thatitneedstodevelopitseconomyandculture,andnocountryenjoysaparticularitemsufficientenoughtomeetitsneeds.Asforthepreferencereasons,internationaltradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationofstyle.Besides,everynationcanspecializeinacertainfieldandenjoyacomparativeadvantageinsomeparticularareaintermsoftradesothattheyneedtodobusinesswitheachothertomakeuseofresourcesmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Inmeasuringtheeffectivenessofglobaltrade,nationscarefullyfollowtwokeyindicators, mely,balanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.FDI,theabbreviationformForeignDirectInvestment,meansbuyingofpermanentpropertyandbusinessinforeignnations.Itoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeigncompanyistrade.ThegreatsignificanceofFDIforChinamightbethat:FDIsolvetheproblemofcapitalshortageforChinasothatChinamayspendthemoneyonimportingadvancedequipmentandtechnologiesforitsinfrastructure,nationalsupportingindustry,keyprojects,etc.Chapter2I關(guān)稅壁壘非關(guān)稅壁壘從量稅配額限價(jià)本地采購(gòu)規(guī)則增加內(nèi)需DomesticcontentRed-tapebarriersExportsubsidiesBindingquotaAbsolutequotasTariff-ratequotasZeroquota"Buylocal"rulesTariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecificdutiesquotaprotectivetariffmarketfailureinfantindustrylicensingsystemRevenuetariffgovernmentprocurementtradeprotectionismAdValoremDutiesfloorprice"buylocal"rulesraisedomesticdemand制關(guān)稅配額零配額本地采購(gòu)原則IIProtectionismmeansthedeliberateuseorencouragementofrestrictionsonimportstoenablerelativelyinefficientdomesticproducerstocompetesuccessfullywithforeignproducers.保護(hù)主義是指蓄意使用或鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)口限制，以此使本國(guó)相對(duì)效率低的產(chǎn)品能成功地和外國(guó)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。.IftheRussiansreleasetheirstocksoffinintotheworldmarket,thepriceofthemetalwillsinkthroughthefloor.一旦俄羅斯人將其持有的錫礦股票投放于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)之中，那么該市場(chǎng)中金屬的價(jià)格會(huì)跌破最低限價(jià)。Protectivetariffmeansadutyortaximposedonimportedproductsforthepurposeofmakingthemmoreexpensiveincomparisontodomesticproducers,therebygivingthedomesticproductsapriceadvantage.保護(hù)性關(guān)稅表示對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收的關(guān)稅，旨在讓它們相比起本國(guó)商品更貴，從向使得本國(guó)商品具有價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)。Typesoftariffsincludeadvalorem,specific,variable,orcompound.IntheUnitedStates,theimpositionoftariffsismadeonimportedgoodsonly.Tariffsraisethepricesofimportedgoods,thusmakingthemlesscompetitivewithinthemarketoftheimportingcountry.Afterseven"Rounds”ofGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradetradenegotiationsthatfocusedheavilyontariffreductions,tariffsarelessimportantmeasuresofprotectionthantheyusedtobe.IIITariffisadutycollectedbycustomsofagovernmentonimportsand/orexports.Arevenuetariffcanbesomeoftheincomesofagovernment,butitmustbetakenundercontrol.Toexportgoodsatanunreasonablylowpriceistakenasdumpingwhichmightbefoughtagainstbygovernmentoftheimportingcountry.Atariffmaybeassessedonaperunitbasis,inwhichcaseitisknownasaspecificduty.Italsomaybeassessedasapercentageofthevalueoftheitem,inwhichcaseitisknownasanadvaloremduty.Importtariffsprimarilyserveasameansofraisingthepriceoftheimportgoodssothatcompetitivelyproduceddomesticgoodswillgainarelativepriceadvantage.Chapter3IAPECAsia-pacificEconomicCo-operationFTAAPFreeTradeAgreementofAsiaandthePacificEU EuropeanNAFTANorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementMERCOSURMercadoComunDelConoSur/SouthernCommonMarketASEANAssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsEFTAEuropeanFreeTradeAreaAFTA ASEANFreeTradeAreaPTAs PreferentialTradeagreementsIITradebloc貿(mào)易集團(tuán)Tradeblock貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)/封鎖Openregionalism開放式區(qū)域主義Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)Customsunion關(guān)稅聯(lián)CommonmarketEconomicunionTradeembargoesBoycotts抵制discriminatorytariffseconomicsanctiontradeelasticitybilateraltradeagreement最惠國(guó)mostfavoredChapter4I.GATT GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeHOD HeadsofDelegationsTRIPs Trade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsGeneralAgreementonTradeinServicesTRIMs TradeRelatedInvestmentMeasuresMFNMostFavoredNationsII.施惠國(guó) Patronagenations受惠國(guó) Favorednations締國(guó) ContractingParties市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入 marketaccess透度transparency緊急進(jìn)口措施UrgentImportingMeasures爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制disputesettlementmechanism可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainabledevelopment特許經(jīng)營(yíng)franchiseIII.UntilnowWTOhasalreadyhad150membersanditstradevolumecovers90%ofthetotaltradevolumeinthewholeworld.TopmostofWTOistheMinisterialConferencewhichhastomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears.UndertheMinisterialConferenceistheGeneralCouncilthathastomeetatGenevaregularly.TheWTOSecretariat,whichofficesonlyinGeneva,Swizerland,hasaround550regularstuffandisheadedbyaDirector-General.SincedecisionsaremadebyMembersonly,theSecretariathasnodecision-makingpowersastheotherinternationalinstitutions.TheSecretariatprovidessomeformoflegalassistanceinthedisputesettlementprocessandadvisesgovernmentswishingtobecomeMembersoftheWTO.Chapter5IFOB班輪條件清關(guān)FOB吊鉤下交貨平艙多式聯(lián)運(yùn)船舷內(nèi)陸水運(yùn)理艙卸貨費(fèi)投保CFR卸至岸上(含著陸費(fèi))班輪單據(jù)買賣CFR艙底交貨CFR班輪條件象征性交貨FOBlinertermcustomsclearanceFOBUnderTacklemultimodaltransportshipboardmarinenavigationoninlandwaterwaystowdischargeexpensecoverinsuranceCFRLandeddocumentarysalesCFREx-ship'sHoldCFRlinertermssymbolicdeliveryIIUnderCFR,buyersshouldeffectinsurance.UnderCIFEx-Ship'sHold,sellershouldpaythedischargecharges.UnderCIF,theinsuredamountshouldbeUS$22000ifthecontractedpriceisUS$20000.4.UnderCIP,sellerhastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportTheDEQtermrequiresthebuyertoproceedwiththecustomsclearanceforimportsandpaymentofallcustomsduty.UnderDDP,thesellermustpaythecostsofcustomsdutiesaswellasallduties,taxesandotherofficialchargespayableuponexportationandimportationofthegoods.UnderDDUthesellermustgivethebuyerinstantnoticeoftheshippingofthegoodsaswellasanyothernoticerequiredinordertoallowshebuyertotakemeasure.III1.該報(bào)價(jià)為FOB的價(jià)格并含5％的傭金。2.在CPCIP同中承諾通過鐵路、公路、航空、海運(yùn)、內(nèi)河水運(yùn)或多式運(yùn)輸?shù)确绞酵瓿韶浳镞\(yùn)輸?shù)娜?。FCA方有裝載責(zé)任。如果交貨地在其它地方，賣方對(duì)卸載沒有責(zé)任。FOBQuestions│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│N│Y│N│Y│N│N│N││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y││N│N│N│N│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│Y│VA.1.c;2.d;3.a;4.c;5.c;6.c;7.d;8.b;9.d;l0.cB.1.a;2.ab;3.abcdf;4.abc;5.aefChapter6I1.SalesbySeller's/Buyer'sSample2.Reference/DuplicateSample3.QualityTolerance4.CounterSample5.MoreorLessClauses6.NeutralPacking7,CustomsFormality8.InspectionCertificateofQuality9.FDA10.MarkingofGoods憑賣方樣品買賣／憑買方樣品買賣 基準(zhǔn)樣品／副樣品質(zhì)公差等樣品溢短裝條款中性包裝報(bào)關(guān)手續(xù)質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)證書食品及藥物管理局標(biāo)記貨物II毛重理論重量?jī)糁丶s定皮重公量單位重量含水量習(xí)慣皮重法定重量實(shí)際皮重從價(jià)稅平均皮重貨樣不符grossweighttheoreticalweightnetweightcomputedtareconditionedweightunitweightwatercapacitycustomarytarelegalweightactualtareadvaloremdutyaveragetaregoodsnotequaltothe副產(chǎn)品國(guó)家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督校驗(yàn)檢疫總局by-productsGeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantineoftheple'sRepublicofChinaIII(B)mineralore A.sample(C)ordinarygarments B.manual(D)fishC.F.A.Q(E)Hairwashingmachines NLQmedicalapparatus E.famousbrand(A)wheat F.specificationcalligraphicworks G.inspection(F)powerplantgenerator H.drawingordiagramIVI.Thequalityandpriceofcommoditiesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinchoosingthe ngmaterialandpackagedesigning.2．Atopper,matchedwiththesuperior-gradepacking,speaksitselfforitshighqualityand preciousness.Itwillextremelyincreasethecostofthegoodstopackthemedium-lowqualitywiththe qualitymaterial,andtherefore,influenceitssale.Itwilleffectitsmarketingofthegoodstodoggedlystriveforthriftinawa5topackthe orqualitywiththelowqualitymaterial.Weshouldtakenotonlythequalityandappearanceofthegoodsintoconsideration,but alsothecustomers'tasteandpreference.Wemustimprovethequalityoftheexportgoodssoastostrengthenitscompetitivenessin internationalmarket.Chapter7I.油輪定程租船滾裝船定期租船載駁輪光船租船船期表租船合同滯期費(fèi)班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表速遣費(fèi)選卸附加費(fèi)直航附加費(fèi)OiltankerVoyageCharterRo/RovesselTimeCharterLASH(LightAboardShip)BareBoatCharter(BBC)sailingschedulechartercontractdemurragechargelinerfreightratescheduledispatchmoneyoptionaladditionaldirectadditional轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)港口擁擠附加費(fèi)運(yùn)輸代理包裹拼箱貨結(jié)匯整箱貨空運(yùn)單集裝箱貨運(yùn)站裝運(yùn)通知處置權(quán)Partialshipment/transshipmentBillofladingCleanB/LOrderB/LCombinedtransportB/LBlankB/LStraightB/LThroughB/LLinerB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LConsignmentnoteBlankendorsementCombinedtransportdocumentsFCL/LCLtransshipmentsurchargePortCongestionSurchargensportationagentpackageLCL(Lessthancontainerload)settlementFCL(FullcontainerloadAirwaybillcontaineryardshippingnoticerightofdisposal分批裝船提單預(yù)借提單陸運(yùn)或鐵路運(yùn)輸通知空白背書國(guó)際航空運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)整箱貨／拼箱貨II1.√2.√xdelay→advancexaccepted→unaccepted5.√6．X把“orwithout”去掉III12．班輪公司通常把航海時(shí)間表登載在報(bào)紙上或者分發(fā)給托運(yùn)人。3.在多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單上，卸貨港應(yīng)該是提單許可的中轉(zhuǎn)碼頭。4.集裝箱收費(fèi)是多種多樣的。例如附加費(fèi)，總費(fèi)率的確定是基本費(fèi)率加上附加費(fèi)率。5．集裝箱的好處在于：方便處理貨物，減少盜竊，減少暴露，節(jié)約裝船成本。IVTransportdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringpartialshipment,evenifthetransportdocumentsindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentand/ordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakingincharge,ordispatch.Cleantransportdocumentisonewhichhearsnoclauseornotationwhichexpresslydeclaresadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Neitherthecardernortheshippershallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymisstatedbytheshipperintheBilloflading.Wheretheperformanceofthecarriageorpartthereofhasbeenentrustedtoanactualcarrier,whetherornotinpursuanceofalibertyunderthecontractofcarriagebyseatodoso,thecarrierneverthelessremainsresponsiblefortheentirecarriage.Thecarrierisresponsible,inrelationtothecarriageperformedbytheactualcarrier,fortheactsandomissionsoftheactualcarrierandofhisservantsandagentsactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment.ChapterI故承保人單獨(dú)海損保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)航空運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)陸運(yùn)險(xiǎn)陸運(yùn)一切險(xiǎn)估損費(fèi)用航空運(yùn)輸一切險(xiǎn)OceanmarineinsuranceWarrisksBasicriskscoverageInsuredamountT.P.N.DTaintofOverlandtransportationinsuranceParcelpostinsuranceinsuredgeneralaverageinsuredamountextraneousrisksinsurancepolicyconstructiveaveragemarinekssalvagechargessueandlaborexpensesmisfortuneinsurerparticularaverageinsurancepremiumairtransportationwarrisklandtransportationriskslandtransportationallrisksriskestimationchargesairtransportationallriskscharges海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)基本險(xiǎn)種投保金額偷盜、失竊、提貨不著險(xiǎn)串味險(xiǎn)陸上運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)郵寄包裹保險(xiǎn)FreefromparticularaverageAdditionalriskscoverageFreshwaterand/orraindamageWithparticularaverage平安險(xiǎn)附加險(xiǎn)別淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)水漬險(xiǎn)II.1.√2.√3.√XSpecialadditionalcoveragesuchaswarrisks,strikesandsoonmustbetakenout withFPA,WPA.(andallrisks)XInessence,openpolicyis(not)thesameastheinsurancecertificate.6.√7.√XThree(two)typesofrisksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance,namelytheperilsofsea,theextraneousrisksandtheforcemajeure).XOceanmarineinsurancecoverstwotypesoflosses,partiallassandtotalloss→perilsofseaandextraneousrisksIIIExposedtomanyrisksintheprocessoftransportingandloadingandunloading,export facethepossibilityofloss.Supposedthatthegoodsisputondeckinsteadofinthecabinwhereitshouldbeaccording theclausestipulatedintheinsurancecontract,insurerhastherighttoagainstanypossibleclaimslodgedbytheinsured.Cabincoverageincludestheriskoffallingintooceanonly,andexcludestherisksoffresh ter,rainandsoak.Expertcreditinsuranceisakindofcreditinsurances.Theinsuredshoulddeliverthegoodstothecarrierbytheagreedwaybeforethematurity ofnsurance.Initialvalueassuranceissealedbythesellernormally,whereasincreasedvalueassurance boughtbythebuyer.Iftheinsuredcannotgetthewholeorpartialpaymentduetothecommercialcreditor risks,theinsurershouldpaytheindemnity.MarineinsurancepolicyisthepartoftheBillofLading.Insureristhemarineinsurance any.IV1．從廣義上來講，海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)包括貨物在海上運(yùn)輸中可能的損失和損壞。2．戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)條款是保單中的一項(xiàng)條款，用以保因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)引起損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3.CIF．倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)保險(xiǎn)所承保的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括從貨物因運(yùn)輸目的而離開倉(cāng)庫(kù)起經(jīng)運(yùn)輸期間以及到達(dá)目(或者到期日前15天)為止，這段時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。5賠償。Chapter9ⅠCoststructureCostofproductionProfitmarginSellingcostTargetcosting目標(biāo)成本法Everydaylowpricing(EDLP)每日低價(jià)Totalfixedcost總固定成本Variablecost變動(dòng)成本Skimmingpricestrategy 撇脂定價(jià)戰(zhàn)略 Penetrationstrategy 滲透定價(jià)略Floatingexchangerisk浮動(dòng)匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成本導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法pricingbasedoncost盈虧平衡定價(jià)法break-evenpricing邊際成本定價(jià)法marginalcostpricing損益兩平點(diǎn)break-evenpoint計(jì)貨幣 moneyofaccount支付貨幣 moneyofpayment硬貨幣 hardcurrency軟幣softcurrency匯率exchangerate價(jià)款調(diào)整priceadjustment傭金/折扣commission/discount期貨/現(xiàn)貨市場(chǎng)future/spotmarketⅡCountry CurrencyBritain GBPpoundJapan JPYJapaneseYanFrance FRFFrenchFrancAustralia PAustraliandollarChina CNYRMBYuanBurma BUKBurmeseKyatngapore SGDSingaporedollarNewZealand NZDNewZealanddollarThailand THPThaiBahtMalaysia MYRMalaysiandollarNepal NPRNepaleseRupeeINRIndiaRupeeIndonesia IDRIndonesianRupiahSwiss CHFSwissFrancPhilippines PHPPhilippinePesoItaly TLItalianLiraChapter10Ⅰ信用狀況creditstandard遠(yuǎn)期信用證timeL/C,usanceL/C通知銀行advisingbank信用證有效期thematurityofL/C交付運(yùn)單deliveryofB/L支付保障條款confirmationofcredit支付結(jié)算paymentandsettlementapplicantandbeneficiaryⅡirrevocableletterofcreditconfirmedL/Crevocableletterofcreditsightdraft即期匯票commercialbillofexchangetimedraft遠(yuǎn)期匯票governmentalguaranteedrawee付款人IrrevocableL/Cisaletterofcreditthatcannotbecanceledorchangedwiththeconsentofallpartiesinvolved.Timedraftisacommercialbillofexchangecallingforpaymenttobemadeatsometimeafterdel