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新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程2課文翻譯新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程2課文翻譯新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程2課文翻譯xxx公司新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程2課文翻譯文件編號:文件日期:修訂次數(shù):第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì),管理制度Unit1TextAAnIMPRESSIVEEnglishlesson課文A一堂難忘的英語課IfIamtheonlyparentwhostillcorrectshischild'sEnglish,thenperhapsmysonisright.如果我是唯一一個(gè)還在糾正小孩英語的家長,那么我兒子也許是對的。Tohim,Iamatediousoddity:對他而言,我是一個(gè)乏味的怪物:afatherheisobligedtolistentoandamanabsorbedintherulesofgrammar,whichmysonseemsallergicto.一個(gè)他不得不聽其教誨的父親,一個(gè)還沉湎于語法規(guī)則的人,對此我兒子似乎頗為反感。IthinkIgotseriousaboutthisonlyrecentlywhenIranintooneofmyformerstudents,freshfromanexcursiontoEurope.我覺得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位學(xué)生時(shí),才開始對這個(gè)問題認(rèn)真起來的。這個(gè)學(xué)生剛從歐洲旅游回來。HowwasitIasked,fullofearnestanticipation.我滿懷著誠摯期待問她:“歐洲之行如何”Shenoddedthreeorfourtimes,searchedtheheavensfortherightwords,andthenexclaimed,她點(diǎn)了三四下頭,絞盡腦汁,苦苦尋找恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語,然后驚呼:Itwas,like,whoa!"真是,哇!”Andthatwasit.ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerecapturedinacondensednon-statement.沒了。所有希臘文明和羅馬建筑的輝煌居然囊括于一個(gè)濃縮的、不完整的語句之中!Mystudent'swhoa!wasexceededonlybymyhead-shakingdistress.我的學(xué)生以“哇!”來表示她的驚嘆,我只能以搖頭表達(dá)比之更強(qiáng)烈的憂慮。TherearemanydifferentstoriesaboutthedownturnintheproperuseofEnglish.關(guān)于正確使用英語能力下降的問題,有許多不同的故事。Surelystudentsshouldbeabletodistinguishbetweentheir/there/they'reorthedistinctivedifferencebetweencomplimentaryandcomplementary.學(xué)生的確本應(yīng)該能夠區(qū)分諸如their/there/they're之間的不同,或區(qū)別complimentary跟complementary之間顯而易見的差異。Theyunfairlybearthebulkofthecriticismfortheseknowledgedeficitsbecausethereisasensethattheyshouldknowbetter.由于這些知識(shí)缺陷,他們承受著大部分不該承受的批評和指責(zé),因?yàn)檩浾撜J(rèn)為他們應(yīng)該學(xué)得更好。Studentsarenotdumb,buttheyarebeingmisledeverywheretheylookandlisten.學(xué)生并不笨,他們只是被周圍所看到和聽到的語言誤導(dǎo)了。Forexample,signsingrocerystorespointthemtothestationary,舉例來說,雜貨店的指示牌會(huì)把他們引向stationary(靜止處),eventhoughtheactualstationeryitems-pads,albumsandnotebooks-arenotnaileddown.雖然便箋本、相冊、和筆記本等真正的stationery(文具用品)并沒有被釘在那兒。Friendsandlovedonesoftenproclaimthey'vejustatewhen,infact,they'vejusteaten.朋友和親人常宣稱They'vejustate。實(shí)際上,他們應(yīng)該說They'vejusteaten。Therefore,itdoesn'tmakeanysensetocriticizeourstudents.因此,批評學(xué)生不合乎情理。Blameforthescandalofthislanguagedeficitshouldbethrustuponourschools,whichshouldbesettinghighstandardsofEnglishlanguageproficiency.對這種缺乏語言功底而引起的負(fù)面指責(zé)應(yīng)歸咎于我們的學(xué)校。學(xué)校應(yīng)對英語熟練程度制定出更高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Instead,theyonlyteachalittlegrammarandevenlessadvancedvocabulary.可相反,學(xué)校只教零星的語法,高級詞匯更是少之又少。Moreover,theyoungerteachersthemselvesevidentlyhavelittleknowledgeofthesevitalstructuresoflanguagebecausetheyalsowentwithoutexposuretothem.還有就是,學(xué)校的年輕教師顯然缺乏這些重要的語言結(jié)構(gòu)方面的知識(shí),因?yàn)樗麄冞^去也沒接觸過。Schoolsfailtoadequatelyteachtheessentialframeworkoflanguage,accurategrammarandpropervocabulary,學(xué)校并沒把語言的基本框架——準(zhǔn)確的語法和恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯——充分地傳授給學(xué)生,whiletheyshouldtaketheresponsibilityofpushingtheyoungontothepathofcompetentcommunication.可他們有責(zé)任教會(huì)年輕人進(jìn)行有效的語言溝通。Sincegrammarisboringtomostoftheyoungstudents,Ithinkthatitmustbehandleddelicately,stepbystep.因?yàn)檎Z法對大多數(shù)年輕學(xué)生而言枯燥且乏味,所以我覺得講授語法得一步一步、注重技巧地進(jìn)行。ThechancecamewhenonedayIwasdrivingwithmyson.有一天機(jī)會(huì)來了。我跟兒子開車外出。Aswesetoutonourtrip,henoticedabirdinjerkyflightandsaid,It'sflyingsounsteady.我們出發(fā)時(shí),他看到一只小鳥飛得很不穩(wěn),就說:“它飛的不穩(wěn)?!保↖t'sflyingsounsteady.)Icarefullyasked,Myson,howisthebirdflying我小心翼翼地問:“兒子,鳥怎么飛”What'swrongDidIsayanythingincorrectlyHegotlost."
有問題嗎我說得不對嗎(DidIsayanythingincorrectly)”他一頭霧水。Great!Yousaidincorrectlyinsteadofincorrect."太好了,你說的是incorrectly而不是incorrect。Weuseadverbstodescribeverbs.我們用副詞來描述動(dòng)詞。Therefore,it'sflyingsounsteadilybutnotsounsteady."所以,要用unsteadily來描述鳥飛,而不是unsteady?!盋uriousaboutmycorrection,heaskedmewhatanadverbwas.他對我的糾正很好奇,就問我什么是副詞。Slowly,Isaid,"It'sawordthattellsyousomethingaboutaverb.我慢慢解釋道:“副詞是用來修飾動(dòng)詞的詞。”Itledtohisaskingmewhataverbwas.這又導(dǎo)致了他詢問我什么是動(dòng)詞。Iexplained,Verbsareactionwords;forexample,Daddrivesthetruck.我解釋說:“動(dòng)詞是表示行為的詞,例如:爸爸開卡車。Driveistheverbbecauseit'sthethingDadisdoing.'開’是動(dòng)詞,因?yàn)樗前职衷谧龅氖?。”Hebecameattractedtotheideaofactionwords,sowelistedafewmore:fly,swim,dive,run.他開始對表示行為的詞產(chǎn)生興趣,所以我們又羅列了幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞:“飛行”、“游泳”、“跳水”、“跑步”。Then,outofhisowncuriosity,heaskedmeifotherwordshadnamesfortheiruseandfunctions.然后,他又好奇地問我,其他的詞有沒有說明它們的用法和功能的名稱。Thisledtoadiscussionofnouns,adjectives,andarticles.這就引發(fā)了我們對名詞、形容詞和冠詞的討論。Withinthespanofa10-minutedrive,hehadlearnedfromscratchtothemajorpartsofspeechinasentence.在短短十分鐘的駕駛時(shí)間內(nèi),他從對語法一無所知到學(xué)會(huì)了句子中主要詞語的詞性。Itwaspainlesslearningandgreatfun!這是一次毫無痛苦而又非常有趣的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷。Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponasaroadmapandavaluablepossession:也許,語言應(yīng)該被看成是一張路線圖和一件珍品:oftenstudytheroadmap(checkgrammar)andtuneupthecarengine(adjustvocabulary).我們要常常查看路線圖(核對語法)和調(diào)整汽車的引擎(調(diào)節(jié)詞匯)。Learninggrammarandagoodvocabularyisjustlikedrivingwitharoadmapinawell-conditionedcar.學(xué)好語法和掌握大量的詞匯就好比拿著路線圖在車況良好的車?yán)锺{駛。Theroadmapprovidestheframeworkandguidanceyouneedforyourtrip,路線圖為你的旅行提供所需的基本路線和路途指南,butitwon'ttellyouexactlywhattreesorflowersyouwillsee,whatkindofpeopleyouwillencounter,orwhattypesoffeelingsyouwillbeexperiencingonyourjourney.可是它不會(huì)告訴你一路上你究竟會(huì)看見什么樹或什么花,你會(huì)遇見什么樣的人,或會(huì)有什么樣的感受。Here,thevocabularymakesthejourney'struecolorscomealive!這里,詞匯會(huì)使你的旅途變得五彩繽紛、栩栩如生。Agoodvocabularyenablesyoutoenjoywhateveryouseeasyoudrivealong.大量的詞匯讓你享受到開車途中所見的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。Equippedwithgrammarandagoodvocabulary,youhaveflexibilityandexcellentcontrol.借助語法和豐富的詞匯,你就有了靈活性,掌控自如。Whiletheroadmapguidesyourjourneytoyourdestination,anexcellentvehiclehelpsyoutofullyenjoyallofthesights,soundsandexperiencesalongtheway.路線圖會(huì)把你帶到目的地,而一臺(tái)好車卻能讓你完全陶醉于旅途的所有景色、聲音及經(jīng)歷之中。Effective,precise,andbeneficialcommunicationdependsupongrammarandagoodvocabulary,thetwoessentialassetsforstudents,buttheyarenotbeingtaughtinschools.對學(xué)生來說,有效、準(zhǔn)確且富有成效的溝通技能取決于語法和詞匯這兩大有利條件,可是學(xué)校并沒有教他們這些。Justthismorning,mysonandIwereeatingbreakfastwhenIattemptedtoaddmilktomytea.就在今天早上,我跟兒子吃早飯時(shí),我想把牛奶加入我的茶里。Dad,hesaid,IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.It'ssour."爸爸,”他說,“如果我是你的話,我不會(huì)這樣做。牛奶會(huì)變酸。(IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.It'ssour.)”O(jiān)hmy!Isaid,swellingwithpridetowardmyson,That'sagrammaticallyperfectsentence.Youusedwereinsteadofwas."哦,上帝!”我滿懷著無比的驕傲說道,“這是一句語法完全正確的句子。你用了were而不是was?!盜know,Iknow,hesaidwithalongagreeablesigh.It'sthesubjunctivemood."我知道,我知道,”他愉悅地舒了口氣,“這是虛擬語氣!”Iwas,like,whoa!這下輪到我“哇!”了。TextBThegreatjourneyoflearning課文B偉大的學(xué)習(xí)之旅MalcolmXwasanAfrican-Americancivilrightsactivist,religiousleader,writer,andspeaker.馬爾科姆·艾克斯是一位非裔美國民權(quán)活動(dòng)家、宗教領(lǐng)袖、作家和演說家。Bornin1925,hewasmysteriouslyassassinatedin1965.他生于1925年,1965年被神秘地暗殺。Bythetimeofhisdeath,hisowntellingofhislifestory,TheAutobiographyofMaclcolmX,hadbeenwidelyknown.在他去世之前,他對自己生平的自述——《馬爾科姆·艾克斯自傳》已聞名遐邇。HewasbornMalcolmLittleintoapoorhousehold.他出生于一個(gè)貧民家庭,取名馬爾科姆·利特爾。Later,hetookthenameMalcolmXafterjoininganorganizationcalledtheNationofIslam,后來,他加入了一個(gè)叫“伊斯蘭民族”的組織,之后改名為馬爾科姆·艾克斯。areligiousgroupthathadchangedmajorpracticesandbeliefsofmainstreamIslamtoapplymorespecificallytotheconditionofAfrican-AmericanpeopleintheUnitedStatesintheearly1960s."伊斯蘭民族”是個(gè)宗教團(tuán)體,它改變了美國主流伊斯蘭教的一些主要的習(xí)俗和信仰,使之更適用于19世紀(jì)60年代早期非裔美國人的特定情況。MalcolmXlearnedabouttheNationofIslamwhileinprisonforcommittingcriminalactssuchastheft.馬爾科姆·艾克斯因當(dāng)時(shí)犯有諸如偷竊等罪而入獄。他在監(jiān)獄里得知了“伊斯蘭民族”組織。Becausehewaspoorlyeducated,hefeltinadequatetoteachhisnewbeliefstoothers.由于沒有受過良好的教育,他在向別人傳授他的新信仰時(shí)感到力不從心。Asayoungman,hecouldsketchhisthoughtswithpoorgrammarandlittlevocabularyusingthesimple,unsophisticatedlanguageofpeopleonthestreet.作為一名年輕人,他可以用草根語言來概述自己的想法,語言簡單、粗淺、語法差勁,且詞匯貧乏。Asanadult,whenhetriedtoinformpeopleabouthisnewbeliefsatarally,可作為一名成年人,當(dāng)他在大型公眾集會(huì)上向人們闡述他的新信仰時(shí),hefoundthathedidn'thavetheadequatecommunicationskillsheneeded.他發(fā)覺自己缺少了所需的語言交流技能。Inhisownwords,hewasn'tevenfunctional.用他自己的話說,他“甚至沒有這個(gè)功能”。Inabidtoincreasehisknowledgeandimprovehisskills,desperateMalcolmXdevisedascheme.為了增長知識(shí),提高溝通技能,深陷絕望的馬爾科姆·艾克斯為自己制定了一個(gè)計(jì)劃。Heturnedtobooks,believingthiswouldbebeneficial.他決定求助于書籍,相信書會(huì)使他受益匪淺。However,whenhetriedtoreadseriousbooksonhisown,hewasdistressedashedidn'tknowmostofthewords.可是當(dāng)他試圖閱讀一些嚴(yán)肅的書本時(shí),他不禁倍感苦惱,因?yàn)榇蟛糠值脑~他都不認(rèn)識(shí)。TheymightaswellhavebeeninChinese,hewrote.他寫道:“這些書還不如是用中文寫的。”Heskippedallthewordshedidn'tknowandthenwouldendupwithnoclueastowhatthebookwasabout.他跳過了所有不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞,可是最終他全然不知這本書里寫了什么。Ibecamefrustrated,MalcolmXwroteinhisautobiography,speakingofhisinadequatelanguageskills.馬爾科姆·艾克斯在他的自傳里談到他貧乏的語言技能時(shí)是這樣寫的:“我變得沮喪起來?!盡alcolmX'sconsiderablefrustrationathisinabilitytoreadandwritelaunchedhimonaquesttoovercomehisdeficiencies.由于無法閱讀和寫作所遭受的巨大挫折促使馬爾科姆·艾克斯開始探索如何攻克自己的語言缺陷。Hesaid,IsawthatthebestthingIcoulddowasgetholdofadictionary-tostudy,tolearnsomewords,他說:“我明白我所能做的就是弄到一本詞典來學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)一些單詞?!盇ndhewasluckyenoughtoreasonalsothatheshouldtrytoimprovehishandwriting.他也幸運(yùn)地意識(shí)到應(yīng)該嘗試去改進(jìn)他的書寫。Itwassad.Icouldn'tevenwriteinastraightline,hetoldus.他告訴我們:“令人傷心的是我甚至不能把英文書寫得整齊?!盩heseideastogethermovedhimtoappealtotheprisonauthoritiesforsomepaperandpencils.這些想法促使他向獄管請求,要了一些紙和鉛筆。Forthefirsttwodays,MalcolmXjustskimmedthroughthepagesofthedictionarytryingtonegotiatehiswaythroughitsunfamiliarformat.頭兩天,馬爾科姆·艾克斯只是很快地瀏覽了一下詞典,試圖在這不熟悉的格式里尋找出他自己的應(yīng)付方法。Hetoldusofhisamazementathowcloselyrelatedthewordsseemed.他告訴我們,他對這些單詞之間的密切關(guān)系感到詫異。Howmoistcouldbetherootofmoisture,andadvisableandadvisoryhadthesamerootword!moist怎么會(huì)是moisture的詞根;advisable跟advisory竟是同根詞!Ididn'tknowwhichwordsIneededtolearn,hesaid,finally,justtostartsomekindofaction,Ibegancopying."我都不知道哪些單詞我需要學(xué),”他說,“最后,為了有所行動(dòng),我開始抄寫詞典?!盜nhisslow,careful,crudehandwriting,MalcolmXcopiedeverythingonthefirstfullpageofthedictionaryintoanotebook.馬爾科姆·艾克斯用他緩慢、仔細(xì)、蹩腳的書寫,把詞典的第一頁全都抄寫在一個(gè)筆記本上。Heevencopiedthequotationmarks!他甚至把引號也抄了。Thistookhimonefullday.這花了他整整一天的時(shí)間。Afterthat,hereadeverythinghehadwrittenaloud.在此之后,他高聲朗讀所有抄寫下來的東西。Overandover,aloud,tomyself,Ireadmyownhandwriting,Malcolmrecalled."我一遍又一遍地給自己大聲朗讀自己抄寫的東西?!瘪R爾科姆回憶道。Healsologgedimportantthingsthathappenedeveryday.他還把每天發(fā)生的重要事情記錄下來。Repetitionhelpedmovehimfrombasicliteracytowardtrueproficiency.重復(fù)朗讀幫助他從一個(gè)僅有一些基礎(chǔ)文化知識(shí)的人變成真正精通語言的人。MalcolmXdepictedhowthenextmorningwhenhewokeup,馬爾科姆·艾克斯描述了他第二天醒來時(shí),hekeptthinkingaboutthewordshehadcopiedandreadaloudandabouttheacquisitionoftheknowledgehewaspursuing.是如何努力回憶他抄寫和朗讀過的單詞及他苦苦追求所獲的知識(shí)。Itwasamarvelousfeeling.這是一種神奇的感覺。Hefeltimmenselyproud..他感到無比自豪。Hewassofascinatedthathewentoncopyingthedictionary'snextpage.他對此如此著迷以至于他又繼續(xù)抄寫詞典的下一頁。Onceagain,heawoke,proudandenergized.又一次,他醒來時(shí)感到驕傲且精力充沛。Witheverysucceedingpagehecopiedandreadaloud,MalcolmXfoundhewaslearningandrememberingmoreandmorewords.隨著不斷抄寫和朗讀,馬爾科姆·艾克斯發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在學(xué)到東西,也記住了越來越多的單詞。Witheachsuccessiveday,hisconfusiondiminished.他的困惑也逐日減少。AsMalcolmX'swordbasebroadened,hebegantobetterunderstandthebooksheread.隨著馬爾科姆·艾克斯的詞匯量不斷擴(kuò)大,他開始能更好地理解所閱讀的書了。Itwasthefirsttimeinhislifethishadeverhappened,Anyonewhohasreadagreatdealcanimaginethenewworldthatopened.這種現(xiàn)象在他的一生中從未發(fā)生過?!叭魏我粋€(gè)閱讀廣泛的人都能想象那個(gè)開啟了的新世界?!盕romthenuntilheleftthatprison,hisconcentrationwasfocusedonreading.從那時(shí)起到他離開那個(gè)監(jiān)獄,他一直專注于閱讀,Hewassoabsorbedinit.被它深深吸引。Monthspassedwithouthiseventhinkingaboutbeinginprison.數(shù)月過去了,他竟然沒感到自己在坐牢。Infact,uptothen,Ineverhadbeensotrulyfreeinmylife."事實(shí)上,在這之前,我從沒如此真正地感受過生活的自由?!盜knewrightthereinprisonthatreadinghadchangedforeverthecourseofmylife,MalcolmXwrote."就是在監(jiān)獄里我意識(shí)到閱讀永遠(yuǎn)地改變了我的人生軌跡,”馬爾科姆·艾克斯寫道。HedescribedhowonedayawritertelephonedhimfromLondonforaninterview.他描述了有一天一位作家從倫敦打電話來采訪他。TheintervieweraskedMalcolmXwhatcollegehehadgraduatedfromashecouldwritesofluently.那位作家問馬爾科姆·艾克斯,他文筆那么流暢,是從什么大學(xué)畢業(yè)的。HetoldtheEnglishmanthathisownpersonaluniversitywasbooks.馬爾科姆告訴那位英國人他的大學(xué)是“書本”。MalcolmX'slifeisawonderfulexampleoftheprofoundeffectoflearningalanguage.馬爾科姆·艾克斯的一生成功地創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)通過語言學(xué)習(xí)而深刻改變?nèi)松墓廨x典范。Hewasbornintoaworldfullofpovertyandignorance.他出生于貧窮、無知的世界。However,asheacquiredknowledge,hishorizonsexpanded.可是,知識(shí)開闊了他的眼界。Hehadleftbehindthenarrow,ignorantworldofhisyouthtojointheworldcommunityofthoughtsandactionseversincehestartedwithhisgreatjourneyoflearningEnglishinprison.從他在監(jiān)獄里踏上偉大的英語學(xué)習(xí)之旅起,他就離開了青年時(shí)代狹窄、無知的世界,加入到有思想、有作為的世界之中。Unit2TextAThehumanities:Outofdate?人文學(xué)科:過時(shí)了嗎?Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughtakeaccounting.當(dāng)形勢變得困難時(shí),強(qiáng)者會(huì)去選學(xué)會(huì)計(jì)。Whenthejobmarketworsens,manystudentscalculatetheycan'tmajorinEnglishorhistory.當(dāng)就業(yè)市場惡化時(shí),許多學(xué)生估算著他們不能再主修英語或歷史。Theyhavetostudysomethingthatbooststheirprospectsoflandingajob.他們得學(xué)一些能改善他們就業(yè)前景的東西。Thedatashowthatasstudentshaveincreasinglyshoulderedtheever-risingcostoftuition,數(shù)據(jù)顯示,隨著學(xué)生肩負(fù)的學(xué)費(fèi)不斷增加,theyhavedefectedfromthestudyofthehumanitiesandtowardappliedscienceandhardskillsthattheybetwillleadtoemployment.他們已從學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科轉(zhuǎn)向他們相信有益于將來就業(yè)的應(yīng)用科學(xué)和“硬”技能。Inotherwords,acollegeeducationismoreandmoreseenasameansforeconomicbettermentratherthanameansforhumanbetterment.換言之,大學(xué)教育越來越被看成是改善經(jīng)濟(jì)而不是提升人類自身的手段。Thisisatrendthatislikelytopersistandevenaccelerate.這種趨勢可能會(huì)持續(xù),甚至有加快之勢。Overthenextfewyears,aslabormarketsstruggle,thehumanitieswillprobablycontinuetheirlongslideinsuccession.在未來幾年內(nèi),由于勞動(dòng)力市場的不景氣,人文學(xué)科可能會(huì)繼續(xù)其長期低迷的態(tài)勢。Therealreadyhasbeenanearly50percentdeclineintheportionofliberalartsmajorsoverthepastgeneration,在上一代大學(xué)生中,主修文科的學(xué)生數(shù)跌幅已近50%。anditislogicaltothinkthatthetrendisboundtocontinueorevenaccelerate.這種趨勢會(huì)持續(xù)、甚至加速的想法是合情合理的。Oncethedominantpillarsofuniversitylife,thehumanitiesnowplaylittleroleswhenstudentstaketheircollegetours.人文學(xué)科曾是大學(xué)生活的重要支柱,而今在學(xué)生們參觀校園的時(shí)候,卻只是一個(gè)小點(diǎn)綴。Thesedays,labsaremorevividandcompellingthanlibraries.現(xiàn)在,實(shí)驗(yàn)室要比圖書館更栩栩如生、受人青睞。Here,pleaseallowmetostandupforandpromotethetruevaluethatthehumanitiesaddtopeople'slives.在這兒,請?jiān)试S我為人文學(xué)科給人們的生活所增添的真實(shí)價(jià)值進(jìn)行支持和宣傳。Sinceancienttimes,peoplehavespeculatedaboutthemysteryofthoseinnerforcesthatdrivesomepeopletogreatnessandotherstoself-destruction.自古以來,人們一直在思索人類自身具有什么神奇的內(nèi)力使一些人變得崇高偉大,而使另一些人走向自我毀滅。Thisinnerdrivehasbeencalledmanythingsoverthecenturies.幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,這股內(nèi)力被稱作很多東西。Thefamouspsychologist,SigmundFreud,calledittheunconsciousmindor,morefamiliarly,instinct.著名的心理學(xué)家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德稱之為“潛意識(shí)”,或更為人熟知的“本能”。Fromthebeginningoftime,thisinneraspectofourbeing,從一開始,存在于人類內(nèi)心深處的部分,thisdrivethatcanbeconstructiveordestructive,hascapturedourimagination.這股可以是建設(shè)性也可以是毀滅性的驅(qū)動(dòng)力,就令我們心馳神往。Thestoriesofthisamazingstrugglehaveformedthebasisofculturestheworldover.這些驚人的、充滿內(nèi)心掙扎的故事形成了世界文化的基礎(chǔ)。Historians,architects,authors,philosophersandartistshavecapturedthewords,imagesandmeaningsofthisinnerstruggle歷史學(xué)家、建筑師、作家、哲學(xué)家和藝術(shù)家們捕捉到了這些撞擊心靈的文字、形象及內(nèi)涵intheformofstory,music,myth,painting,architecture,sculpture,landscapeandtraditions.以故事、音樂、神話、繪畫、建筑、雕刻、風(fēng)景畫和傳統(tǒng)的形式。Thesemenandwomendevelopedartisticlanguagesthathelpusunderstandtheseaspirationsandalsoeducategenerations.從一開始,人類這些男男女女創(chuàng)造出了具有藝術(shù)性的“語言”,幫助我們了解人類的這些強(qiáng)烈愿望,并用以教育一代又一代人。Thisfertilebodyofworkfromancienttimes,theveryfoundationofcivilization,formsthebasisofstudyofthehumanities.從古時(shí)起開始的這些充滿想象的大量作品,正是文明的底蘊(yùn),它奠定了人文研究的基礎(chǔ)。Studyingthehumanitiesimprovesourabilitytoreadandwrite.學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科會(huì)提高我們的閱讀和寫作能力。Nomatterwhatwedoinlife,wewillhaveahugeadvantageifwecanreadcomplexideasandunderstandtheirmeaning.無論我們這一生中從事什么職業(yè),如果我們能讀懂復(fù)雜的思想并理解它們的內(nèi)涵,我們都會(huì)受益匪淺。Wewillhaveabrightcareerifwearethepersonintheofficewhocanwriteaclearandelegantanalysisofthoseideas!如果我們是在辦公室里能對這些思想寫出既明確又簡潔的分析的人,我們會(huì)有光明的職業(yè)前景。Studyingthehumanitiesmakesusfamiliarwiththelanguageofemotionandthecreativeprocess.學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科會(huì)讓我們熟悉表達(dá)情感的語言及進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造的過程。Inaninformationeconomy,manypeoplehavetheabilitytoproduceausefulproductsuchasanewMP3player.在信息經(jīng)濟(jì)中,很多人都有能力創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)如新的MP3播放器那樣的有用產(chǎn)品。Yet,veryfewpeoplehavetheabilitytocreateaspectacularbrand:theiPod.然而,僅有很少的人具有能力創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)如iPod那樣的精彩品牌。Mostimportantly,studyingthehumanitiesinvestsuswithgreatinsightandself-awareness,最重要的是,學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科使我們具有偉大的洞察力和自我意識(shí),therebyreleasingourcreativeenergyandtalentinapositiveandconstructivemanner.從而以積極和建設(shè)性的方式來發(fā)揮我們的創(chuàng)造力和才藝。Perhapsthebestargumentinfavorofthehumanitiesisthescopeofpossibilitiesthatarewidelyopentous.也許,支持人文學(xué)科的最好論點(diǎn)是,人文學(xué)科為我們提供了廣闊的機(jī)會(huì)。DidyouknowthatJamesCameron,world-famousdirectorofthemovie,Titanic,graduatedwithadegreeinthehumanities你知道世界聞名的電影《泰坦尼克號》的導(dǎo)演詹姆斯·卡梅隆拿的是人文學(xué)科的學(xué)位嗎?SodidSallyRide,thefirstwomaninspace.第一個(gè)登上太空的女宇航員薩利·賴德拿的也是人文學(xué)科的學(xué)位。SodidactorsBruceLee,GwynethPaltrow,ReneeZellwegerandMattDamon.還有電影演員李小龍、格溫妮絲·帕特洛·蕾妮·齊薇格及馬特·達(dá)蒙,也都如此。Dr.HaroldVarmus,whowonaNobelPrizeforMedicine,studiedthehumanities.獲諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的哈羅德·瓦慕斯博士也學(xué)過人文學(xué)科。EvenMichaelEisner,ChairmanoftheDisneyCompany,majoredinthehumanities.甚至迪士尼公司的總裁邁克爾·艾斯納也主修人文學(xué)科。Famouspeoplewhostudiedthehumanitiesmakealonglistindeed.學(xué)習(xí)人文學(xué)科的有名人士確實(shí)可以列出一長串。It'seasytoseethatthehumanitiescanprepareusformanydifferentcareersandjobswecanundertake,whethermedicine,business,scienceorentertainment.顯而易見,人文學(xué)能為我們從事許多不同的職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備,不管是醫(yī)學(xué)、商務(wù)、科學(xué)或娛樂。Ifwestudyonlymathematics,it'slikelywewillbeacandidateonlyforjobsasamathematician.如果我們僅學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué),我們很可能只能申請數(shù)學(xué)家之類的工作。Ifweincludestudyingthehumanities,wecanmakebreakthroughsonmanybarriersandarelimitedonlybyoureffortandimagination.如果我們還學(xué)了人文學(xué)科,那我們就能突破許多障礙,只要我們愿意付出努力,敢于想象。Ofcourse,nowadays,ifwestudythehumanitiesalone,weareliabletomissmanyopportunities.當(dāng)然,在當(dāng)下,如果我們單學(xué)人文學(xué)科,可能會(huì)失去很多機(jī)會(huì)。Eachoneofusneedstobecomeastechnicallyandprofessionallyskilledaspossibletohelpmeettheneedsofmodernlife.我們每個(gè)人都需要盡可能變得技能化、職業(yè)化,以滿足現(xiàn)代生活的需要。Infact,increasinglyapairingoftechnicalknowledgeandinnerinsightisseenastheidealintheestablishmentofacareer.事實(shí)上,技術(shù)知識(shí)和內(nèi)在洞察力的結(jié)合越來越被看成是建立職業(yè)生涯的理想搭配。IfIweretheDeanofAdmissionsatamedicalschoolandtwopeopleappliedtoourschool,bothhavingtherequiredbasicscientificcourses,如果我是某個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)院的招生部主任,有兩個(gè)人同時(shí)申請我們學(xué)校,這兩個(gè)人都學(xué)過基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)課程,oneaphilosophymajorandtheothersolelyapre-medstudent,thephilosophyapplicantwouldbechosen.一個(gè)主修哲學(xué),另一個(gè)僅是醫(yī)學(xué)院的預(yù)科生,我會(huì)選擇那位哲學(xué)專業(yè)的申請者。Insummary,thehumanitieshelptocreatewell-roundedhumanbeingswithinsightandunderstandingofthepassions,hopesanddreamscommontoallhumanity.總之,人文學(xué)科幫助造就全面發(fā)展的人,這些人具有洞察力,并理解全人類共有的激情、希望和理想。Thehumanities,theancienttimelessreservoirofknowledge,teachustoseethingsdifferentlyandbroadenourhorizons.人文學(xué)科,這個(gè)古老、永恒的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)蓄庫,教我們?nèi)绾我圆煌姆绞娇创挛铮瑫r(shí)也拓寬我們的視野。Theyareasusefulandrelevantinourmodernageastheyhavealwaysbeen.在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中,人文學(xué)科一如既往地同生活息息相關(guān),也發(fā)揮著重要作用。Doesn'titmakesensetospendsometimeinthecompanyofthehumanities,ouroutstandingandremarkabletreasureofknowledge我們在學(xué)習(xí)中花一些時(shí)間與人文學(xué)科——我們杰出、非凡的知識(shí)寶藏——相伴,這難道不是明智的嗎?Whoknowshowfamousyoumightbecome!誰知道你將來會(huì)變得多有名氣呢!TextBWhatcollegebringsus?課文B大學(xué)給我們帶來了什么?Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.受大學(xué)教育已毫無疑問被不只一代人接受了。Therehasbeenageneralconsensusthatallhighschoolgraduatesoughttogotocollegebecausecollegewillhelpthemgetajob,普遍的共識(shí)是所有的高中畢業(yè)生都應(yīng)該上大學(xué),因?yàn)榇髮W(xué)會(huì)幫他們找到工作,earnmoremoney,becomebetterpeople,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.掙更多錢,成為“更好的”人,并學(xué)會(huì)如何做一個(gè)比那些不上大學(xué)的人更負(fù)責(zé)的公民。However,giventhehugecostofattendingauniversityandtheshrinkingjobmarket,shouldwenotre-examinethecaseforcollege可是,看看上大學(xué)的昂貴費(fèi)用和日益萎縮的就業(yè)市場,難道我們不應(yīng)該重新審視一下是否應(yīng)該上大學(xué)這個(gè)問題嗎?Therealityisthatcollegehasneverbeenmagicalforeveryone.現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是大學(xué)并不是對每個(gè)人都有神奇的作用。Nowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattendingcollege,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous.由于近一半的高中畢業(yè)生都上了大學(xué),那些不適合大學(xué)模式的人也變得更多了。Excesscollegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis.過多的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在賣鞋和開出租車。Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatwereviseourattitudesandreformthesystem.一些富有探索精神的教育家和校園觀察者已開始公開建議我們改變看法,改革大學(xué)體系。Collegemaynotbethebest,theproperorevenrealisticplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.他們覺得大學(xué)并不是對每個(gè)完成高中學(xué)業(yè)的年輕人來說都是最好的、適宜的、甚至現(xiàn)實(shí)的地方。Criticssuggestwemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedownthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.批評家暗示,我們可能是憑借自己記憶中那段大學(xué)經(jīng)歷的玫瑰色光環(huán),把所有的調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計(jì)都看顛倒了。Manystudentsconfirmthattheyfeelcompelledtogotocollegebecauseofpressurefromparentsandteachers很多學(xué)生都證實(shí):他們覺得不得不上大學(xué)是因?yàn)閬碜愿改负屠蠋煹膲毫?,andstaytherebecauseitseemstobeanalternativetoafarworsefate.呆在大學(xué)也是因?yàn)檫@似乎是能逃避更糟的命運(yùn)的唯一選擇。Theyquiveratthethoughtofthearmyoradead-endjob,andalmostanythingisbetterthanstayingathome.他們想到參軍或做沒前途的工作就不寒而栗,又覺得做任何事都比呆在家強(qiáng)。Potentialcollegegraduatessaythattheydon'twanttoworksolelyforthemoneyandthattheywanttodoworkthatmatters.有潛力的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生說他們不想“只為賺錢”而工作,他們想做有意義的工作。Theirmotiveistohelppeopleandsavetheworld,butthenumbersarestackedagainstthem.他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是幫助別人,拯救世界,但形勢并不樂觀。Notonlyaretherenotsufficientjobsintheworld-savingfields,不但在那些拯救世界的領(lǐng)域里沒有足夠的工作,butinthecurrentslowdownithasbecomeevidentthatthereneverareenoughpromisingjobs,presumablyneverwillbe,thatrequireahighereducation.而且很顯然在當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的情況下,那些要求有高等學(xué)歷的有前途的工作從來就不夠,可能永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)夠。Let'sacknowledgethefacts.讓我們來承認(rèn)這些事實(shí)。TheNewYorkTimesreportscloseto80percentofnewjobscanbeperformedbysomeonewithoutacollegedegree.《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道近八成的新工作可以由那些沒有大學(xué)學(xué)歷的人來做。TheUSDepartmentofEducationestimatesthatonly62percentofthoseenrolledinfour-yearinstitutionshadearnedabachelor'sdegreesixyearslater!美國教育部估計(jì)在四年制大學(xué)的學(xué)生中只有62%的人六年以后能拿到學(xué)士學(xué)位。Thisdilemmameansthat38percenthavelikelywastedtimeandaccumulateddebt!這種窘境意味著38%的學(xué)生都浪費(fèi)了時(shí)間,積累了債務(wù)。Inaddition,intheUS,thecostofcollegehasrisentenfoldoverthelast30years,另外,美國的大學(xué)費(fèi)用在過去的三十年內(nèi)漲了十倍,aratiothatisthreetimesasmuchasgeneralinflationoverthesametimeperiod.這個(gè)比例是同期通貨膨脹的三倍。Itisclear,fromanobjectivepointofview,thatmanymorestudentsshouldbeattendingtechnicalschoolsortwo-yearcolleges從客觀上來說已很清楚,更多的學(xué)生應(yīng)該上技?;騼赡曛茖W(xué)院,toprepareforthejobsthatwillactuallybeavailabletothem.為他們能找到的工作做準(zhǔn)備。Ofcourse,formanyjobsahighereducationisabsolutelynecessaryandrequired.當(dāng)然,對許多工作而言,高等教育學(xué)歷是不可或缺的。So,forsomepeople,obtainingabachelor'sdegreeisbutthefirststepoflifelonglearning.所以,對一些人來說,拿到學(xué)士學(xué)位只是終生學(xué)習(xí)的第一步。Forthem,auniversitydegreeisessential.對他們而言,大學(xué)學(xué)位是必不可少的。Thereislittledoubtthatattendingcollegehasthepotentialofexposingyoungpeopletonewideasandrelationships毫無疑問,上大學(xué)能讓年輕人接觸新思想,建立新關(guān)系,andhelpspromotetheircriticalthinkingskills.且有助于提高他們的批判性思維能力。Italsoaccordsthemarelativelysafeenvironmentforexperimentationandexploration.大學(xué)還為他們提供了一個(gè)相對安全的環(huán)境讓他們從事實(shí)驗(yàn)和探索。Nevertheless,manycollegegraduatesreportthatwhattheylearnedoncampuswasbetterdescribedaspersonalratherthanacademicdevelopment.然而,很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生反映,他們在校園所學(xué)的東西,與其被稱為學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展,不如說是個(gè)人的發(fā)展。Likewise,theyreportthattherealvalueofcollegehasmoretodowithdevelopingtheiridentityandpracticingsocialskillsthananythingtodowiththecollegecurriculum.同樣地,他們說大學(xué)的真實(shí)價(jià)值與發(fā)展他們的個(gè)人特質(zhì)及社會(huì)技能更密切相關(guān),而并非與課程有關(guān)。Ifyouacceptthattheprimereasonforgoingtocollegeistoprovideaperiodforpurelearningandmaturationofayoungperson,如果你認(rèn)同這一看法,同意上大學(xué)的首要原因是為了給年輕人提供一段純粹的學(xué)習(xí)和成長成熟的時(shí)間,thedecisionismadeeasyasitbecomesaquestionofaffordabilityfortheindividualstudent.那么做這個(gè)決定會(huì)很容易,因?yàn)槭欠裆洗髮W(xué)僅決定于個(gè)人是否有能力承擔(dān)大學(xué)的費(fèi)用。Whatevercollegegraduateswanttodo,mostofthemaregoingtohavetoadjust.無論大學(xué)畢業(yè)生想從事什么工作,大多數(shù)人都不得不進(jìn)行調(diào)整。Duringtheupcomingyears,accordingtotheUSDepartmentofLabor,thebiggestdemandwillbeforjobsthatdonotneedauniversitydegree.據(jù)美國勞工部報(bào)告稱,在未來幾年里,勞動(dòng)力市場最大的工作需求并不要求大學(xué)學(xué)位。Thosestudentswhohavegonetocollegetobecomeurbanplanners,editors,andcollegeprofessorswillhaveahardtimetofindjobsrelatedtowhattheyhavelearned.對于那些上大學(xué)是為今后成為城市規(guī)劃者、編輯和大學(xué)教授的學(xué)生來說,會(huì)很難找到與他們所學(xué)相關(guān)的工作。Theymaywellfindthattheonlyjobsavailablearesalesagents,carpenters,mechanicsorcableinstallers.他們可能發(fā)現(xiàn)唯一有空缺的工作是銷售代理、木工、機(jī)械師或電纜安裝工。Infact,havingauniversitydegreemaybeabarriertogettingthesejobs.事實(shí)上,有大學(xué)學(xué)位可能會(huì)成為找這些工作的絆腳石。Ontheotherhand,studentswhohavegraduatedinspecializedfieldsoftenfindthattheyhavelearnedalotofthingsinclassroomsthattheywillneveruse.在另一方面,從專門領(lǐng)域畢業(yè)的學(xué)生常發(fā)現(xiàn)他們在課堂上學(xué)到的很多東西永遠(yuǎn)也用不上。Onegloomyarchitecturestudent,whohadalreadydesignedandbuilthouses,said,一位已從事過設(shè)計(jì)和造房的建筑專業(yè)的學(xué)生沮喪地說:”Idon'twanttoappearcynical.It'smorethedegreeyouneed,notthebreadthofknowledgeyoulearngettingit."我不想顯得憤世嫉俗。但人們更看重的是你的學(xué)位,而不是你在拿學(xué)位過程中所學(xué)的淵博知識(shí)。Collegeisanoutstandingplaceforthatrarebreed,thoseyoungadultswholovelearningforitsownsake,大學(xué)對那些鳳毛麟角、為學(xué)習(xí)而學(xué)習(xí)的年輕人來說是一個(gè)重要的地方。whowouldliterallyratherreadthanbothertoeat,andwholikenothingbetterthanwritingresearchpapers.真的,他們甚至寧可讀書,也不愿費(fèi)心去吃東西,他們最喜歡做的莫過于撰寫科研論文。但。Buttheyareaminority,evenatthefamouscollegeswhichattractandrecruittheintellectuallyoriented.他們畢竟是少數(shù),即使在那些吸引和招收注重學(xué)術(shù)研究人才的著名學(xué)府也是如此。Inbrief,ourhighschoolgraduatesneedtoevaluatethecollegeequationmorecloselyandcritically,簡言之,高中畢業(yè)生需要更仔細(xì)審慎地評估上大學(xué)的綜合因素,calculateitasaconsumerproduct,anddecideifthevalueproposalisworththeverylargeinvestmenteachstudentandfamilymustmake.要把上大學(xué)作為一個(gè)消費(fèi)品來核算,然后決定上大學(xué)這個(gè)價(jià)值主張是不是值得每個(gè)學(xué)生及家庭進(jìn)行大手筆投資。Unit3TextAJourneythroughtheodysseyyears課文a奧德賽歲月之旅Mostofusknowaboutthephasesoflifewhichwelabeltoparalleldifferentagegroupsandlifestages:我們大多數(shù)人都知道,根據(jù)不同的年齡和生活階段,人生可與此平行劃分為:childhood,adolescence,adulthood,andoldage.童年、青春期、成年和老年這四個(gè)階段。Wethinkofinfancybeforechildhoodandmiddleagebeforeoldage,我們把這些階段想象為嬰兒期在童年之前,中年在
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