心理學(xué)專業(yè)外語(yǔ)：The nature

Thenature-nurturedebateinpsychology心理學(xué)的先天與后天教養(yǎng)之爭(zhēng)Nature-Approach先天-研究方法Rootsoftheapproach-nativistphilosophy,biology(physiologyandgenetics),evolutionarytheory.研究方法的根源-自然主義哲學(xué)、生物學(xué)(生理學(xué)和遺傳學(xué))、進(jìn)化論。Causesofbehaviour-geneticdeterminism,inheritedinfluence,maturationalblueprint,neurochemicalandhormonalinfluences,brainactivity.決定行為的因素-基因決定論、遺傳影響、成熟的軌跡、神經(jīng)化學(xué)與荷爾蒙的影響和大腦活動(dòng)。Methodsemployed-gene/chromosomemapping,twinandadoptionstudies,brainscanning,brainstimulationordamagestudies,drugtesting.研究方法-基因/染色體圖譜研究、對(duì)雙生子和收養(yǎng)孩子的研究、腦掃描、腦刺激或腦損傷的研究、藥物測(cè)試。Implications-duetobiologicaldeterminism,behaviourcanonlybechangedthroughphysicalmeans,suchasselectivebreeding(eugenics),genetherapy,brainsurgery,ordrugs.影響-基于生物決定論的觀點(diǎn)，行為只能通過(guò)物理方法來(lái)改變，比如選擇性生殖(優(yōu)生學(xué))、基因治療、腦外科手術(shù)或藥物。Criticisms-reductionist,mayneglectenvironmentalinfluences.局限-還原論者可能忽視了環(huán)境的影響。Nurture-Approach后天-研究方法Rootsoftheapproach-empiricismphilosophy,behaviourism,socialpsychology.研究方法的根源-經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義哲學(xué)、行為主義和社會(huì)心理學(xué)。Causesofbehaviour-themindisregardedasa‘tabularasa’(blankslate)atbirth;therefore,knowledgeandbehaviouraretheresultofexperienceandlearningfromtheenvironment.決定行為的因素-人出生時(shí)的心理被看作是一塊白板(黑板)，因此，知識(shí)和行為是后天經(jīng)驗(yàn)與學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果。Methodsemployed-useofclassicalandoperantconditioningtechniquestoaffectbehaviour,manipulationofsocialenvironmenttochangebehaviour.研究方法-使用經(jīng)典條件反射、操作條件反射技術(shù)來(lái)影響行為，通過(guò)操縱社會(huì)環(huán)境來(lái)改變行為。Implications-duetoenvironmentaldeterminism,behaviourcanonlybeeasilychangedthroughmanipulatingreinforcementandenvironmentalconditions.Anybodycouldbetrainedtodoanything.影響-基于環(huán)境決定論的觀點(diǎn)，通過(guò)操縱強(qiáng)化物和環(huán)境條件，就可以很容易地改變行為。任何人都能夠被訓(xùn)練來(lái)做任何事。Criticisms-reductionist,mayneglectinnateinfluences.局限-還原論者可能忽視了先天的影響。Nature-Areasofexplanation先天-闡釋內(nèi)容Perception-ResearchconductedbyFantz,Bower,andGibsonandWalkonnew-bornbabiesindicatedpatterndetection,sizeconstancyanddepthperceptionareinnateabilities.知覺(jué)-范茨、鮑爾、吉布森和沃克對(duì)新生兒的研究表明形狀辨別，大小恒常性，深度知覺(jué)的是先天的能力。Aggression-TheethologistLorenzandpsychoanalystFreudbelievedaggressionisaninnatedrive.Bio-psychologistshaveexaminedtheroleofhormonesandbrainareasinaggression.攻擊-動(dòng)物行為學(xué)家洛倫茲和精神分析學(xué)家弗洛伊德認(rèn)為攻擊是一種本能行為。生理心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)證實(shí)了激素和大腦區(qū)域在攻擊性行為中的作用。Sex-rolebehaviour-Bio-psychologistsproposegenderindentityisadirectresultofgeneticandhormonalinfluences.性別角色行為-生物心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為性別認(rèn)同是遺傳和激素影響的直接結(jié)果。abnormality-Thebiomedicalapproachhasisolatedgeneticandneurochemicalcausesofmentaldisorders.變態(tài)-生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究方法已經(jīng)分離了心理障礙的基因的和神經(jīng)化學(xué)的原因。Languageacquisition-Chomskyproposedlanguageisgainedthroughtheuseofaninnatelanguageacquisitiondevice.語(yǔ)言獲得-喬姆斯基認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是通過(guò)“先天的語(yǔ)言獲得裝置”獲得的。Nurture-Areasofexplanation后天-闡釋內(nèi)容Perception-ResearchintoperceptionbyHebboncataractremovalandTurnbulloncross-culturaldifferencesindicatedthatperceptualidentificationisalearntability.知覺(jué)-赫布做的白內(nèi)障摘除（感覺(jué)剝奪）和特恩布爾做的跨文化研究表明知覺(jué)辨認(rèn)是一種習(xí)得的能力。Aggression-Sociallearningtheoryarguesthataggressionislearntfromtheenvironmentthroughobservationandimitation.Socialpsychologistsstudyconformitytoaggressivenorms.攻擊-社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為攻擊是通過(guò)對(duì)環(huán)境的觀察和模仿習(xí)得的。社會(huì)心理學(xué)家研究了對(duì)攻擊行為模式的遵從。Sex-rolebehaviour-Culturalrelativismandlearningtheoryarguethatgenderissociallyconstructedandreinforced.性別角色行為-文化相對(duì)主義和學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為性別是社會(huì)建構(gòu)和強(qiáng)化的結(jié)果。Abnormality-Theenvironmentplaysaroleinthedevelopmentofphobias,post-traumaticstressdisorder,andanorexia.變態(tài)-環(huán)境對(duì)恐懼癥、創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙、厭食癥的發(fā)展有影響。Languageacquisition-Skinnerarguedthatlanguageislearntfromotherpeoplevianaturalbehaviourshapingtechniques.語(yǔ)言獲得-斯金納認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言是通過(guò)自然行為塑造技術(shù)從其他人那習(xí)得的。Interactionism先天、后天-相互作用Whilesomeresearchershaveaimedtoinvestigatetherelativecontributionsofinnateandenvironmentalfactorsinpsychology,itisnowacceptedthatthetwoinfluencesformacontinuumandinteractsothoroughlywitheachotherthattheyarevirtuallyinseparable.雖然一些研究人員旨在探討在心理學(xué)中遺傳和環(huán)境因素各自對(duì)個(gè)體的作用，但是現(xiàn)在普遍認(rèn)為這兩種影響因素構(gòu)成了一個(gè)連續(xù)統(tǒng)，二者完全是相互作用、幾乎是不可分割的。Evenseeminglydirectgeneticinfluences,suchasthoseonthephysicaldevelopmentofthebrain,areaffectedbyenvironmentalfactorsfromtheinsideofthewombtothepollutionoftheatmosphere.即使那些看似直接受基因影響的發(fā)展，如大腦的生理發(fā)育，實(shí)際上卻受到從子宮內(nèi)部環(huán)境到大氣污染等環(huán)境因素的影響。Manygenescouldimposeasusceptibilitytodevelopincertainwaysorprovidea‘normofreaction’-ageneticpotentialthatmayormaynotberealisedbyenvironmentalcircumstances.許多基因?yàn)榱艘蕴囟ǖ姆绞桨l(fā)展或者是提供一種“反應(yīng)范式”能夠形成一種敏感性，一一一個(gè)基因的潛能是否可以通過(guò)外部環(huán)境實(shí)現(xiàn)。Inasimilarway,environmentalexperiencesaremediatedbynotonlyinnateabilitiesbutevenbythephysicalstructureofthebody,e.g.whatgenderorskincolourithas.類似地，環(huán)境經(jīng)驗(yàn)不僅受先天的能力的影響，而且受個(gè)體的生理結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，如性別或膚色。Examplesofnature-nurtureinteractioninpsychology遺傳和環(huán)境相互作用的心理學(xué)實(shí)例：Perception-BlakemoreandCoopershowedrestrictedenvironmentalexperiencecouldphysicallyaffectthevisualcortexofthebrain.知覺(jué)-布萊克莫爾和庫(kù)珀指出受限制的環(huán)境經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)在生理上影響大腦的視覺(jué)皮層。Cognitivedevelopment-Piagetsuggestedthatinnateschematadevelopandexpandthroughinteractionwiththeenvironmenttoadaptthechildtoitssurroundings,althoughdevelopmentwasalwayslimitedbybiologicalmaturation.認(rèn)知發(fā)展-皮亞杰認(rèn)為先天圖式通過(guò)與環(huán)境的相互作用建立和發(fā)展起來(lái)，它使得兒童逐漸適應(yīng)周?chē)沫h(huán)境，雖然這種發(fā)展總是受到生理成熟的限制。Abnormality-Manymentaldisorders,suchasschizophrenia,mayhaveageneticpredisposition-thosewithaninheritedsusceptibilitymaybemorelikelytodevelopthedisorderiftheyexperiencecertainstressfulenvironmentalconditions.Animalstudieshavelookedattheeffectofaversiveenvironmentalstimuliuponthebrain’sneurotransmitterstoexplaindepression.變態(tài)-許多精神障礙，例如精神分裂癥，可能與基因的傾向有關(guān)。所以那些遺傳易感性的人在經(jīng)受一定的壓力情境時(shí)，更易患精神障礙。有關(guān)動(dòng)物的研究表明，惡劣的環(huán)境刺激促進(jìn)大腦釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)，從而緩解抑郁。Sex-rolebehaviour-TheBiosocialapproachproposesthatfactorssuchasthephysicalsexandinnatetemperamentofanewbornbabyelicitssextypingbehaviourfromthepeoplearoundit,leadingtoaself-fulfillingprophecyintermsofitsgenderidentity.性別角色行為-生物社會(huì)的研究方法認(rèn)為諸如新生兒的生理性別和與生俱來(lái)的氣質(zhì)這些因素誘發(fā)了其向周?chē)娜藢W(xué)習(xí)性別類型行為,形成了性別認(rèn)同中的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的預(yù)言。Thestandingofthedifferentapproachesinpsychologynaturenurture兩種不同的理論在心理學(xué)中的作用先天后天BiopsychologyFocusesongenetic,physiological,hormonalandneurochemicalexplanationsofbehaviour.生理心理學(xué)：主