風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)英語(yǔ)試題

1WhyPagodasDon,tFallDownInalandsweptbytyphoonsandshakenbyearthquakes,howhaveJapan'stallestandseeminglyflimsiestoldbuildings-500orsowoodenpagodas-remainedstandingforcenturies?Recordsshowthatonlytwohavecollapsedduringthepast1400years.Thosethathavedisappearedweredestroyedbyfireasaresultoflightningorcivilwar.ThedisastrousHanshinearthquakein1995killed6,400people,toppledelevatedhighways,flattenedofficeblocksanddevastatedtheportareaofKobe.Yetitleftthemagnificentfive-storeypagodaattheTojitempleinnearbyKyotounscathed,thoughitlevelledanumberofbuildingsintheneighbourhood.Japanesescholarshavebeenmystifiedforagesaboutwhythesetall,slenderbuildingsaresostable.Itwasonlythirtyyearsagothatthebuildingindustryfeltconfidentenoughtoerectofficeblocksofsteelandreinforcedconcretethathadmorethanadozenfloors.Withitsspecialshockabsorberstodampentheeffectofsuddensidewaysmovementsfromanearthquake,thethirty-six-storeyKasumigasekibuildingincentralTokyo-Japan'sfirstskyscraper-wasconsideredamasterpieceofmodernengineeringwhenitwasbuiltin1968.Yetin826,withonlypegsandwedgestokeephiswoodenstructureupright,themasterbuilderKobodaishihadnohesitationinsendinghismajesticTojipagodasoaringfifty-fivemetresintothesky-nearlyhalfashighastheKasumigasekiskyscraperbuiltsomeelevencenturieslater.Clearly,Japanesecarpentersofthedayknewafewtricksaboutallowingabuildingtoswayandsettleitselfratherthanfightnature'sforces.Butwhatsortoftricks?Themulti-storeypagodacametoJapanfromChinainthesixthcentury.AsinChina,theywerefirstintroducedwithBuddhismandwereattachedtoimportanttemples.TheChinesebuilttheirpagodasinbrickorstone,withinnerstaircases,andusedtheminlatercenturiesmainlyaswatchtowers.WhenthepagodareachedJapan,however,itsarchitecturewasfreelyadaptedtolocalconditions-theywerebuiltlesshigh,typicallyfiveratherthanninestoreys,mademainlyofwoodandthestaircasewasdispensedwithbecausetheJapanesepagodadidnothaveanypracticalusebutbecamemoreofanartobject.BecauseofthetyphoonsthatbatterJapaninthesummer,Japanesebuilderslearnedtoextendtheeavesofbuildingsfurtherbeyondthewalls.Thispreventsrainwatergushingdownthewalls.PagodasinChinaandKoreahavenothingliketheoverhangthatisfoundonpagodasinJapan.為什么寶塔不會(huì)倒塌在這片被臺(tái)風(fēng)席卷、地震撼動(dòng)的土地上，日本最高、看起來(lái)最脆弱的老建筑——500多座木制寶塔——是如何屹立了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的?記錄顯示，在過(guò)去的1400年里，只有兩處坍塌。那些失蹤的人由于閃電或內(nèi)戰(zhàn)而被大火燒毀。1995年災(zāi)難性的阪神大地震造成6400人死亡，高架路倒塌，辦公大樓夷為平地，神戶港口地區(qū)被毀。然而，盡管它夷平了附近的一些建筑，但卻毫發(fā)未損。多年來(lái)，日本學(xué)者一直對(duì)這些細(xì)長(zhǎng)的建筑為何如此穩(wěn)定感到困惑。直到30年前，建筑行業(yè)才有足夠的信心，用鋼鐵和鋼筋混凝土建造超過(guò)12層的辦公大樓。位于東京市中心的36層樓高的霞關(guān)大廈(Kasumigaseki)是日本第一座摩天大樓，1968年建成時(shí)，人們認(rèn)為它是現(xiàn)代工程學(xué)的杰作。然而，在826年，建筑大師Kobodaishi只用木栓和楔子來(lái)保持木結(jié)構(gòu)的直立，毫不猶豫地將他宏偉的東寺寶塔高聳入云，高達(dá)55米——幾乎是1100年后建成的霞關(guān)摩天大樓的一半高。顯然，當(dāng)時(shí)的日本木匠知道一些讓建筑搖擺和穩(wěn)定的技巧，而不是對(duì)抗自然的力量。但是什么樣的技巧呢？這座多層寶塔于六世紀(jì)從中國(guó)傳入日本。與中國(guó)一樣，它們最初是隨著佛教傳入的，并附屬于重要的寺廟。中國(guó)人用磚或石頭建造寶塔，里面有樓梯，后來(lái)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)主要用作瞭望塔。寶塔到達(dá)日本的時(shí)候，然而，其架構(gòu)是自由地適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)貤l件,他們建造了那么高，通常5而不是9層,主要是木材和樓梯是摒棄因?yàn)槿毡緦毸](méi)有任何實(shí)際使用但變得更像一個(gè)藝術(shù)對(duì)象。由于夏季襲擊日本的臺(tái)風(fēng)，日本建筑商學(xué)會(huì)了將建筑物的屋檐延伸到墻外更遠(yuǎn)的地方。這樣可以防止雨水從墻上涌下來(lái)。中國(guó)和韓國(guó)的寶塔沒(méi)有像日本寶塔那樣的懸挑。TheroofofaJapanesetemplebuildingcanbemadetooverhangthesidesofthestructurebyfiftypercentormoreofthebuilding'soverallwidth.Forthesamereason,thebuildersofJapanesepagodasseemtohavefurtherincreasedtheirweightbychoosingtocovertheseextendedeavesnotwiththeporcelaintilesofmanyChinesepagodasbutwithmuchheavierearthenwaretiles.ButthisdoesnottotallyexplainthegreatresilienceofJapanesepagodas.Istheanswerthat,likeatallpinetree,theJapanesepagoda-withitsmassivetrunk-likecentralpillarknownasshinbashira-simplyflexesandswaysduringatyphoonorearthquake?Forcenturies,manythoughtso.ButtheanswerisnotsosimplebecausethestartlingthingisthattheShinbashiraactuallycarriesnoloadatall.Infact,insomepagodadesigns,itdoesnotevenrestontheground,butissuspendedfromthetopofthepagoda-hanginglooselydownthroughthemiddleofthebuilding.Theweightofthebuildingissupportedentirelybytwelveouterandfourinnercolumns.Andwhatistheroleoftheshinbashira,thecentralpillar?ThebestwaytounderstandtheShinbashira'sroleistowatchavideomadebyShuzoIshida,astructuralengineeratKyotoInstituteofTechnology.Mr.Ishida,knowntohisstudentsas'ProfessorPagoda'becauseofhispassiontounderstandthepagoda,hasbuiltaseriesofmodelsandtestedthemona'shake-table'inhislaboratory.Inshort,theShinbashirawasactinglikeanenormousstationarypendulum.Theancientcraftsmen,apparentlywithouttheassistanceofveryadvancedmathematics,seemedtograsptheprinciplesthatwere,morethanathousandyearslater,appliedintheconstructionofJapan'sfirstskyscraper.Whatthoseearlycraftsmenhadfoundbytrialanderrorwasthatunderpressureapagoda'sloosestackoffloorscouldbemadetoslithertoandfroindependentofoneanother.Viewedfromtheside,thepagodaseemedtobedoingasnakedance-witheachconsecutivefloormovingintheoppositedirectiontoitsneighboursaboveandbelow.Theshinbashira,runningupthroughaholeinthecentreofthebuilding,constrainedindividualstoreysfrommovingtoofarbecause,aftermovingacertaindistance,theybangedintoit,transmittingenergyawayalongthecolumn.AnotherstrangefeatureoftheJapanesepagodaisthat,becausethebuildingtapers,witheachsuccessivefloorplanbeingsmallerthantheonebelow,noneoftheverticalpillarsthatcarrytheweightofthebuildingisconnectedtoitscorrespondingpillarabove.Inotherwords,afive-storeypagodacontainsnotevenonepillarthattravelsrightupthroughthebuildingtocarrythestructuralloadsfromthetoptothebottom.MoresurprisingisthefactthattheindividualstoreysofaJapanesepagoda,unliketheircounterpartselsewhere,arenotactuallyconnectedtoeachother.Theyaresimplystackedoneontopofanotherlikeapileofhats.Interestingly,suchadesignwouldnotbepermittedundercurrentJapanesebuildingregulations.日本寺廟建筑的屋頂可以使建筑的側(cè)面超出建筑總寬度的50%或更多。出于同樣的原因，日本寶塔的建造者似乎進(jìn)一步增加了他們的重量，他們沒(méi)有選擇用許多中國(guó)寶塔的瓷磚來(lái)覆蓋這些延伸的屋檐，而是用更重的陶瓷瓷磚。但這并不能完全解釋日本寶塔的韌性。答案是，就像一棵高大的松樹(shù)，日本寶塔一一其巨大的樹(shù)干狀中央支柱被稱為心柱一一只是在臺(tái)風(fēng)或地震中彎曲和搖擺?幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，許多人都這么認(rèn)為。但答案并不那么簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)榱钊顺泽@的是，新ira實(shí)際上根本沒(méi)有負(fù)載。事實(shí)上，在一些寶塔的設(shè)計(jì)中，它甚至不停留在地面上，而是懸掛在寶塔的頂部一松散地懸掛在建筑的中間。建筑的重量完全由12根外柱和4根內(nèi)柱支撐。心柱的作用是什么?要了解新船的作用，最好的方法是看一段由京都理工大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師石田修三制作的視頻。由于對(duì)寶塔的熱愛(ài)，石田先生被學(xué)生們稱為‘寶塔教授”。他已經(jīng)建立了一系列模型，并在實(shí)驗(yàn)室的“振動(dòng)臺(tái)”上進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。簡(jiǎn)而言之，新ira就像一個(gè)巨大的靜止的鐘擺。這些古代工匠顯然沒(méi)有借助非常先進(jìn)的數(shù)學(xué)，似乎掌握了1000多年后應(yīng)用于日本第一座摩天大樓建設(shè)中的原理。早期的工匠們通過(guò)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在壓力下，寶塔松散的樓層可以獨(dú)立地前后滑動(dòng)。從側(cè)面看，這座寶塔就像在跳蛇舞一每一層樓都朝著上下相鄰樓層相反的方向移動(dòng)?！靶闹睆慕ㄖ行牡囊粋€(gè)洞里鉆出來(lái)，限制了每層樓的移動(dòng)距離，因?yàn)樵谝苿?dòng)了一定距離后，它們會(huì)撞進(jìn)去，把能量沿著柱子傳遞出去。日本寶塔的另一個(gè)奇特之處是，由于建筑呈錐形，每一層的平面都比下面的小，所以沒(méi)有一根垂直的柱子能承載建筑的重量，并與上面相應(yīng)的柱子相連。換句話說(shuō)，一座五層樓高的寶塔甚至連一根柱子都沒(méi)有，而這一根柱子要穿過(guò)整座建筑，把結(jié)構(gòu)的荷載從頂部帶到底部。更令人驚訝的是，日本寶塔的每一層與其他地方的寶塔不同，實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有相互連接。它們就像一堆帽子一樣簡(jiǎn)單地摞在一起。有趣的是，按照日本現(xiàn)行建筑法規(guī)，這種設(shè)計(jì)是不允許的。Andtheextra-wideeaves?Thinkofthemasatightropewalker'sbalancingpole.Thebiggerthemassateachendofthepole,theeasieritisforthetightropewalkertomaintainhisorherbalance.Thesameholdstrueforapagoda.'Withtheeavesextendingoutonallsideslikebalancingpoles,'saysMrIshida,'thebuildingrespondstoeventhemostpowerfuljoltofanearthquakewithagracefulswaying,neveranabruptshaking.'Hereagain,Japanesemasterbuildersofathousandyearsagoanticipatedconceptsofmodernstructuralengineering.DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?Inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet,write：TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVEN ifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthisl.OnlytwoJapanesepagodashavecollapsedin1400years..TheHanshinearthquakeof1995destroyedthepagodaattheTojitemple..TheotherbuildingsneartheTojipagodahadbeenbuiltinthelast30years..Thebuildersofpagodasknewhowtoabsorbsomeofthepowerproducedbysevereweatherconditions.

.easyinterioraccesstotopA.bothChineseandJapanesepagodasB.onlyChinesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodas.tilesoneavesC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodas.useasobservationpostA.bothChineseandJapanesepagodasB.onlyChinesepagodas8.sizeofeavesuptohalfthewidthofthebuildingA.bothChineseandJapanesepagodasB.onlyChinesepagodas9.originalreligiouspurposeA.bothChineseandJapanesepagodasB.onlyChinesepagodasC.onlyJapanesepagodas10.floorsfittinglooselyovereachotherA.bothChineseandJapanesepagodasB.onlyChinesepagodasnaJapanesepagoda,theshinbashiraA.bearsthefullweightofthebuilding.B.bendsunderpressurelikeatree.C.connectsthefloorswiththefoundations.D.stopsthefloorsmovingtoofar.12.ShuzoIshidaperformsexperimentsinordertoA.improveskyscraperdesign.B.beabletobuildnewpagodas.C.learnaboutthedynamicsofpagodas. D.understandancientmathematics.13.ThestoreysofaJapanesepagodaareA.linkedonlybywood.B.fastenedonlytothecentralpillar.C.fittedlooselyontopofeachother.D.joinedbyspecialweights.那加寬的屋檐呢?把它們想象成走鋼絲者的平衡桿。鋼管兩端的質(zhì)量越大，走鋼絲的人就越容易保持平衡。寶塔也是如此。石田先生說(shuō)“屋檐像平衡桿一樣向四面伸展，即使是地震中最強(qiáng)烈的震動(dòng)，建筑也能做出優(yōu)雅的晃動(dòng)，而不是突然的晃動(dòng)?！痹谶@里，一千年前的日本建筑大師們?cè)俅晤A(yù)見(jiàn)到了現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)工程的概念。下面的陳述與作者在閱讀第一段時(shí)的觀點(diǎn)一致嗎?在答題紙箱子1-4，寫(xiě):如果聲明同意作者的主張?zhí)摷偃绻愂雠c作者的主張沒(méi)有如果是不可能說(shuō)出作者的思考1.1400年來(lái)，日本只有兩座寶塔倒塌。2.1995年的阪神大地震摧毀了東寺的寶塔。.東寺寶塔附近的其他建筑是在過(guò)去30年建成的。.寶塔的建造者知道如何吸收惡劣天氣條件產(chǎn)生的部分能量。.方便的內(nèi)部訪問(wèn)頂部A.中國(guó)和日本的寶塔都有。B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔。C.只有日本的寶塔.瓷磚在屋檐A.中國(guó)和日本的寶塔都有。B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔。C.只有日本的寶塔.用作觀察哨A.中國(guó)和日本的寶塔都有。B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔。C.只有日本的寶塔.屋檐的大小可達(dá)建筑物寬度的一半A.中國(guó)和日本的寶塔都有。B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔。C.只有日本的寶塔.原始宗教目的B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔只有日本寶塔.地板彼此之間松松垮垮地搭在一起A.中國(guó)和日本的寶塔都有。B.只有中國(guó)的寶塔。C.只有日本的寶塔.在日本的寶塔里，叫做心柱A.承擔(dān)整個(gè)建筑的重量。像樹(shù)一樣在壓力下彎曲。連接地板和地基。停止地板移動(dòng)太遠(yuǎn)。.石田修三做實(shí)驗(yàn)是為了改進(jìn)摩天大樓的設(shè)計(jì)。能夠建造新的寶塔。了解寶塔的動(dòng)態(tài)。理解古代數(shù)學(xué)。13舊本寶塔的樓層是答:只有木頭連接。只固定在中間的柱子上。C.彼此松散地搭在一起?？?加入特殊重量。2Leaf-CuttingAntsandFungusA)Theantsandtheiragriculturehavebeenextensivelystudiedovertheyears,buttherecentresearchhasuncoveredintriguingnewfindingsaboutthefungustheycultivate,howtheydomesticateditandhowtheycultivateitandpreserveitfrompathogens.Forexample,thefungusfarms,whichtheantswerethoughttokeepfreeofpathogens,turnouttobevulnerabletoadevastatingmold,foundnowhereelsebutinants,nests.Tokeepthemoldincheck,theantslongagomadeadiscoverythatwoulddocredittoanypharmaceuticallaboratory.B)Leaf-cuttingantsandtheirfungusfarmsareamarvelofnatureandperhapsthebestknownexampleofsymbiosis,themutualdependenceoftwospecies.Theants,achievementisremarkable—thebiologistEdwardO.Wilsonhascalledit“oneofthemajorbreakthroughsinanimalevolution”一becauseitallowsthemtoeat,courtesyoftheirmushroom,sdigestivepowers,theotherwisepoisonedharvestoftropicalforestswhoseleavesareladenwithterpenoids,alkaloidsandotherchemicalsdesignedtosickenbrowsers.C)Fungusgrowingseemstohaveoriginatedonlyonceinevolution,becauseallgardeningantsbelongtoasingletribe,thedescendantsofthefirstfungusfarmer.Therearemorethan200knownspeciesoftheattineanttribe,dividedinto12groups,orgenera.Theleaf-cuttersusefreshvegetation;theothergroups,knownasthelowerattinesbecausetheirnestsaresmallerandtheirtechniquesmoreprimitive,feedtheirgardenswithdetrituslikedeadleaves,insectsandfeces.In1994ateamoffourbiologists,UlrichG.MuellerandTedR.SchultzfromCornellUniversityandIgnacioH.ChapelaandStephenA.RehnerfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,analyzedtheDNAofantfunguses.Thecommonassumptionthatthefungusesareallderivedfromasinglestrain,theyfound,wasonlyhalftrue.2切葉蟻和真菌)螞蟻和農(nóng)業(yè)都已經(jīng)被廣泛地研究過(guò)了多年來(lái)，但最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了有趣的新發(fā)現(xiàn)的真菌培養(yǎng)，如何馴化以及他們?nèi)绾螐牟≡w培養(yǎng)它，保護(hù)它。例如，真菌農(nóng)場(chǎng)被認(rèn)為是螞蟻不受病原體感染的地方，結(jié)果卻很容易感染一種毀滅性的霉菌，這種霉菌只存在于螞蟻的巢穴中。為了控制霉菌，螞蟻們很久以前就有了一項(xiàng)新發(fā)現(xiàn)，這對(duì)任何一家制藥實(shí)驗(yàn)室來(lái)說(shuō)都是一項(xiàng)榮譽(yù)。B)切葉蟻及其真菌農(nóng)場(chǎng)是大自然的奇跡,也許最著名的共生的例子,兩個(gè)物種的相互依賴。螞蟻的成就是非凡的，生物學(xué)家愛(ài)德華。威爾遜稱之為“動(dòng)物進(jìn)化的一個(gè)重大突破”，因?yàn)樗试S他們吃的蘑菇的消化能力，否則毒收獲的熱帶森林的樹(shù)葉是拉登萜類、生物堿和其他化學(xué)品旨在患病瀏覽器。C)真菌生長(zhǎng)似乎是只有一次的進(jìn)化,因?yàn)樗袌@藝螞蟻屬于一個(gè)部落的后裔第一真菌農(nóng)民。有超過(guò)200種已知的attine蟻?zhàn)?，分?2組，或?qū)?。切葉工人使用新鮮的植物;另一種被稱為低齒蟻，因?yàn)樗鼈兊某惭ǜ。夹g(shù)也更原始，用落葉、昆蟲(chóng)和糞便等碎屑來(lái)喂養(yǎng)它們的花園。1994年，康奈爾大學(xué)的烏爾里希-g?穆勒(UlrichG.Mueller)和特德.r?舒爾茨(TedR.Schultz)、美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的伊格納西奧?h?查貝拉(IgnacioH.Chapela)和斯蒂芬?a?雷納(Stephena.Rehner)組成了一個(gè)由四名生物學(xué)家組成的團(tuán)隊(duì)，分析了螞蟻真菌的DNA。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，通常認(rèn)為真菌都來(lái)自單一菌株的假設(shè)只有一半是正確的。D)Theleaf-cutters,funguswasindeeddescendedfromasinglestrain,propagatedclonally,orjustbybudding,foratleast23millionyears.Butthelowerattineantsuseddifferentvarietiesofthefungus,andinonecaseaquiteseparatespecies,thefourbiologistsdiscovered.CameronR.Currie,aPh.D.studentintheUniversityofToronto,itseemedtoMr.Currie,resembledthemonoculturesofvarioushumancrops,thatareveryproductiveforawhileandthensuccumbtosomedisastrouspathogen,suchastheIrishpotatoblight.Monocultures,whichlackthegeneticdiversitytorespondtochangingenvironmentalthreats,aresittingducksforparasites.Mr.Curriefelttherehadtobeaparasiteintheant-fungussystem.Butacenturyofantresearchofferednosupportfortheidea.Textbooksdescribehowleaf-cutterantsscrupulouslyweedtheirgardensofallforeignorganisms.“Peoplekepttellingme,‘Youknowtheantskeeptheirgardensfreeofparasites,don,tyou?'"Mr.Curriesaidofhiseffortstofindahiddeninterloper.E)Butafterthreeyearsofsiftingthroughattineantgardens,Mr.Curriediscoveredtheyarefarfromfreeofinfections.Inlastmonth'sissueoftheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,heandtwocolleagues,Dr.MuellerandDavidMairoch,isolatedseveralalienorganisms,particularlyafamilyofparasiticmoldscalledEscovopsis.Escovopsisturnsouttobeahighlyvirulentpathogenthatcandevastateafungusgardeninacoupleofdays.Itbloomslikeawhitecloud,withthegardendimlyvisibleunderneath.Inadayortwothewholegardenisenveloped.“Otherantswon'tgonearitandtheantsassociatedwiththegardenjuststarvetodeath,''Dr.Rehnersaid.“Theyjustseemtogiveup,exceptforthosethathaverescuedtheirlarvae.”F)EvidentlytheantsusuallymanagetokeepEscovopsisandotherparasitesundercontrol.Butwithanylapseincontrol,oriftheantsareremoved,Escovopsiswillquicklyburstforth.Althoughnewleaf-cuttergardensstartofffreeofEscovopsis,withintwoyearssome60percentbecomeinfected.ThediscoveryofEscovopsis'srolebringsanewlevelofunderstandingtotheevolutionoftheattineants.“Inthelastdecade,evolutionarybiologistshavebeenincreasinglyawareoftheroleofparasitesasdrivingforcesinevolution,"Dr.Schultzsaid.Thereisnowapossiblereasontoexplainwhythelowerattinespecieskeepchangingthevarietyoffungusintheirmushroomgardens,andoccasionallydomesticatingnewones-tostayonestepaheadoftherelentlessEscovopsis.G)Interestingly,Mr.Curriefoundthattheleaf-cuttershadingeneralfeweralienmoldsintheirgardensthanthelowerattines,yettheyhadmoreEscovopsisinfections.ItseemsthatthepricetheypayforcultivatingapurevarietyoffungusisahigherriskfromEscovopsis.Buttheleaf-cuttersmayhavelittlealternative:theycultivateaspecialvarietyoffunguswhich,unlikethosegrownbythelowerattines,producesnutritiousswollentipsfortheantstoeat.H)Discoveryofathirdpartnerintheant-fungussymbiosisraisesthequestionofhowtheattineants,especiallytheleaf-cutters,keepthisdangerousinterloperundercontrol.Amazinglyenough,Mr.Curriehasagainprovidedtheanswer.“Peoplehaveknownforahundredyearsthatantshaveawhitishgrowthonthecuticle,”saidDr.Mueller,referringtotheinsects,bodysurface.“Peoplewouldsaythisislikeacuticularwax.ButCameronwasthefirstoneinahundredyearstoputthesethingsunderamicroscope.Hesawitwasnotinertwax.Itisalive.”Mr.Curriediscoveredaspecialisedpatchontheants,cuticlethatharboursaparticularkindofbacterium,onewellknowntothepharmaceuticalindustry,becauseitisthesourceofhalftheantibioticsusedinmedicine.Fromeachof22speciesofattineantstudied,Mr.CameronandcolleaguesisolatedaspeciesofStreptomycesbacterium,theyreportedinNatureinApril.TheStreptomycesdoesnothavemucheffectonordinarylaboratoryfunguses.ButitisapotentpoisonerofEscovopsis,inhibitingitsgrowthandsuppressingsporeformation.Becauseboththeleaf-cuttersandthelowerattinesuseStreptomyces,thebacteriummayhavebeenpartoftheirsymbiosisforalmostaslongastheEscovopsismold.Ifso,someAlexanderFlemingofanantdiscoveredantibioticsmillionsofyearsbeforepeopledid.Evennow,theantsareaccomplishingtwofeatsbeyondthepowersofhumantechnology.Theleaf-cuttersaregrowingamonoculturalcropyearafteryearwithoutdisaster,andtheyareusinganantibioticapparentlysowiselyandprudentlythat,unlikepeople,theyarenotprovokingantibioticresistanceinthetargetpathogen.D)leaf-cutters的真菌確實(shí)是從一個(gè)應(yīng)變，無(wú)性生殖，傳播或通過(guò)出芽，至少2300萬(wàn)年了。但這四名生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，低等螞蟻使用了不同種類的真菌，其中有一種是完全獨(dú)立的物種。在柯里看來(lái)，多倫多大學(xué)(UniversityofToronto)的博士生卡梅倫r柯里(CameronR.Currie)就像各種人類作物的單一栽培方式，這些作物在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)量很高，然后會(huì)屈服于一些災(zāi)難性的病原體，比如愛(ài)爾蘭馬鈴薯枯萎病(Irishpotatoblight)。單一栽培缺乏應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的環(huán)境威脅的遺傳多樣性，是寄生蟲(chóng)的活靶子?？吕锵壬X(jué)得螞蟻-真菌系統(tǒng)里一定有寄生蟲(chóng)。但是一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)對(duì)螞蟻的研究并沒(méi)有支持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。教科書(shū)上描述了切葉蟻如何小心翼翼地清除花園里所有外來(lái)生物的雜草?！叭藗兛偸菍?duì)我說(shuō)，‘你知道螞蟻的花園沒(méi)有寄生蟲(chóng)吧?’”柯里談到他努力尋找一個(gè)隱藏的闖入者時(shí)說(shuō)。E),但是經(jīng)過(guò)三年的篩選attineant花園,柯里先生發(fā)現(xiàn)他們遠(yuǎn)離自由的感染。在上個(gè)月的《美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof5&6聯(lián)65上，他和他的兩位同事穆勒博士(Dr.Mueller)和戴維?Escovopsis原來(lái)是一種高毒性病原體，可以在幾天內(nèi)摧毀真菌花園。花開(kāi)得像一朵白云，下面隱約可見(jiàn)花園。一兩天后，整個(gè)花園就被圍起來(lái)了?！捌渌浵伈粫?huì)靠近它，而與花園有關(guān)的螞蟻只會(huì)餓死，”博士說(shuō)。rehn說(shuō)?！八鼈兯坪踔皇欠艞壛?，除了那些救了它們幼蟲(chóng)的?！盕)顯然螞蟻通常設(shè)法控制Escovopsis和其他寄生蟲(chóng)。但是一旦控制不當(dāng)，或者螞蟻被移走，Escovopsis病毒就會(huì)迅速爆發(fā)。盡管新的切葉菜園開(kāi)始時(shí)沒(méi)有埃斯科沃西斯病，但在兩年內(nèi)，大約60%的人感染了埃斯科沃西斯病。Escovopsis角色的發(fā)現(xiàn)為attineants的進(jìn)化帶來(lái)了一個(gè)新的理解水平。舒爾茨博士說(shuō)“在過(guò)去的十年里，進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家越來(lái)越意識(shí)到寄生蟲(chóng)在進(jìn)化中所起的推動(dòng)作用。'‘現(xiàn)在有了一個(gè)可能的原因來(lái)解釋為什么低attine物種不斷地改變他們蘑菇園中真菌的種類，并且偶爾馴化新的真菌一以領(lǐng)先于無(wú)情的Escovopsis一步。G)有趣的是,柯里先生發(fā)現(xiàn)leaf-cutters外星模具在他們的花園在一般少于attines越低,但是他們有更多Escovopsis感染。似乎他們?yōu)榕嘤环N純粹的真菌所付出的代價(jià)是更高的Escovopsis風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是切葉蟻可能別無(wú)選擇:它們培育了一種特殊的真菌，這種真菌不同于那些生長(zhǎng)在較低的齒尖上的真菌，能夠產(chǎn)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的膨大尖端供螞蟻食用。H）發(fā)現(xiàn)的第三個(gè)合作伙伴ant-fungus共生關(guān)系提出了一個(gè)問(wèn)題:如何attine螞蟻,尤其是leafcutters控制這種危險(xiǎn)的闖入者。令人驚訝的是，柯里再次給出了答案?！耙话倌昵?，人們就知道螞蟻的角質(zhì)層呈白色，”穆勒博士說(shuō)，他指的是螞蟻的體表?！叭藗儠?huì)說(shuō)這就像角質(zhì)層的蠟。但卡梅隆是一百年來(lái)第一個(gè)把這些東西放在顯微鏡下的人。他看出那不是惰性蠟。它還活著?？吕镌谖浵伒慕琴|(zhì)層上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊特殊的補(bǔ)丁，里面含有一種特殊的細(xì)菌，這種細(xì)菌是制藥行業(yè)所熟知的，因?yàn)樗轻t(yī)學(xué)中一半抗生素的來(lái)源。今年4月，卡梅隆和同事們?cè)凇蹲匀弧罚∟ature）雜志上報(bào)道，他們從研究的22種attineant中各分離出一種鏈球菌。鏈霉菌對(duì)普通的實(shí)驗(yàn)室真菌沒(méi)有多大影響。但它是一種劇毒的Escovopsis，抑制其生長(zhǎng)和抑制抱子的形成。因?yàn)榍腥~蟻和下齒弓蟻都使用鏈霉菌，所以這種細(xì)菌可能是它們共生關(guān)系的一部分，其歷史幾乎與Escovopsis霉菌一樣長(zhǎng)。如果是這樣的話，一些螞蟻的亞歷山大?弗萊明在人類發(fā)現(xiàn)抗生素之前的數(shù)百萬(wàn)年就已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗生素。即使是現(xiàn)在，螞蟻正在完成兩項(xiàng)人類技術(shù)無(wú)法企及的壯舉。切葉蟻年復(fù)一年地在沒(méi)有災(zāi)難的情況下種植單一文化作物，它們顯然非常明智和謹(jǐn)慎地使用抗生素，因此與人類不同，它們不會(huì)在目標(biāo)病原體中引發(fā)抗生素耐藥性。Writetheappropriateletters,A-C,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.ALeaf-cuttingantsBLowerattineantsCBothleaf-cuttingantsandlowerattineantscanusetoxicleavestofeedfungusbuildsmallnestsandlivewithdifferentforeignfungususedeadvegetationtofeedfungusraiseasinglefunguswhichdonotlivewithothervarietyofforeignersnormallykeepahighlydangerousparasiteundercontrolusespecialstrategiestofightagainstEscovopsisReadingPassage2haseightparagraphs,A-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes20-24onyouranswersheet.DangerousoutcomeofEscovopsisRiskofgrowingsinglefungusComparisonofthefeaturesoftwodifferentnestsforfeedinggardensDiscoveryofsignificantachievementsmadebyantsearlierthanhumanAdvantagesofgrowinganewbreedoffungusintheantfarmQuestions25-26WhatdoestheauthorthinkofCurrie’sopiniononthesaying“antskeeptheirgardensfreeofparasites”?AHisviewpointwasverifiedlater.BHisearlierstudyhassufficientevidenceimmediately.CThereisnodetailmentionedinthearticle.DHisopinionwasprovedtobewronglateron.Whatdidscientistsfindontheskinofantsundermicroscope?AsomewhitecloudmoldembedintheirskinBthatwaxisallovertheirskinCasubstancewhichisusefultohumansDasubstancewhichsuppressesgrowthofallfungus在答題卡的14-19欄中，寫(xiě)出適當(dāng)?shù)淖帜窤-C。注意:任何字母都可以使用不止一次。A切葉蟻B下調(diào)音蟻C切葉蟻和下調(diào)音蟻可以用有毒的葉子來(lái)喂養(yǎng)真菌建小巢，和不同的外來(lái)真菌一起生活用枯死的植物來(lái)喂養(yǎng)真菌培養(yǎng)一種真菌，這種真菌不能和其他種類的外國(guó)人生活在一起通常情況下要控制高度危險(xiǎn)的寄生蟲(chóng)使用特殊的策略來(lái)對(duì)抗埃斯科普西斯閱讀文章2有8段，A-H。哪個(gè)段落包含以下信息？把正確的字母A-H寫(xiě)在答題紙上20-24框內(nèi)。Escovopsis的危險(xiǎn)結(jié)局生長(zhǎng)單一真菌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較兩種不同飼養(yǎng)花園巢的特征發(fā)現(xiàn)螞蟻比人類更早取得重大成就在螞蟻農(nóng)場(chǎng)種植一種新的真菌的優(yōu)勢(shì)問(wèn)題25-26作者如何看待居里對(duì)“螞蟻使他們的花園沒(méi)有寄生蟲(chóng)”這句話的看法？他的觀點(diǎn)后來(lái)得到了證實(shí)。B他早期的研究立即有了充分的證據(jù)。C文章中沒(méi)有提到細(xì)節(jié)。D他的意見(jiàn)后來(lái)被證明是錯(cuò)誤的?？茖W(xué)家在顯微鏡下在螞蟻的皮膚上發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？這句話的主干是:somewhitecloudmoldembedintheirskin,Bthatwaxisallovertheirskin,C是一種對(duì)人類有用的物質(zhì)，D是一種抑制所有真菌生長(zhǎng)的物質(zhì)3Crop-growingSkyscrapersBytheyear2050,nearly80%oftheEarth'spopulationwillliveinurbancentres.Applyingthemostconservativeestimatestocurrentdemographictrends,thehumanpopulationwillincreasebyaboutthreebillionpeoplebythen.Anestimated109hectaresofnewland(about20%largerthanBrazil)willbeneededtogrowenoughfoodtofeedthem,iftraditionalfarmingmethodscontinueastheyarepractisedtoday.Atpresent,throughouttheworld,over80%ofthelandthatissuitableforraisingcropsisinuse.Historically,some15%ofthathasbeenlaidwastebypoormanagementpractices.Whatcanbedonetoensureenoughfoodfortheworld'spopulationtoliveon?Theconceptofindoorfarmingisnotnew,sincehothouseproductionoftomatoesandotherproducehasbeeninvogueforsometime.Whatisnewistheurgentneedtoscaleupthistechnologytoaccommodateanotherthreebillionpeople.Manybelieveanentirelynewapproachtoindoorfarmingisrequired,employingcutting-edgetechnologies.Onesuchproposalisforthe'VerticalFarm'.Theconceptisofmulti-storeybuildingsinwhichfoodcropsaregrowninenvironmentallycontrolledconditions.Situatedintheheartofurbancentres,theywoulddrasticallyreducetheamountoftransportationrequiredtobringfoodtoconsumers.Verticalfarmswouldneedtobeefficient,cheaptoconstructandsafetooperate.Ifsuccessfullyimplemented,proponentsclaim,10verticalfarmsofferthepromiseofurbanrenewal,sustainableproductionofasafeandvariedfoodsupply(throughyear-roundproductionofallcrops),andtheeventualrepairofecosystemsthathavebeensacrificedforhorizontalfarming.Ittookhumans10,000yearstolearnhowtogrowmostofthecropswenowtakeforgranted.Alongtheway,wedespoiledmostofthelandweworked,oftenturningverdant,naturalecozonesintosemi-ariddeserts.Withinthatsametimeframe,weevolvedintoanurbanspecies,inwhich60%ofthehumanpopulationnowlivesverticallyincities.Thismeansthat,forthemajority,wehumanshaveshelterfromtheelements,yetwesubjectourfood-bearingplantstotherigoursofthegreatoutdoorsandcandonomorethanhopeforagoodweatheryear.However,moreoftenthannotnow,duetoarapidlychangingclimate,thatisnotwhathappens.Massivefloods,longdroughts,hurricanesandseveremonsoonstaketheirtolleachyear,destroyingmillionsoftonsofvaluablecrops.Thesupportersofverticalfarmingclaimmanypotentialadvantagesforthesystem.Forinstance,cropswouldbeproducedallyearround,astheywouldbekeptinartificiallycontrolled,optimumgrowingconditions.Therewouldbenoweather-relatedcropfailuresduetodroughts,floodsorpests.Allthefoodcouldbegrownorganically,eliminatingtheneedforherbicides,pesticidesandfertilisers.Thesystemwouldgreatlyreducetheincidenceofmanyinfectiousdiseasesthatareacquiredattheagriculturalinterface.Althoughthesystemwouldconsumeenergy,itwouldreturnenergytothegridviamethanegenerationfromcompostingnon-ediblepartsofplants.Itwouldalsodramaticallyreducefossilfueluse,bycuttingouttheneedfortractors,ploughsandshipping.Amajordrawbackofverticalfarming,however,isthattheplantswouldrequireartificiallight.Withoutit,thoseplantsnearestthewindowswouldbeexposedtomoresunlightandgrowmorequickly,reducingtheefficiencyofthesystem.Single-storeygreenhouseshavethebenefitofnaturaloverheadlight:evenso,manystillneedartificiallighting.Amulti-storeyfacilitywithnonaturaloverheadlightwouldrequirefarmore.Generatingenoughlightcouldbeprohibitivelyexpensive,unlesscheap,renewableenergyisavailable,andthisappearstoberatherafutureaspirationthanalikelihoodforthenearfuture.3種植摩天大樓到2050年，全球近80%的人口將居住在城市中心。按照目前人口趨勢(shì)的最保守估計(jì)，到那時(shí)人口將增加約30億。據(jù)估計(jì)，如果傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)方法繼續(xù)沿用至今，將需要109公頃的新土地（比巴西大20%）來(lái)種植足夠的糧食來(lái)養(yǎng)活他們。目前，世界上80%以上適宜種植農(nóng)作物的土地正在利用中。從歷史上看，其中約15%是由于管理不善而浪費(fèi)掉的。我們能做些什么來(lái)確保世界人口有足夠的食物來(lái)生活？室內(nèi)種植的概念并不新鮮，因?yàn)闇厥曳N植西紅柿和其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)流行了一段時(shí)間?，F(xiàn)在的新情況是迫切需要擴(kuò)大這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的規(guī)模，以容納另外30億人。許多人認(rèn)為，需要一種全新的室內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)方法，采用尖端技術(shù)。其中一個(gè)提議就是建立‘垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)”。其概念是在環(huán)境控制條件下種植糧食作物的多層建筑。它們位于市中心，將大大減少運(yùn)送食品給消費(fèi)者所需的交通量。垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)需要高效、廉價(jià)和安全運(yùn)營(yíng)。支持者聲稱，如果成功實(shí)施，垂直農(nóng)場(chǎng)將帶來(lái)城市更新、可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)安全多樣的糧食供應(yīng)（通過(guò)全年生產(chǎn)所有作物）以及最終修復(fù)因水平農(nóng)業(yè)而犧牲的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的希望。11人類花了1萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間才學(xué)會(huì)如何種植我們現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的大部分農(nóng)作物。一路上，我們掠奪了大部分的土地，經(jīng)常把翠綠的自然生態(tài)區(qū)變成半干旱的沙漠。在同樣的時(shí)間框架內(nèi)，我們進(jìn)化成一個(gè)城市物種，其中60%的人口現(xiàn)在垂直地生活在城市里。這意味著，對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，我們?nèi)祟愑卸惚軔毫犹鞖獾谋幼o(hù)所，但我們卻要讓我們的食物作物經(jīng)受戶外嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境的考驗(yàn)，只能寄希望于來(lái)年天氣好。然而，現(xiàn)在，由于氣候的迅速變化，這種情況往往不會(huì)發(fā)生。大規(guī)模的洪水、長(zhǎng)期的干旱、颶風(fēng)和嚴(yán)重的季風(fēng)每年都會(huì)造成損失，摧毀數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸有價(jià)值的農(nóng)作物。垂直農(nóng)業(yè)的支持者聲稱該系統(tǒng)有許多潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì)。例如，作物將全年生產(chǎn)，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⒈槐４嬖谌斯た刂频淖罴焉L(zhǎng)條件下。不會(huì)因?yàn)楦珊怠⒑樗蚝οx(chóng)而導(dǎo)致與天氣有關(guān)的農(nóng)作物歉收。所有的食物都可以有機(jī)種植，不需要除草劑、殺蟲(chóng)劑和化肥。該系統(tǒng)將大大減少在農(nóng)業(yè)界面上獲得的許多傳染病的發(fā)病率。盡管該系統(tǒng)將消耗能源，但它將通過(guò)堆肥植物不可食用部分產(chǎn)生的甲烷將能源回饋給電網(wǎng)。它還將通過(guò)減少對(duì)拖拉機(jī)、犁和船運(yùn)的需求，大幅減少化石燃料的使用。然而，垂直種植的一個(gè)主要缺點(diǎn)是，這些植物需要人工光照。沒(méi)有它，那些離窗戶最近的植物將暴露在更多的陽(yáng)光下，生長(zhǎng)得更快，降低了系統(tǒng)的效率。單層溫室擁有自然采光的優(yōu)勢(shì)：即便如此，許多溫室仍然需要人工照明。沒(méi)有自然光的多層建筑需要更多。除非有廉價(jià)的可再生能源可用，否則生產(chǎn)足夠的