工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯文題目德國包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)與未來設(shè)計(jì)趨勢機(jī)械工程學(xué)院JINGCHUUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYGermanyBauhausdesignandFutureDesignTrend【Abstract】GermanBauhaushadasignificantinfluenceonthemoderndesigneducation,meanwhile,itestablishedthefoundationoftheleadingpositionintheworldforGermanindustrialdesign.Throughanalyzingoncurrentindustrialdesignconditionsfromdifferentcountries,artdesignisconsideredasthemainpartofindustrialdesign.Thispaperreviewedthelast10years’developmentofindustrialdesignprograminZhejiangUniversityofScienceandTechnology.Theindustrialdesignprogramhavetakenconsiderableachievementsinmanyfields,suchasthepracticeofGermanymodel,disciplinesconstruction,teachingreform,manufactures&collegecooperation,projectteachinganddesigncompetitions.AndYoucannotignoretheindustrialdesigntentrend【Keywords】Bauhaus,industrialdesign,projectteaching,practice，10IndustrialDesignTrends1.GermanBauhausandindustrialdesignIn1919,theBauhausschoolhadbeenbuiltinWeimar,Germany.Thishavebeencalledthe“cradleofworldindustrialdesign”,themilestoneintheartdesignhistory.Bauhausbelievedthattheforemostthingislettingthestudentsexploretheirowndesignways,ratherthanjustteachingthemtheteachers’ways;developingstudents’independentandcriticalthinkingabilityratherthanimposingcertaindesignstylesonthem.Comparedwithotherdesignschoolsthathadsimilareducationphilosophies,Bauhaushaddistinctiveeducationphilosophy.Ittookthoroughreformonthetraditionalartdesigneducationsystemandestablishedartdesignasanewprofessionaldiscipline.Meanwhile,WalterGropius,thefounderofBauhausmade“Unityofartandtechnology”asthedominantdesigneducationphilosophy.OneofBauhausinitiativeworksispurifyingtheformsofgeneralindustrialproducts.Bauhausstressedthattheproductformsshouldbedesignedbasedonbasicgeometricpatternssuchascubes,squaresandcircles.Theproductformsandoutlinesshouldbesimpleandvariedindifferentwaysandfollowabstractformprinciplesandaesthetics.BecauseBauhaus’sbraveandaggressiveexploringandreform,ittooksignificantkeyinfluenceontheformingofModernismArtStyleandmadetheBauhausdesignaworld-widereputation.ThereforeBauhausbecamethemilestoneofmodernartdesignhistory.AmericanartistJosephSinelfirstmentionedthetermofIndustrialdesignin1919.HoweverinChina,until1983,theMinistryofEducationhadconformedindustrialdesigndisciplineasthesamplemajorofgeneralcolleges.Theoriginalnameofthemajoris“ProductForming”forartstudents.In1998thenationalmajorcategoryhadbeenadjustedtobeintegratedintotheinternationalconventions.The“Productforming”majorhadremovedthefocusfromtheproductformstotheareaofresearchingthehuman-product-environmentrelationships.Thenamehadbeenreplacedby“Industrialdesign”andthemajorhadbeensetforbothengineeringandarteducationschools.BauhaushadmanytopEuropeanartistsatthattime,suchasItten,Kandinsky,andKleeetc.Theyarefamousabstractpainters.TheirteachingcultivatedtheBauhausstudentsandcontributedtothe20’scenturyartdesign.MostoffamousindustrialdesignerssuchasPhilippeStarck,MarcNewsonandyvesbéhararegraduatedfromtheartdesignschools.Theirsuccessprovedthattheartdesigneducationiseffectiveforindustrialdesigneducation.Theproductformdesignisstillanimportantaspectinundergraduateindustrialdesignstudiesandtheindustrialdesignisanimportantcomponentofcurrentfamousartdesignschools.RoyalCollegeofArtNorwegianInstituteofArtandDesignUniversityofDuisburg-Essen,PolitecnicodiMilano,HannoverUniversityofAppliedSciencesandArts(FHHannover,theirindustrialdesigndepartmentsarebelongtoartanddesignschools.America:AccordingtoasurveyofIDSA(TheIndustrialDesignersSocietyofAmericain1998,thereare49institutesthathaveindustrialdesignundergraduateorgraduateprogramsregisteredinIDSAlist.Typicalindustrialdesignmajorsusuallyaresetinartschools,whichcangrantbachelordegreeinfineartsorscience.MostofthemgotthecertificationofNASAD(NationalAssociationofSchoolsofArtandDesign.Only15inthe49schoolsdidnotgetthecertification.IDSAdeclaredthat5yearslater,onlythecertifiedtheindustrialdesignmajorscangetberecognized.Thereare37industrialdesignmajorsinuniversities,6indesigncolleges,4inartschools.Thissituationdidnotvaryincurrentyears.Asia:InJapan,industrialdesignmajorsalsosetinartschoolsorindependentindustrialdesignfaculties,suchasTokyoZokeiUniversity,MusashinoArtUniversity,TamaArtUniversity,andUniversityofTsukubaetc.InHongkong,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversityhasfamousindustrialdesignprograms.InTaiwan,ShihChienUniversity,NationalChengKungUniversity,NationalYunlinUniversityofScience&Technologyhavefamousindustrialdesignprograms.InmainlandofChina,JiangnanUniversity,TsinghuaUniversity,HunanUniversity,TongjiUniversityandtheGuangzhouacademicoffineartsallhavetheirindustrialdesigndepartmentsintheartdesignschoolsordepartments.2.10IndustrialDesignTrendsYouCan'tIgnore2.1DesignForACauseCompaniesincludingHermanMillerandAmericanApparelarepromotingtheiridealsthroughdesign.YvesBéhar'sleaflampforHermanMiller(shownusesabiomorphicgridofLEDs,whichconsume40%percentlessenergythanfluorescentlightsandlastfor100,000hours.AndNikeplanstomakeitsentirefootwearlineoutofsustainablematerialsby2010.2.2SimplexitySteveMcCallion,executivecreativedirectorofPortland,Ore.-basedindustrialdesignfirmZibaDesign,saysthere'satrendtoward"simplexity,"productsthathavemanyfunctionsbutareapproachable,ergonomicallycorrectandeasytouse--likeApple'siPhone.Thebabyboomershavealsopropelledsimplexity;asthegenerationages,theneedforeasy-to-use,at-homemedicalequipmentbecomesgreater.AmiVerhalen,directorofindustrialdesignatMadison,Wis.-basedDesignConcepts,saysthatin-homehealthcarewillbeahugedriverforproductinnovationintheupcomingdecade.2.3PersonalizationFromNikeIDshoestoBuild-a-Bearteddies,retailersareaddinga"buildyourown"elementtobrands.Doityourself--orDIY--servesasanimportantelementofthistrend.PublicationslikeReadyMademagazineandbookslikedesignerWendyMullin'sSewUencourageconsumerstoputtheirownspinonthings.2.4GlobalizationLikeotherindustries,outsourcinghasaffectedinternationaldesign.TodayadesignerinDelhimightbeworkingwithamanufacturerinColumbus.SteveMcCallionsaysthattheglobalizationofproductdesignhascreatedInternetcommunitiesthatenablemorepeopletoparticipateinthedesignprocess.CompanieslikeKidRobotcanemploytoydesignersfromTokyotoTucsonwithgreatereasethanever.2.5OrnamentationInfashiondesign,we'reseeingareturntominimalism,butinhomedecor,ornatedetailsareinfashion.Forthefirsttimeindecades,wallpaperisinfashion,andthedetailsarerich--brocades,velvetsandjewel-tonecolors.Long-forgottentextiledesignerslikeFlorenceBroadhurstandVeraNeumannarereceivingattentionfromanewgenerationofdesign-savvyconsumers.2.6PolarizationOfDesignBig-boxorluxuryretailer?Manyexpertssaythatdesignhasbeenpolarized,withinnovativeproductsavailableatboththeveryhighend(NeimanMarcus,Mossandtheverylowend(Target,Ikea.Meanwhile,midrangeretailerslikeMacy'ssufferfromlackoffresh,on-trendideas.Thatisolatesthehugechunkofthepopulationthatcanaffordsomethinghigher-endthanthe$200MalmbedatIkeabutscoffatthepriceofa$16,000Hastensmattress.2.7PinkDesignGadgetsareaguy'sgame,right?Notifyouconsiderthelatestproductswithfemininemystique.MotorolareleasedalipstickpinkRazrcellphone,andmorerecently,LGreleasedaPradaphone.Moreandmoremanufacturersarecreatingsleeker,feminizedversionsoftheirclunky,chunkyproducts,andbothmenandwomenarebiting.Wantproofofthefeminizationofproductdesign?JustcheckoutG,whichratesseveralitemsadayas"Geekchic"or"JustPlainGeeky."2.8MassImperfectionSomedesignersarecreatingintentionallyflawedpieces,likedesignerJasonMiller'sducttapechairorBodum'sPavinaglasswarecollection,whichusesmouth-blowndouble-walledglass,givingeachpieceaslightvariationinheight,thicknessandweight.Whiskeredandweatheredtextiles--ondenimaswellasfurnitureandtapestries--aremorerecognizableexamplesofintentionalimperfectioninproduction.2.9CraftAsmassretailerslikeTargetbecomemoredesign-focused,there'sacountertrendofindependentmanufacturersanddesignerscreatingone-off,heirloompieces.Wheretofindtheselimited-editiontreasures?Artisane-commercesiteslikeE,classicalcraftcompanieslikeHeathCeramicsandmodernistdesignhousessuchasDesignWithinReach.2.10FocusOnTheOther90%AnthonyPannozzo,vicepresidentofdesignstrategyatWaltham,Mass.-basedfirmHerbstLaZarBell,saysthatwell-designedproductsareavailabletoonly10%oftheworld'spopulation.However,moreandmoredesignersarestartingtocatertoconsumersinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmerica.【References】[1]SZWang.“AHistoryofModernDesign”,ChinaYouthPress,Beijing,2002[2]D.S.Yang.“ADiscussionofTheDifferencesinIndustrialDesignEducationbetweenChinaandGermanyfromtheWorkshopProjectPractice”,JournalofHefeiUniversity(NaturalSciences,2006:21-22[4]KevinN.Otto,KristinLWood.“ProductDesign:TechniquesinReverseEngineeringandNewProductDevelopment”,TsinghuaUniversityPress,Beijing,2003[5]《industrialdesignhistory》HerenkeBeijingInstituteofTechnologyPress[6]《Themodernhistoryofdesign》WangshouzhiChinaYouthPress[7]《ProductSystemDesign》WuxiangChinaLightIndustryPress[8]《Designofproducts》magazine[9]L.Axon,K.Garryetc.，AnEvaluationofCFDforModelingtheFlowAroundStationaryandRotatingIsolatedWheel,SAE980034[10]N.Horinouchi,Y.Katoetc.,NumericalInvestigationofVehicleAerodynamicswithOverlaidGridSystem,SAE950628[11]U.B.Mehta,SomeAspectsofUncertaintyinComputationalFluidDynamicsResults,JournalofFluidsEngineeringTransactionsoftheASME,Dec.1991,Vol.113,pp538-543[12]STAR-CDUserGuideVersion3.10,ComputationalDynamicsLimited1999[13]STAR-CDTutorialManualVol.1Tutorial1~Tutorial7Version3.10,ComputationalDynamics【中文翻譯】德國包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)與未來設(shè)計(jì)趨勢摘要德國包豪斯有顯著的影響,與此同時(shí),現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)教育奠定了基礎(chǔ),它處于世界領(lǐng)先地位的德國工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。通過分析當(dāng)前工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)條件不同國家、藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)是考慮為主體的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。本文綜述了近10年的發(fā)展工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的程序。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的程序已經(jīng)采取了相當(dāng)大的成就,在很多領(lǐng)域,如德國的實(shí)踐模式,專業(yè)建設(shè)、教學(xué)改革、生產(chǎn)及工程學(xué)院合作,教學(xué)和設(shè)計(jì)競賽與你不能忽視的未來工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)十個(gè)趨勢。關(guān)鍵詞：包豪斯、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、項(xiàng)目教學(xué)、實(shí)踐、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)十個(gè)趨勢1.德國包豪斯和工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)1919年,學(xué)校已建造了包豪斯魏瑪,德國。這被稱為“世界工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的搖籃”,這一里程碑式的藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的歷史。包豪斯認(rèn)為,最重要的事情就是讓學(xué)生探究他們自己設(shè)計(jì)的方式,而不是教他們老師的方法;培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考、批判思維能力而不是把某些設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格對他們。相較于其他具有相似的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)校教育,具有獨(dú)特的教育哲學(xué),包豪斯哲學(xué)。它花了徹底改革對傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)教育體系,建立了藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)作為一種新的專業(yè)的學(xué)科。與此同時(shí),沃爾特Gropius,它的創(chuàng)始人的包豪斯就提出了“統(tǒng)一的藝術(shù)與技術(shù)”為主導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)教育哲學(xué)。包豪斯的作品之一,是主動凈化形式的一般工業(yè)產(chǎn)品。包豪斯強(qiáng)調(diào),該產(chǎn)品形態(tài)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)基于基本的幾何模式,如立方體、方形和圓圈。產(chǎn)品的形式,并概述了應(yīng)該簡單和多樣的以不同的方式和遵循抽象形式原則和美學(xué)。因?yàn)榘浪沟挠赂液头e極的探索和改革,就采取重大關(guān)鍵影響現(xiàn)代主義藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的形成,使包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)世界級的聲譽(yù)。因此包豪斯成為了現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)歷史的里程碑。美國藝術(shù)家約瑟Sinel第一次提到了術(shù)語的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)在1919年。然而在中國,直到1983年,教育部已符合工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科與樣品主要普通高校。原來的名字叫“產(chǎn)品形成的主要是“為藝術(shù)的學(xué)生。在1998年國家重點(diǎn)范疇被調(diào)整到被整合到國際公約?！爸饕摹碑a(chǎn)品形成早已把焦點(diǎn)從產(chǎn)品形態(tài)等領(lǐng)域的研究human-product-environment關(guān)系。這個(gè)名字已經(jīng)取代“工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)”和一些主要的設(shè)立對于工程與藝術(shù)教育的學(xué)校。包豪斯有許多歐洲頂級藝術(shù)家們在這段時(shí)間內(nèi),如康丁斯基、克里等。他們是著名的抽象畫家。他們的教學(xué)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生,并導(dǎo)致包豪斯的20世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的。最著名的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師如菲利普StarckbeharMarcNewson和馬卡是畢業(yè)于美術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)校。他們的成功證明,藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)教育的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)教育是有效的。產(chǎn)品形態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)仍然是一個(gè)重要的方面,在本科工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)研究工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是當(dāng)前的一個(gè)重要組成部分,著名的藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)校。挪威皇家藝術(shù)學(xué)院藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院,大學(xué)PolitecnicoDuisburg-Essen嘀米蘭,漢諾威大學(xué)的應(yīng)用科學(xué)和藝術(shù)(跳頻漢諾威工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)部門,他們都屬于藝術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)的學(xué)校。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查:美國的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(IDSA舉辦的美國在1998年,有49個(gè)學(xué)院,從而有工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)本科或研究生項(xiàng)目注冊于IDSA舉辦的列表。典型的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)學(xué)生通常都設(shè)置在藝術(shù)學(xué)校,可以獲得本科及以上學(xué)歷,美術(shù)或相關(guān)專業(yè)。大多數(shù)人都得到認(rèn)證的學(xué)校NASAD(國家協(xié)會的藝術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)。只有15—學(xué)校沒有得到認(rèn)證。五年后的IDSA舉辦的宣稱,只有注冊的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)學(xué)生能得到被認(rèn)可。其中有37工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)在大學(xué),6日在設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院、4在藝術(shù)學(xué)校。這種情況沒有變化在目前的年。亞洲:在日本,工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)學(xué)生在藝術(shù)學(xué)校也設(shè)置或獨(dú)立的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院,如東京藝術(shù)大學(xué)Zokei大學(xué),Musashino阿玉升官后,還藝術(shù)大學(xué)和大學(xué)景文科技等。在香港,香港理工大學(xué)已經(jīng)知名的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)程序。在臺灣,施明德簡簡單單的大學(xué),成功大學(xué)機(jī)械系,國立云林科技大學(xué)及技術(shù)有著名的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)程序。在中國大陸,江南大學(xué)、清華大學(xué)、湖南大學(xué)、同濟(jì)大學(xué)、廣州學(xué)術(shù)美術(shù)作品的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)部門,都有自己的藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)校或部門。2你不能忽視的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)十個(gè)趨勢102.1用意很強(qiáng)的設(shè)計(jì)像HermanMiller和AmericanApparel這樣的公司在內(nèi)的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)體都通過設(shè)計(jì)來激發(fā)他們的靈感。YvesBéhar為HermanMiller公司設(shè)計(jì)的葉片形燈具（如圖所示），通過應(yīng)用生物形態(tài)類的格柵狀液晶顯示器，相比較普通的白熾燈來說，不僅降低40%的能耗，而且可以連續(xù)發(fā)光100,000小時(shí)。就連同耐克公司都計(jì)劃到2010年實(shí)現(xiàn)他們生產(chǎn)的鞋類產(chǎn)品的材料能夠全部耐度十足而不起皺。2.2設(shè)計(jì)的簡潔化，少即是多據(jù)波特蘭一家叫做Ziba設(shè)計(jì)公司的執(zhí)行總裁SteveMcCallion的說法，設(shè)計(jì)有一種趨向簡潔化的勢頭，這些產(chǎn)品不僅擁有很多的功能，而且非常的人性化，人們很容易接受，使用起來也很方便，像Apple'siPhone.居家?guī)Ш⒆拥娜藗円埠芡瞥绾啙嵒?，緣于在孩子剛生下來需要照顧的這段時(shí)間，所用的東西、家庭醫(yī)療設(shè)備符合簡便易用的需求越來越多。麥迪11遜一家專門從事概念設(shè)計(jì)的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)公司的老板AmiVerhalen說，居家健康護(hù)理的需求將成為未來十年產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新的有力推動器。2.3設(shè)計(jì)的私人化、個(gè)性化不論從耐克的鞋子設(shè)計(jì)，還是到Build-a-Bear的連衫襯褲設(shè)計(jì)，零售商們無一不在各種品牌中加入“塑造你自己”這個(gè)理念。親手來打造你自己---或者DIY---為我們詮釋了這樣一個(gè)非常重要的趨勢。大眾出版物像《ReadyMade》雜志，還有像設(shè)計(jì)師WendyMullin在他的《SewU》一書中，都在鼓勵消費(fèi)者在他們自己的所用之物中加入自己的想法。2.4設(shè)計(jì)的全球化像其他行業(yè)一樣，產(chǎn)品外包也正在影響著全球的設(shè)計(jì)。在當(dāng)今，一位在印度德里的設(shè)計(jì)師也許要和遠(yuǎn)在美國哥倫布的制造商一起工作。SteveMcCallion說，產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的全球化創(chuàng)造了國際間的交流，使得更多的人參與進(jìn)了設(shè)計(jì)的過程。像類似KidRobot的一些公司就能從東京比以往更容易雇傭玩具設(shè)計(jì)師到美國圖森。122.5設(shè)計(jì)中的裝飾味更濃在時(shí)尚設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，我們正在看到人們向保守主義回歸，但是在家居裝潢風(fēng)格來說，卻是細(xì)節(jié)裝飾味十足的潮流大行其道。在頭幾十年的起步階段，墻紙比較流行，細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)也多是繁飾錦簇，鵝絨質(zhì)感，類寶石顏色。離開人們視線很久的紡織品設(shè)計(jì)師們像FlorenceBroadhurst和VeraNeumann就慢慢將注意力集中在對設(shè)計(jì)考究的消費(fèi)者身上。2.6設(shè)計(jì)趨于兩極化這是個(gè)大盒子還是件奢侈品？許多專家指出，此種設(shè)計(jì)體現(xiàn)的既是高品位(NeimanMarcus,Moss又是平民化(Target,Ikea的定位，使得這樣的極具創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)品走向兩種極端。與此同時(shí)，處于中間定位的設(shè)計(jì)者，像Macy一類的人飽受缺少創(chuàng)意和不能迎合時(shí)尚之苦。這樣的結(jié)果就是直接導(dǎo)致大量的消費(fèi)者更多的原意接受像在Ikea的$200的Malm床墊也不愿問及價(jià)格不菲的高達(dá)$16,000的一件Hastens床墊。2.7中性設(shè)計(jì)13小玩意兒是一款個(gè)人游戲，是嗎？如果你僅僅把最近的產(chǎn)品看成是帶有