人教版高中英語必修4：Unit3動(dòng)詞ing形式作表語,定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的概念及語法講解

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語，定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語概念引入：在上一個(gè)單元我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過了動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語和賓語等用法，本單元我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語、定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法?？聪旅婢渥樱篢hemusictheyareplayingsoundssoexciting.WewatchedthreeboyssharingtheirfoodwitheachotherOurjobisplayingallkindsofmusicThegirlsingingnowisaclassmateofmine.例句1、3都是-ing形式作表語，例句2是-ing形式作watched的賓語的補(bǔ)足語，而例句4是句子的主語thegirl的定語。那么用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語、定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語需要注意什么呢？這就是本單元我們要解決的問題。語法講解【非謂語動(dòng)詞之-ing形式非謂語動(dòng)詞之-ing形式】?jī)煞N動(dòng)詞-ing形式：動(dòng)詞-ing形式是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種，在傳統(tǒng)語法中，動(dòng)詞-ing形式有兩個(gè)名字，一是動(dòng)名詞，相當(dāng)于名詞，常作主語、賓語、同位語、定語等；另一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在分詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞或副詞，常作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、定語等。動(dòng)名詞的基本形式：主動(dòng)語念被動(dòng)語公一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone現(xiàn)在分詞的基本形式:現(xiàn)在分詞及物動(dòng)詞write不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語念被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語念一般式writingbeingwrittengoing完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwrittenhavinggoneHesuggestedtakingmydaughtertothezoothenextSunday.（動(dòng)名詞的——般式）他建議下個(gè)星期天帶我女兒去動(dòng)物園。Havinglivedinthiscityforthreeyears,sheknowsitverywell.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）在這個(gè)城市生活了3年，她對(duì)這里已很熟悉。Ireallyregrettedhavingmissedsuchanexcitinglecture.（動(dòng)名詞的完成式）錯(cuò)過了這么振奮人心的演講，我真的很遺憾。Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.（現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式）正在討論的問題很重要。IheartheyhavepromotedTom,buthedidn'tmentionhavingbeenpromotedwhenwetalkedonthephone.（動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)形式）我聽說他們提拔了湯姆，但我們?cè)陔娫捓锝徽剷r(shí)湯姆沒有提到被提拔的事。動(dòng)詞的-ing形式主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)含義.在形容詞worth之后的動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。Thebookisworthreadingasecondtime.這本書值得再讀一次。.在動(dòng)詞want,need,require后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，當(dāng)然這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞也可以跟不定式的被動(dòng)形式去表達(dá)此意。二者無任何區(qū)別。Thissentenceneedsimproving.=Thissentenceneedstobeimproved.這個(gè)句子需要改。Theroomrequirescleaning.=Theroomrequirestobecleaned.房間需要打掃了。Myhairwantscutting.=Myhairwantstobecut.我的頭發(fā)需要理了。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語.表示主語的內(nèi)容，可以轉(zhuǎn)換到句首作主語。如：Herjobiskeepingthelecturehallascleanaspossible.（=keepingthelecturehallascleanaspossibleisherjob）她的工作是盡量使報(bào)告廳保持干凈。Oneofhisbadhabitsissmokingwhilehavingdinner.他的壞習(xí)慣之一是吃飯時(shí)吸煙。.動(dòng)詞Tng用來表示主語所具有的特征，如：Hisconcernforhismotherismosttouching.他對(duì)母親的關(guān)愛很感人。Hiswordsareencouraging.他的話很鼓舞人。.常用來作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing,amusing,confusing,disappointing,boring,encouraging,inspiring,moving,tiring,interesting,surprising等，表示“令人"。而這些詞的-ed形式（過去分詞）表示（人）感到……。對(duì)比：Idon'tthinkherjokeisamusingatall.我認(rèn)為她的笑話根本不好笑。Iamnotamusedatherjokeatall.聽了她的笑話，我沒有感到好笑。Thefilmwesawlastnightwasverymoving.我們昨晚看的電影很感人。Weweremovedatthefilmwesawlastnight.我們都被昨晚看的電影感動(dòng)了。.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語時(shí)，其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語，但用作表語的-ing形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主語。Whatworriesmemostisherstayingtoolateeverynight.（stayingtoolateeverynight的邏輯主語是her）.不定式（todo）也可以作表語，但不定式側(cè)重某次具體的動(dòng)作或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，而動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示抽象的，一般性的動(dòng)作。如：Herjobisnursingpatientsinthehospital,butthisweekendhertaskistolookafterhergranny.她的職業(yè)是在醫(yī)院護(hù)理病人，但是這個(gè)周末她的任務(wù)是照顧她奶奶。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語I.意義.說明被修飾名詞的作用和用途，如：buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater=waterfordrinking飲用水a(chǎn)readingroom=aroomforreading閱覽室.說明被修飾名詞的性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)，如：tiringmusic=musicthatistiring煩人的音樂asurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising——個(gè)驚人的結(jié)果aninterestingcrosstalk有趣的相聲.表示被修飾名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如：正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)的那個(gè)學(xué)生是我們的班長(zhǎng)。Thestudentmakingtheexperimentisourmonitor.我們能看到冉冉升起的太陽。Wecanseetherisingsun.（2018四川省德陽市高三“二診"考試）Amy,pleasetellthepeopleseatedandwaitingfortheirturnstocometomyofficefiveminuteslater.艾米，請(qǐng)告訴那些坐等排隊(duì)的人5分鐘后到我的辦公室來。（2018高考全國(guó)I卷）Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.但是有證據(jù)表明這種趨勢(shì)正在增長(zhǎng)。II.使用注意：.單個(gè)-ing形式作定語時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞之前，-ing形式短語作定語時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞之后，并且在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如：developingcountries=countriesthataredeveloping發(fā)展中國(guó)家anordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinary看起來很普通的房子apuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebodyTheylivedinaroomfacingthestreet（aroomthatfacesthestreet）.他們住在一間面朝街的房子。Themanstandingthere（=Themanwhoisstandingthere）isPeter'sfather.站在那兒的那個(gè)人是彼得的父親。Thebuildingbeingbuilt（Thebuildingwhichisbeingbuilt）therewillbeourlibrary.那邊正在建的將會(huì)是圖書館。.動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語也可以用作非限制定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，這時(shí)，它與句子其他部分用逗號(hào)分開。如：Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.他那個(gè)當(dāng)教師的哥哥住在北京。Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,whichwasswayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.那棵蘋果樹碩果累累，在微風(fēng)中輕輕搖曳。.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成形式（havingdone、havingbeendone）一般不作定語。Thegirlwhohaswontheraceismydeskmate.贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的女孩說我的同桌。（whohaswon不能用havingwon代替）.動(dòng)詞-ing,過去分詞，不定式作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別：正在舉行的會(huì)議非常重要。Themeetingbeingheldnowisveryimportant.（-ing形式表示“正在進(jìn)行”）昨天舉行的會(huì)議非常重要。Themeetingheldyesterdayisveryimportant.（過去分詞表示"已經(jīng)完成"）明天要舉行的會(huì)議非常重要。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.（不定式表示將來）注意：因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞“hold舉行”和會(huì)議是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以第1句和第3句分別用的是動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式和不定式的被動(dòng)形式。及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞也表示被動(dòng)。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語.動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語常放在賓語后面，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)性的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或一種狀態(tài)。如：Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.當(dāng)我們回到學(xué)校時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人站在大門口。Ifoundabaglyingontheground.我發(fā)現(xiàn)地板上放著一個(gè)包。Thebosskepttheworkersworkingthewholenight.那老板讓工人整夜地工作。.當(dāng)主句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，原來作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞-ing形式便轉(zhuǎn)換為主語補(bǔ)足語。如：Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果很令人滿意。=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.他們聽到他在隔壁唱歌。=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom..能用-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的幾類動(dòng)詞：a.感官動(dòng)詞，常見的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,等。如：Wesawalightburninginthewindow.我看見一盞燈在窗口亮著。Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.我感覺有人正在拍我的肩膀。Canyousmellanythingburning?你聞到什么東西燒焦了嗎？Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.他講話時(shí)，他觀察到每個(gè)人都正好奇地看著他。Listentothebirdssinging.聽，鳥在唱歌。Ididn'tnoticehwaiting.我沒有注意到他在等著。b.使役動(dòng)詞，常見的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：Iwon'haveyoudoingthat.我不會(huì)容忍你做那件事。Thissetmethinking.這使我陷入了沉思。I'msorrytohaveeptyouwaiting.對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。Icangettheclockgoingagain.我不能讓這鐘再次走動(dòng)起來。Youwon'ctatchmedoingthatagain.你不會(huì)抓住我再做那件事的。c.with+賓語+doing（賓語與動(dòng)作do是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且正在進(jìn)行；with意為“隨著，有”）Withtimegoing,wegraduallygrewup.隨著時(shí)間的流逝，我們逐漸長(zhǎng)大了。Withanativevillageractingasourguide,wehadnotroublegettingaround.有一個(gè)本地人做我們的向?qū)?，我們四處游覽沒有什么困難。see,hear,feel,watch等動(dòng)詞之后用-ing形式和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別：前者表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而后者表示（或強(qiáng)調(diào)）動(dòng)作從開始到結(jié)束的全過程。如：Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我們走過教室，看見老師在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。（只在走過教室的剎那間，看見老師正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)）Wesatanhourandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperiment.我們坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)，看老師做實(shí)驗(yàn)。（一個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)一直在看老師作實(shí)驗(yàn)）如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是短暫性動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示一次動(dòng)作，而-ing形式則表示反復(fù)動(dòng)作。如：Weheardthedoorslam.（一次動(dòng)作）我們聽見門“呼”的一聲關(guān)上了。Weheardthedoorslamming.（反復(fù)動(dòng)作）我們聽見門“乒乓”作響。動(dòng)詞ing形式作表語，定語和賓語補(bǔ)足語鞏固練習(xí)完成句子It'swrongofyouto（讓機(jī)器開著）。（run）Whathesaid（令人信服的）,wecantrusthim.（convince）Thenews（令人感至U驚訝的）,wewereallastonishedatit.（astonish）Thebuilding（正在建）isournewlibrary.（build）Hewascaught（偷車）andsenttothepolicestation.（steal）Isawhim（正在玩游戲）whenIpassed.（play）Someoldmanhavetowalkwiththehelpofsticks（拐杖）.（walk）IfoundMary（正向一個(gè)男孩兒低語）justnow.（whisper）Thereweresomeboys（在窗戶附近大聲喊叫），soIcouldn'tfallasleep.（shout）Astudentwillbeimmediatelydismissedifhe（被發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙）inschool.單項(xiàng)選擇.Yesterdayourheadteachermadesuchanspeechthatweallfelt.A.exciting;excitingB.excited;excitedC.exciting；excitedD.excited;excitingWhenIcaughthimme,Istoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.A.cheatedB.cheatingC.tocheatD.tohavecheatedThechildrentheviolinovertherewillgoonthestagenextweek.A.playingB.playC.playedD.toplayTheboyoverthereismyyoungerbrother.A.criedB.beingcriedC.cryingD.tocryAfteraknockatthedoor,thechildheardhismother'svoicehim.A.callingB.calledC.beingcalledD.tocallHeisastudentatOxfordUniversity,foradegreeincomputerscience.A.studiedB.studyingC.tohavestudiedD.tobestudyingMissJohn'shabitiswithoutthroughunderstanding.A.readB.beingreadC.tobereadD.readingThetowertheWarringStatesiswellworthvisiting.A.datedfromB.datedbackfromC.datingfromD.todatefromWithnorainforthreemonthsandfoodsuppliesout,thesituationhereisgettingfrombadtoworse.A.runB.runningC.torunD.toberun---Whowouldyouliketoseeatthemoment?----ThemanMr.Green.A.calledhimselfB.wecallhimC.callinghimselfD.iscalledTheflowerssweetinthebotanicgardenattractedthevisitorstoehbeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmeltTheladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththeA.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollarsThemanthereisourheadmaster.Wouldyouliketogooverandsayhellotohim?A.standB.tostandC.isstandingD.standingThenoiseofdeskscouldbeheardoutinthestreet.Weknewtheremustbeaschoolnearby.A.openingandclosingB.openedandclosedC.tobeopenedandclosedD.beingopenedandclosedHisjobwaspeoplewithallkindsoftrickshecanthinkof.A.entertainB.entertainingC.entertainedD.toentertaining（2018浙江溫州中學(xué)期末）Therearestillmanyproblemsbeforewearereadyforalongstayonthemoon.A.solvingB.solvedC.beingsolvedD.tobesolved單句改錯(cuò)（2018福建德化一中期末）Shewasfrighteningtolookdownfromthetopofthetallbuilding.（2018福建寧德市二中期末）I'mlookingforwardtohearfromyouassoonaspossibi.（2018福建八縣一中期末）Shedevotedherlifetodoresearchonwildanimalsandplants.（2018福建八縣——中期末）Therewasasatisfyingsmileonherfaceaftersheworkedoutthemathsproblem.Therewereover1000studentsattendit.Pleaseexcuseusfornotabletosaygoodbyetoyou.答案與解析完成句子1.leavingthemachinerunning2.isconvincing3.isastonishing4.beingbuilttealingacar6.playinggames7.walking8.wisperingtoaboyhoutingnearthewindow10.isfoundsmoking單項(xiàng)選擇C?？疾樾稳菰~。第一空作定語修飾物，用動(dòng)詞ing形式；第二空作表語，修飾人，用v-ed形式，選CoB。依據(jù)前半句意思”當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他欺騙我時(shí)”可以判斷出，句中的him與動(dòng)作"欺騙”為主謂關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，故答案為BoAo根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以看出這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。主語是Thechildren,謂語部分是willgoonthestage,動(dòng)詞play顯然在句中不作謂語，應(yīng)用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。依據(jù)play與它的邏輯主語children之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系以及拉小提琴動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，可以判斷用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾children,意為芷在那邊拉