自動(dòng)化單片機(jī)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)概述、應(yīng)用及發(fā)展Word版

外文資料Outline,ApplicationandDevelopmentofthesinglechipThesinglechipisonekindofintegratedcircuitchip,whichusestheultralarge-scaletechnologyandhasthedata-handlingcapacity(forexamplearithmeticoperation,logicoperation,datatransfer,interruptprocessing)themicroprocessor(CPU),randomaccessdata-carrierstorage(RAM),read-onlyprogrammemory(ROM),inputoutputcircuit(I/O),possiblyalsoincludesfixedtimethecounter,serialpassesunguardedly(SCI),demonstrationactuationelectriccircuit(LCDorLEDactuationelectriccircuit),pulse-durationmodulationelectriccircuit(PWM),simulationmultichannelswitchandA/ElectriccircuitandsoonDswitchintegratestotogetherthemonolithchipon,constitutestobesmallestthecomputersystemwhichhoweverconsummates.Theseelectriccircuitscanunderthesoftwarecontrolaccurate,berapid,highlyeffectivecompletetheproceduredesignerpresettheduty.Fromthislookedthat,singlechiphasthefunctionwhichthemicroprocessordoesnothave,itmayalonecompletetheintellectualizationcontrolfunctionwhichthemodernindustrycontrolrequests,thisissinglechipbiggestcharacteristic.Howeversinglechipalsoisdifferentwiththesingletrigger,thechipbeforethedevelopment,itonlyhasthefunctiongreatlystrengthenedultralargescaleintegratedcircuit,ifentrustswithitthespecificprocedure,itthenisyoungest,theintegritymicrocomputercontrolsystem,it(PCmachine)hastheessentialdifferencewiththesingletriggerorthepersonalcomputing,singlechipapplicationbelongstothechiplevelapplication,needstheusertounderstandsinglechipchipthestructureandthecommandsystemaswellasotherintegratedcircuitapplicationtechnologiesandthesystemdesignneedtheoryandtechnology,withsuchspecificchipdesignapplicationprocedure,thuscausesthischiptohavethespecificfunction.Thedifferentsinglechiphasthedifferenthardwarecharacteristicandthesoftwarecharacteristic,namelytheirtechnicalcharacteristicisdifferent,thehardwarecharacteristicisdecidedbysinglechipchipinternalstructure,theusermustusesomekindofsinglechip,mustunderstandwhetherthisproductdoessatisfythecharacteristictargetwhichtheneedthefunctionandtheapplicationsystemrequests.Heretechnicalcharacteristicincludingfunctioncharacteristic,controlcharacteristicandelectricalspecificationandsoon,theseinformationneedstoobtainfromintheproductionmerchanttechnicalmanual.Thesoftwarecharacteristicisreferstothecommandsystemcharacteristicandthedevelopmentsupportenvironment,theinstructioncharacteristicissinglechipaddressingwaywhichweisfamiliarwith,thedataprocessingandthelogicalprocessingway,input-outputcharacteristicandtopowersourcerequestandsoon.Thedevelopmentsupportenvironmentiscompatibleandtheprobabilityincludingtheinstruction,supportsthesoftware(tocontainmaysupportdevelopmentapplicationproceduresoftwareresources)andthehardwareresources.Mustusesomemodelsinglechiptodevelopownapplicationsystem,masteritsstructurecharacteristicandthetechnicalcharacteristicisthatweneed..Singlechipcontrolsystemcouldsubstituteforbeforeusescontrolsystemwhichthecomplexelectroniccircuitorthedigitalcircuitconstituted,mightthesoftwarecontrolrealizes,andcouldrealizetheintellectualization,nowsinglechipcontrolcategoryomnipresent,forexamplecorrespondenceproduct,domesticelectricappliances,intelligentinstrumentmeasuringappliance,processcontrolandspecial-purposecontroldeviceandsoon,singlechipapplicationdomainwasmoreandmorewidespread.Indeed,singlechipapplicationsignificanceisfarisnotrestrictedinitsapplicationcategoryorfromthistheeconomicefficiencywhichbrings,itfundamentallychangedthetraditionalcontrolmethodandthedesignthoughtmoreimportantly.Iscontrolstechnicalarevolution,isanimportantmilestone.2.TheMCU’sdevelopmentoutlineIn1946firstelectronicaccountingmachinebirthuntilnow,onlythen50years,dependsuponmicroelectronictechnologyandthesemiconductortechnologyprogress,fromtheelectrontube-transistor-integratedcircuit-largescaleintegratedcircuit,nowtogetheronthechipdefinitelymayintegrateseveralmillionevenmorethantenmilliontransistor,causesthecomputervolumeslightly,thefunctionisstronger.Speciallyinthenearly20yearstime,computertechnologyobtainedtherapiddevelopment,thecomputerintheindustryandagriculture,thescientificresearch,theeducation,thenationaldefenseandtheaerospacedomainhasobtainedthewidespreadapplication,computertechnologyalreadywasanationalmodernscienceandtechnologylevelimportantsymbol.Singlechipisborninthe20thcentury70's,lookslikeF8monolithicmicrocomputerwhichFairchidCorporationdevelops.Theso-calledsinglechipisusesthelargescaleintegratedcircuittechnologythecentralprocessingelement(CenterProcessingUnit,AlsoisChangChengCPU)andthedata-carrierstorage(RAM),theprogrammemory(ROM)andotherI/Opassesintegratesunguardedlyontogetherthechip,constitutesasmallestcomputersystem,butmodernsinglechipthenhasaddedontheseveranceunit,fixedtimeunitandA/Dtransformationandsoonmorecomplex,moreperfectelectriccircuit,causessinglechipthefunctionmoreandmoreformidable,theapplicationismorewidespread.The20thcentury70's,microelectronictechnologyisbeingatthedevelopmentphase,theintegratedcircuitbelongstothescaledevelopmenttime,eachkindofnewmaterialnewcraftnotyetmature,singlechipstilloccupiedtheprimarydevelopmentphase,thepartintegrationscalealsoquitesmall,thefunctionquitewassimple,CPU,RAMhadgenerallyhasalsoincludedsomesimpleI/Ointegratestothechipon,lookslikeFarichildCorporationtobelongtothistype,italsomustbejoinedtotheperipheryotherprocessingelectriccircuitsjustnowtoconstitutetheintegritythecomputingsystem.ThesimilarsinglechipalsohasZilogCorporationtheZ80microprocessor.In1976INTELCorporationhaspromotedtheMCS-48singlechip,thistimesinglechipisthegenuine8monolithicmicrocomputers,andpushestothemarket.Itisyoungbythevolume,functionentire,thepricehaslowlywonthewidespreadapplication,haslaidthefoundationforsinglechipdevelopment,becomesinsinglechiphistorytheimportantmilestone.UndertheMCS-48leadership,afterthat,eachbigsemiconductorcompanydevelopedandhasdevelopedownsinglechiponeafteranother,lookedlikeZilogCorporationtheZ8series.Tothebeginningofthe80's,singlechiphasdevelopedtothehighperformancestage,lookslikeINTELCorporationtheMCS-51series,MotorolaCorporation6,801and6,802series,RokwellCorporation6,501and6,502seriesandsoon,Inaddition,Japan'sfamouselectricalcompanyNECandHITACHIalloneafteranotherdevelopedhadoneselfcharacteristicthespecial-purposesinglechip.The80's,worldeachbigcompanycompetestodevelopthevarietymulti-purposestrongsinglechip,someseveraldozensseries,morethan300varieties,thistimesinglechipbelongsapproximatelytruelymonolithic,mostlyintegratedCPU,RAM,ROM,numbermanyI/Oconnection,manykindsofinterruptionsystem,evenalsohassometobringA/Dswitchsinglechip,functionmoreandmoreformidable,RAMandROMcapacityalsomoreandmorebig,theaddressingspaceevenmayreach64kB,maysay,singlechipdevelopedtoabrand-newstage,theapplicationdomainhasbeenmorewidespread,manydomesticelectricappliancesmovedtowardstheintellectualizeddevelopmentpathwhichcontrolledusingsinglechip.After1982,16singlechipsarepublished,representtheproductareINTELCorporation'sMCS-96series,16singlechipscompare8machine,thedatawidthincreasedatime,real-timeprocessingabilitystronger,thebasicfrequencyishigher,theintegrationratehadachieved120,000transistors,RAMincreasedto232bytes,ROMthenhasachieved8kB,andhad8interruptsources,atthesametimehasdisposedmultichannelA/Dtransformationchannel,highspeedI/TheOprocessingunit,issuitableforthemorecomplexcontrolsystem.After90's,singlechipobtainedtherapiddevelopment,theworldeachbigsemiconductorcompanyhasdevelopedafunctionmoreformidablesinglechiponeafteranother.AmericanMicrochipCorporationhadissuedonekindofincompatibleMCS-51newgenerationofPICseriessinglechip,hasarousedthefieldwidespreadinterestcompletely,itsproductonlythen33simplifiedthesetofinstructionstoattractmanyusersspecially,causedthepeopletoconcentratefromtheINTEL111complexinstructions.ThePICsinglechiphasobtainedthefastdevelopment,holdsthesmallspaceinthefield.Theafterwardsmatter,thefamiliarsinglechippublicfiguresquitehavebeenallclear,moremonolithicaircrafttypespourout,MOTOROLACorporationhadissuedoneafteranothertheMC68HCseriessinglechip,Japan'sseveralfamouscompaniesalldevelopedaperformancestrongerproduct,butJapan'ssinglechipusedingenerallythespecial-purposesystemscontrol,butdidnotlooklikecompanyandsoonINTELputsintothemarketformsthegeneralsinglechip.ForexampleNECCorporationproducestheuCOM87seriessinglechip,itsrepresentativeworksuPC7811isonekindofperformancequiteoutstandingsinglechip.MOTOROLACorporation'scharacteristicandsoonMC68HC05seriesitshighspeedlowpricehaswonmanyusers.ZilogCorporation'sZ8seriesproductrepresentativeworksareZ8671,containsBASICtheDebuginterpreter,enormousplacethenuser.ButAmericancountryhalfCOP800seriessinglechipthenusestheadvancedHarvardstructure.ATMELCorporationthenperfectlyunifiessinglechiptechnologyandtheadvancedFlashmemorytechnology,hasissuedtheperformancequiteoutstandingAT89seriessinglechip.IncludingcompanyandsoonChina'sTaiwanHOLTEKandWINBONDinabundancehasalsojoinedsinglechipdevelopmentranks,byreasonoftheirinexpensivesuperiority,sharescupofbeautifulthicksoup.In1990AmericanINTELCorporationpromoted80,960super32singlechipstocausethecomputerstir,theproducthasputinthemarketoneafteranother,becameinsinglechiphistoryanimportantmilestone.Thisperiod,insinglechipfield,singlechipvarietyextraordinarysplendour,competestobethemostunusual.Some8,16even32machine,but8singlechipsbyitspriceinexpensive,thevarietycomplete,theapplicationsoftwarerich,thesupportenvironmentwerestillfull,characteristicandsoondevelopmentconveniencebutareoccupyingthedominantposition.ButINTELCorporationbyreasonoftheirabundanttechnology,theperformanceoutstandingtypeandthegoodfoundation,atpresentwasstillsinglechipmainstreamproduct.Onlyisthe90'sintermediatestages,INTELCorporationisbusyisdevelopingtheirpersonalcomputingmicroprocessor,nottheenoughenergycontinuedsinglechiptechnologywhichdevelopsoneselfcreatesleads,butbycompanyandsoonPHILIPScontinuestodeveloptheC51seriessinglechip.3.SinglechipapplicationdomainMCUapplicationsSCMnowpermeateallareasofourlives,whichisalmostdifficulttofindtracesofthefieldwithoutSCM.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraft,alltypesofinstrumentcontrol,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,extensiveuseofvarioussmartICcard,civilianluxurycarsecuritysystem,videorecorder,camera,fullyautomaticwashingmachinecontrol,andprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthemicrocontroller.Nottomentiontheareaofrobotcontrol,intelligentinstruments,medicalequipmentwas.Therefore,theMCUlearning,developmentandapplicationofthelargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolofthescientists,engineers.Singlechipwidelyappliesintheinstrumentmeasuringappliance,thedomesticelectricappliances,themedicalequipment,domainandsoonaerospace,specialpurposeequipmentintellectualizedmanagementandprocesscontrol,maydividethefollowingseveralcategoriesapproximately:1. OnintelligentinstrumentmeasuringapplianceapplicationSinglechiphasthevolumesmall,thepowerlosslow,thecontrolfunctionstrong,theexpansionisnimble,meritandsoonmicrominiaturizationandeasytooperate,widelyappliesintheinstrumentmeasuringappliance,theuniondifferenttypesensor,mayrealizesuchasphysicalquantitytheandsoonvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,currentcapacity,speed,thickness,angle,length,degreeofhardness,element,pressuresurvey.Usessinglechipcontroltocausetheinstrumentmeasuringappliancedigitization,theintellectualization,themicrominiaturization,alsothefunctioncomparesusestheelectronorthedigitalcircuitismoreformidable.Forexampleprecisemeasurementequipment(dynamometer,oscilloscope,eachkindofanalyzer).2. InindustrycontrolapplicationMayconstitutethevariousformatscontrolsystem,thedataacquisitionsystemwithsinglechip.Forexamplethefactoryassemblylineintellectualizedmanagement,theelevatorintellectualizationcontrol,eachkindofalarmsystem,constitutestwocascadecontrolsystemswiththecomputernetworkingandsoon.3.IndomesticelectricappliancesapplicationMaysaylikethisthat,thepresentdomesticelectricappliancesbasicallyhaveallusedsinglechipcontrol,praised,thewasher,theelectricrefrigerator,theairconditioner,thecolortelevision,otheracousticvideofrequencyequipmentsfromtheelectricityfood,againtotheelectronicweightingequipment,allkindsof,omnipresent.4.IncomputernetworkandcorrespondencedomainapplicationOfthemodernsinglechiphasthecorrespondenceconnectiongenerally,mayveryconvenientlyandthecomputercarriesonthedatacommunication,forprovidedtheextremelygoodphysicalconditionsapplicationinbetweenthecomputernetworkandthecommunicationfacility,thepresentcommunicationfacilitybasicallyhasallrealizedsinglechipintelligencecontrol,fromthehandset,thetelephone,thesmallprogramcontrolledswitch,thebuildingautomaticcorrespondenceringingsystem,thetrainwirelesscorrespondence,againthemobilephonewhicheverywheretotheroutineworkin,thecolonymobilecommunication,radiointercomandsoon.5.SinglechipinmedicalequipmentdomainapplicationSinglechipquiteisalsowidespreadinmedicalequipmentuse,forexamplemedicallife-supportmachine,eachkindofanalyzer,,ultrasounddiagnosisequipmentandhospitalbedringingsystemandsoon.6.InavarietyofmajorappliancesinthemodularapplicationsDesignedtoachievesomespecialsinglespecificfunctiontobemodularinavarietyofcircuitapplications,withoutrequiringtheuseofpersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegratedsinglechip,seeminglysimplefunction,miniatureelectronicchipinthenet(theprincipleisdifferentfromthetapemachine),youneedacomputersimilartotheprincipleofthecomplex.Suchas:musicsignaltodigitalformstoredinmemory(likeROM),readbythemicrocontroller,analogmusicintoelectricalsignals(similartothesoundcard).Inlargecircuits,modularapplicationsthatgreatlyreducethevolume,simplifiesthecircuitandreducethedamage,errorrate,butalsoeasytoreplace.7.MicrocontrollerintheapplicationfieldofautomotiveequipmentSCMinautomotiveelectronicsiswidelyused,suchasavehicleenginecontroller,CANbus-basedIntelligentElectronicControlEngine,GPSnavigationsystem,absanti-lockbrakingsystem,brakesystem,etc..Inaddition,singlechipintheindustryandcommerce,thefinance,thescientificresearch,theeducation,domainandsoonnationaldefenseaerospaceallhastheextremelywidespreaduse.4.SinglechipdevelopmenttendencyNowmaysaysinglechipwasallflowersbloomstogether,thetimewhichhundredschoolofthoughtcontended,intheworldeachbigchipmanufacturecompanyhasallpromotedownsinglechip,from8,16to32,innumerable,hadeverythingexpectedtofind,hascompatiblywiththemainstreamC51series,alsohadnotnotcompatibly,buttheyunique,becamemutuallysupplementarily,providedthebroadworldforsinglechipapplication.Looksoversinglechipdevelopingprocess,mayindicatesinglechipdevelopmenttendency,hasapproximately:1. LowpowerlossCMOS TheMCS-51series8,031promoteswhenthepowerlossreaches630mW,butthepresentsinglechipallabout100mW,alongwithmoreandmoreisgenerallylowtosinglechippowerlossrequest,thepresenteachsinglechipmanufacturerbasichasallusedCMOS(complementarymetaloxidesemiconductorcraft).Lookedlike80C51touseHMOS(namelyhighdensitymetaloxidecompoundsemiconductorcraft)andCHMOS(supplementaryhighdensitymetaloxidecompoundsemiconductorcraft).CMOSalthoughpowerlosslow,butbecauseitsphysicalcharacteristicdecidesitsworkingspeedinsufficientlyhigh,butCHMOSthenhadhasbeenhighspeedandthelowpowerlosscharacteristic,thesecharacteristics,suitedinarerequestingthelowpowerlosslikelybatterypowersupplytheapplicationsituation.Thereforethiskindofcraftwillbethemainwaywhichthenextsectionoftimessinglechipwilldevelop.2.Miniaturemonolithic Nowtheconventionalsinglechipallisgenerallythecentralprocessor(CPU),therandomaccessdatastorage(RAM),theread-onlyprogrammemory(ROM),parallelandtheserialcommunicationconnection,theinterruptionsystem,thetimingcircuit,theclockelectriccircuitintegrationontogetherthesolechip,theenlargementmodesinglechipintegratedlikeA/TheDswitch,PMW(pulse-durationmodulationelectriccircuit),WDT(watch-dog),somesinglechips(liquidcrystal)actuateLCDtheelectriccircuitalltointegrateonthesolechip,suchsinglechipcontainsunitelectriccircuitmore,thefunctionismoreformidable.Evensinglechipmerchantalsomayactaccordingtotheuserrequirementthebodycustommake,makeshasoneselfcharacteristicsinglechipchip. Inaddition,presentproductuniversaldemandvolumesmall,weightlight,thisrequestssinglechipstrongandthepowerlossislowbesidesthefunction,butalsorequestsitsvolumetohavetobesmall.Presentmanysinglechipsallhavethemanykindsofsealsform,SMD(superficialseal)moreandmorereceiveswelcome,toenablethesystemwhichconstitutesbysinglechiptowardsthemicrominiaturizeddirectiontodevelop.3.Mainstreamandmulti-varietiescoexistenceNowalthoughsinglechipvarietyismany,unique,butstillasthecoresinglechipoccupiesthemainstreamtake80C51,thecompatibleitsstructureandthecommandsystemhavePHILIPSCorporationtheproduct,theATMELCorporation'sproductandtheChineseTaiwan'sWinbondseriessinglechip.ThereforeC8051wasthecoresinglechipoccupiedthehalfofthecountry.ButMicrochipCorporation'sPICsimplifiedthesetofinstructions(RISC)alsotohavethestrongdevelopmenttendency,theChineseTaiwan'sHOLTEKCorporationrecentyearssinglechipoutputgrowsdaybyday,ifthelowpricenaturesuperiorsuperiority,occupiedacertainmarketminutevolume.InadditionalsohasMOTOROLACorporationtheproduct,theJapaneseseveralbigcompanies'special-purposesinglechips.Inthecertaintime,thiskindofsituationwillbeabletocontinue,willnothavethemonopolyaspectwhichsomesinglechipunified,willwalkwillbedependsonforexistencesupplementarily,willcomplementoneanother,thecommunaldevelopmentpath.中文譯文單片機(jī)概述、應(yīng)用及發(fā)展單片機(jī)是一種集成電路芯片，采用超大規(guī)模技術(shù)把具有數(shù)據(jù)處理能力(如算術(shù)運(yùn)算，邏輯運(yùn)算、數(shù)據(jù)傳送、中斷處理)的微處理器(CPU)，隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器(RAM)，只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)，輸入輸出電路(I/O口)，可能還包括定時(shí)計(jì)數(shù)器，串行通信口(SCI)，顯示驅(qū)動(dòng)電路(LCD或LED驅(qū)動(dòng)電路)，脈寬調(diào)制電路(PWM)，模擬多路轉(zhuǎn)換器及A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器等電路集成到一塊單塊芯片上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)最小然而完善的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。這些電路能在軟件的控制下準(zhǔn)確、迅速、高效地完成程序設(shè)計(jì)者事先規(guī)定的任務(wù)。由此來(lái)看，單片機(jī)有著微處理器所不具備的功能，它可單獨(dú)地完成現(xiàn)代工業(yè)控制所要求的智能化控制功能，這是單片機(jī)最大的特征。然而單片機(jī)又不同于單板機(jī)，芯片在沒(méi)有開(kāi)發(fā)前，它只是具備功能極強(qiáng)的超大規(guī)模集成電路，如果賦予它特定的程序，它便是一個(gè)最小的、完整的微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，它與單板機(jī)或個(gè)人電腦(PC機(jī))有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用屬于芯片級(jí)應(yīng)用，需要用戶了解單片機(jī)芯片的結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)以及其它集成電路應(yīng)用技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)所需要的理論和技術(shù)，用這樣特定的芯片設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用程序，從而使該芯片具備特定的功能。不同的單片機(jī)有著不同的硬件特征和軟件特征，即它們的技術(shù)特征均不盡相同，硬件特征取決于單片機(jī)芯片的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，用戶要使用某種單片機(jī)，必須了解該型產(chǎn)品是否滿足需要的功能和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)所要求的特性指標(biāo)。這里的技術(shù)特征包括功能特性、控制特性和電氣特性等等，這些信息需要從生產(chǎn)廠商的技術(shù)手冊(cè)中得到。軟件特征是指指令系統(tǒng)特性和開(kāi)發(fā)支持環(huán)境，指令特性即我們熟悉的單片機(jī)的尋址方式，數(shù)據(jù)處理和邏輯處理方式，輸入輸出特性及對(duì)電源的要求等等。開(kāi)發(fā)支持的環(huán)境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持軟件(包含可支持開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用程序的軟件資源)及硬件資源。要利用某型號(hào)單片機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，掌握其結(jié)構(gòu)特征和技術(shù)特征是必須的。單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)能夠取代以前利用復(fù)雜電子線路或數(shù)字電路構(gòu)成的控制系統(tǒng)，可以軟件控制來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，并能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)智能化，現(xiàn)在單片機(jī)控制范疇無(wú)所不在，例如通信產(chǎn)品、家用電器、智能儀器儀表、過(guò)程控制和專(zhuān)用控制裝置等等，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來(lái)越廣泛。誠(chéng)然，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用意義遠(yuǎn)不限于它的應(yīng)用范疇或由此帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，更重要的是它已從根本上改變了傳統(tǒng)的控制方法和設(shè)計(jì)思想。是控制技術(shù)的一次革命，是一座重要的里程碑。二.單片機(jī)發(fā)展概述1946年第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)誕生至今，只有50年的時(shí)間，依靠微電子技術(shù)和半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，從電子管——晶體管——集成電路——大規(guī)模集成電路，現(xiàn)在一塊芯片上完全可以集成幾百萬(wàn)甚至上千萬(wàn)只晶體管，使得計(jì)算機(jī)體積更小，功能更強(qiáng)。特別是近20年時(shí)間里，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)獲得飛速的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)在工農(nóng)業(yè)，科研，教育，國(guó)防和航空航天領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)已經(jīng)是一個(gè)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代科技水平的重要標(biāo)志。單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代，象Fairchid公司研制的F8單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)。所謂單片機(jī)是利用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)把中央處理單元(CenterProcessingUnit,也即常稱(chēng)的CPU)和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器(RAM)、程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)及其他I/O通信口集成在一塊芯片上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)最小的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，而現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)則加上了中斷單元，定時(shí)單元及A/D轉(zhuǎn)換等更復(fù)雜、更完善的電路，使得單片機(jī)的功能越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，應(yīng)用更廣泛。20世紀(jì)70年代，微電子技術(shù)正處于發(fā)展階段，集成電路屬于中規(guī)模發(fā)展時(shí)期，各種新材料新工藝尚未成熟，單片機(jī)仍處在初級(jí)的發(fā)展階段，元件集成規(guī)模還比較小，功能比較簡(jiǎn)單，一般均把CPU、RAM有的還包括了一些簡(jiǎn)單的I/O口集成到芯片上，象Farichild公司就屬于這一類(lèi)型，它還需配上外圍的其他處理電路方才構(gòu)成完整的計(jì)算系統(tǒng)。類(lèi)似的單片機(jī)還有Zilog公司的Z80微處理器。1976年INTEL公司推出了MCS-48單片機(jī)，這個(gè)時(shí)期的單片機(jī)才是真正的8位單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)，并推向市場(chǎng)。它以體積小，功能全，價(jià)格低贏得了廣泛的應(yīng)用，為單片機(jī)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)，成為單片機(jī)發(fā)展史上重要的里程碑。

在MCS-48的帶領(lǐng)下，其后，各大半導(dǎo)體公司相繼研制和發(fā)展了自己的單片機(jī)，象Zilog公司的Z8系列。到了80年代初，單片機(jī)已發(fā)展到了高性能階段，象INTEL公司的MCS-51系列，Motorola公司的6801和6802系列，Rokwell公司的6501及6502系列等等,此外,日本的著名電氣公司NEC和HITACHI都相繼開(kāi)發(fā)了具有自己特色的專(zhuān)用單片機(jī)。80年代，世界各大公司均競(jìng)相研制出品種多功能強(qiáng)的單片機(jī)，約有幾十個(gè)系列，300多個(gè)品種，此時(shí)的單片機(jī)均屬于真正的單片化，大多集成了CPU、RAM、ROM、數(shù)目繁多的I/O接口、多種中斷系統(tǒng)，甚至還有一些帶A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器的單片機(jī)，功能越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，RAM和ROM的容量也越來(lái)越大，尋址空間甚至可達(dá)64kB，可以說(shuō)，單片機(jī)發(fā)展到了一個(gè)全新階段，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域更廣泛，許多家用電器均走向利用單片機(jī)控制的智能化發(fā)展道路。1982年以后，16位單片機(jī)問(wèn)世，代表產(chǎn)品是INTEL公司的MCS-96系列，16位單片機(jī)比起8位機(jī)，數(shù)據(jù)寬度增加了一倍，實(shí)時(shí)處理能力更強(qiáng)，主頻更高，集成度達(dá)到了12萬(wàn)只晶體管，RAM增加到了232字節(jié)，ROM則達(dá)到了8kB，并且有8個(gè)中斷源，同時(shí)配置了多路的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換通道，高速的I/O處理單元，適用于更復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)。九十年代以后，單片機(jī)獲得了飛速的發(fā)展，世界各大半導(dǎo)體公司相繼開(kāi)發(fā)了功能更為強(qiáng)大的單片機(jī)。美國(guó)Microchip公司發(fā)布了一種完全不兼容MCS-51的新一代PIC系列單片機(jī)，引起了業(yè)界的廣泛關(guān)注，特別它的產(chǎn)品只有33條精簡(jiǎn)指令集吸引了不少用戶，使人們從INTEL的111條復(fù)雜指令集中走出來(lái)。PIC單片機(jī)獲得了快速的發(fā)展，在業(yè)界中占有一席之地。隨后的事情，熟悉單片機(jī)的人士都比較清楚了，更多的單片機(jī)種蜂擁而至，MOTOROLA公司相繼發(fā)布了MC68HC系列單片機(jī)，日本的幾個(gè)著名公司都研制出了性能更強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)品，但日本的單片機(jī)一般均用于專(zhuān)用系統(tǒng)控制，而不象INTEL等公司投放到市場(chǎng)形成通用單片機(jī)。例如NEC公司生產(chǎn)的uCOM87系列單片機(jī)，其代表作uPC7811是一種性能相當(dāng)優(yōu)異的單片機(jī)。MOTOROLA公司的MC68HC05系列其高速低價(jià)等特點(diǎn)贏得了不少用戶。Zilog公司的Z8系列產(chǎn)品代表作是Z8671，內(nèi)含BASICDebug解釋程序，極大地方便用戶。而美國(guó)國(guó)半的COP800系列單片機(jī)則采用先進(jìn)的哈佛結(jié)構(gòu)。ATMEL公司則把單片機(jī)技術(shù)與先進(jìn)的Flash存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)完美地結(jié)合起來(lái)，發(fā)布了性能相當(dāng)優(yōu)秀的AT89系列單片機(jī)。包括中國(guó)的臺(tái)灣HOLTEK和WINBOND等公司也紛紛加入了單片機(jī)發(fā)展行列，憑著他們廉價(jià)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，分享一杯美羹。1990年美國(guó)INTEL公司推出了80960超級(jí)32位單片機(jī)引起了計(jì)算機(jī)界的轟動(dòng)，產(chǎn)品相繼投放市場(chǎng)，成為單片機(jī)發(fā)展史上又一個(gè)重要的里程碑。此期