理工大學研究生英語考試復習指導

Unit1CultureStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted.Thereisnostandorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies.Somefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyer/scases.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring.Thereappearssomanyphenomenonthatdefycommonsenseinsciencestudy.Accesstosecretdocumentisdeniedtoallbutfew.Thetwomostimportantinqredientsinmakingacakeareflourandsugar.Thegovernmentgaveaverycomprehensiveexplanationofitsplansandindustrialdevelopment.Theycommittedimmensecrimestothecountryandthepeople.Educationiscompulsoryforallschool-agechildreninmanyacountry.Whileafullunderstandingofwhatcausesthediseasemaybeseveralyearsawav,abreakthrouqhleadingtoasuccessfultreatmentcouldcomesooner.Manypeoplethinkthatthestandardsofpublicmoralityhavedeclined.Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfullcapacity.Theserecommendationswillneedtobejustifiedtothecommitteebeforetheycanbeimplemented.Concerningthesecondgoalofscienceeducation■一thetrainingoffuturescientistsandengineers,itappearsthatthelessstructuredAmericanapproachtoscienceeducation,whichleavesbehindthevastmajority,stillmanagestoencourageandcatchthescientificallytalentedones.Concerningonlinecourses,ftappearsthattheyinhibitratherthanpromotegoodeducation.Marketforcesthereforecompelcurricularorganizationtobecenteredonstudent“customers".China,withalargepopulation,aweakeconomicfoundationandunbalancedevelopment,isstillthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworld,whichcompelsitstasktobecenteredonpromotingeconomicandsocialdevelopmentwhilecontinuouslyimprovingitspeople'slife.ThisisattributedtothefactthatschoolsintheUnitedStatesdonotrequirehigh-levelscienceclasses,andteachers,insteadoffosteringunderstandingofnewconcepts,tendtosimplystatethem.Thisisattributedtothefactthat,insteadofcreatingstudent'sability,thecurrenteducationtendstopreparestudentsforexam.ManyfactorscontributetoAmerican/sscientificandeconomicsuccess.Manyfactorscontributetotherapidprogressineducation,scienceandtechnology,culture,health,sportsandotherundertakings.Americanmaybeconsideredaseitheralandofopportunityinwhichtalentsflourishinwaysthataredifficultathomeorasaslymerchantwholuresthebestandthebrightestbypayingmoreandofferingbetterlaboratoryfacilities.Thecountrymaybeconsideredaseitheralandofopportunityorasalandwhereopportunitydoesnotexist..公益廣告中的口號和形象不僅令人難忘，而且能引起廣泛關(guān)注，激勵人們采取行動。Theslogansandcharactersinthepublicservicemessagearemorethanmemorable--theyraiseawareness,inspireindividualstotakeaction..大學教育的最終結(jié)果應(yīng)該由學生在課堂的種種表現(xiàn)來衡量，他們是否精于知識的運用，是否接受了扎實的基礎(chǔ)教育，是否在某一特殊領(lǐng)域稱職。Theoutcomesofcollegiateeducationshouldbemeasuredbythestudentsperformanceinclassroomastheybecomeproficientintheuseofknowledge,acquireasolidbasiceducationandbecomecompetentinaspecificfield..美麗的校園為我們提供一個理想空間，讓我們沉思找到靈感，以助我們更好地旅行。Thebeautifulcampusprovidesanidealspaceforcontemplationandinspirationtoaidusinthatjourney..在知識之旅上，你們不是獨行者。我們有出色的師資和員工。他們致力于求知和理解，將會在旅途中支持和鼓勵你們。You'llnotbeexpectedtoundertakethisintellectualjourneyonyourown.Wehaveanexceptionalfacultyandstaff,dedicatedtothesearchforknowledgeandunderstanding,whowillsupportandencourageyouinyourjourney..人們的生活離不開自然，這是自然資源保護論者的第一原則。然而，人們不能在自然中生活而不對其加以改造。Peoplecannotliveapartfromnature:thatisthefirstprincipleoftheconservationists.Andyet,peoplecannotliveinnaturewithoutchangeit..世界經(jīng)濟飛速發(fā)展以及經(jīng)濟和科技領(lǐng)域的激烈競爭，對教育提出了強有力的挑戰(zhàn)。Flyingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyworldwide,aswellasintensitycompetitionineconomicandtechnologicalfieldshasaddressedatoughchallengetoeducation..由于歐盟設(shè)定了嚴格標準以減少垃圾填埋并提倡包裝的循環(huán)利用，包裝行業(yè)目前受到了從未有過的嚴格監(jiān)督。Thepackingindustrynowfindsitselfunderscrutinyasneverbefore,astoughEUtargetsaresettoreducelandfillingandincreaserecycling.8,中國與發(fā)達國家在科技領(lǐng)域存在著差距，因此必須依賴科技和教育的發(fā)展來推行可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。ThereisagapbetweenChinaandadvancedcountriesintheareaofscienceandtechnology.Soitmustdependonscience,technologyandeducationtocarryoutasustainabledevelopmentstrategy.Unit3EconomicsButmoresignificantly,itwilldelivermaterialsandmachinesintospaceforindustrialpurposesunimaginedtwodecadesagowhen“sputnik"wasaddedtobevocabulary.Thereareoccasionswhengivingagiftsurpassesspokencommunication,sincethemessageitofferscancutthroughbarriersoflanguageandculturaldiversity.Someeducatorstrytoputstudentsofsimilarabilitiesintothesameclassbecausetheybelievethiskindofhomogeneousgroupingisadvisable.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Itisbestnottodwellonyourmisfortunes.Althoughgreatnaturalbarriershinderedeast-westdevelopmentinCanada,thiscircumstancewasmitigatedbythemiqhtyriverandlakesystemsthatprovidedavenuesforthefurtrader,missionarysoldier,andsettler.Thevirusreplicatesbyattachingtoacallandinjectingitsnucleicacidonceinsidethecell.Althoughfatsandoilsareasnutritionallyimportantasenergysources,medicalresearchindicatesthatsaturatedfatsmaycontributetohardeningofthearteries.Ittook16yearsforworkerswithpickaxesandshovelstomove5millioncubicfeetofearthandrock,andtoplanthalfamilliontreesandshrubs,makingatributetonature-aromanticnineteenth-centuryperceptionofnature.Thedetectiveinvestigatingthemurdercaseexaminedthebody,inspectedthesceneofthecrime,andscrutinizedtheweaponforclues.Justasremarkable,givenitssizeandsuccess,Wal-Martlookssetforyetanotherspurtofgrowthinthenextfewyears.Justassurprising,givenhissmallsize,Georgewontherace.Infact,Wal-Mart'ssuccesshasvariedagreatdeal,dependingonlocalconditions.Infact,classattendancehasvarieddramatically,dependingonweathercondition.Perheadofpopulation,OklahomahassixtimesasmanyWal-MartsasCalifornia.Peracre,OregonhasasmanytreesasWashington.Andthoughithastriedtokeeplabourcostsdown,ithasbeengoodformostofitsemployeesbecausemanyareimmigrants,part-timersorolderpeoplewhomightnototherwisehavefoundajob.Andthoughithastriednewtechniques,ithasbeenslowtosucceed.Eventually,oneofthesecompetitorsislikelytomatch,oreventosurpassWal-Mart,justasIBM,XeroxandGeneralMotors-onceevenmoredominantintheirindustries■一havebeenbeateninthepastbycompaniesthatlearnedfromthem.Eventually,icecreamislikelytobecomemorehealthy,oreventoincludevitamins,Justasmilkproductshavebeenenhanced.有人說這世界是男人的天下，然而，根據(jù)市場調(diào)查公司NPD的研究，大多數(shù)購物和娛樂消費都是由女人做主的。人們早就知道，家人衣著和家庭裝飾大多由女人做主，但這次對美國5.1萬個家庭所做的調(diào)查卻表明，其他一些購買決策行為中也存在著令人驚異的性別分野。根據(jù)調(diào)查結(jié)果，在挑選電影、餐館和電視節(jié)目的時候，男人也會聽從女人的意見。此外，調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)還表明，由女人說了算的事情還包括在電影院里坐什么位置、上哪兒去買食品以及請哪些客人到家里來。實際上，男人只在選購個人電子產(chǎn)品、買家用轎車以及制訂家庭預算等事情上有些許發(fā)言權(quán)。主持此次調(diào)查的NPD公司首席分析師馬歇爾科恩說，購買行為中的性別差異對廣告業(yè)、傳媒業(yè)以及培訓行業(yè)來說意義重大。他說：“管理品牌、推銷產(chǎn)品或是從事廣告工作的人必須密切注意消費者動態(tài)的變化。”Somesayit'saman'sworld,butwomenactuallymakemostpurchasingandentertainmentdecisions,accordingtoastudybymarketresearchfirmNPD.It'slongbeenacceptedthatwomenpickoutmostoftheclothesforthefamilyanddecideonhomefurnishings,butthisstudyof51000U.S.householdsshowedsomesurprisingfacetsofpurchasingdecisionsbrokendownbygender.Mendefertowomenwhenitcomestochoosingmovies,restaurantsandtelevisionshows,accordingtothesurvey.Thedataindicatedthatwomenalsodecidewheretositinamovietheatre,wheretoshopforfoodandwhichguestscometothefamilyhome.Infact,theonlyareaswheremenhadanycloutinvolvedpersonalelectronicspurchases,thefamilycarandsettinghouseholdbudgets.Thegenderdifferencesinpurchasingcouldhaveimplicationsforadvertising,mediaandeducationcompanies,saidNPDchiefanalystMarshalCohen,whospearheadedtheresearch.“Anyonewho'smanagingabrand,marketingaproductorworkingforanadvertisingagencyneedstobeconscientiousintheshiftsinconsumerdynamics”,Cohensaid.Unit5SportIntheSpringExportCommoditiesFair,thearrayoffinechinaattractedmuchattentionofcustomersfromallovertheworld.Weshouldmakeacleardistinctionbetweenthetwoscientifictermsforthepurposeofourdiscussion.Fortune-tellersaregoodatmakingambiguousstatementssuchas“YoursorrowswillchangeDiamondshavelittleintrinsicvalueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.Thecourtconsidersafinancialpenaltytobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.Themagicianmadeusthinkhecutthegirlintopiecesbutitwasmerelyanillusion.Wearedoingthisworkinthecontextofreformsintheeconomic,socialandculturalsphere.Beingsomewhatshort-sighted,shehadthehabitofpeeringatpeople.Whatthecorrespondencesentusisanauthenticnewsreport.Wecandependonit.Inprimitivetimeshumanbeingsdidnottravelforpleasurebuttofindamorefavorableclimate.Westillwanttobelongorbeacceptedbyourpeers,weallstillwanttobeloved,westillfeelemotionalpain,andwest///findourselvesgivingintoimmediategratificationwhenweknowbetter.Andyes,someofusstilllieandcheatinournormaldaytodaylives.Ourhumanbeingsareoneofthousandsofspeciesintheworld.Westillhavethecommonnatureofalltheothers.Weallstillhavethesenseofachievementwhensomethingisdonewell.Westillhavetheinstincttosurvivewhenasuddendangercomes,andwestillbehavesavagelywhenweareinvaded.Andyes,someofusstillhavethedesiretoconquerwhenwelosewhatwewant.Wegettopretendthatthegamewearewatchingislife,whereeverythingisperfectlyfair,everyoneplaysbytherulesandeverythingmakessense.Wegettopretendthatwearestillinourchildhood,whereeverythingisstrangetous,everyonearounduswillgiveussomepocket-money,andeverythingissosimplethatweneednottothinkalot.Asportgameisasortofstory.Thereisabeginningandanend.Thereisaprotagonist(yourteam)andanantagonist(theotherteam).Thereisasceneandsetting,thestadiumatnoon,andthereisaplot,whichistheaction.Thehistoryisasortofmirror.Thereisgoodpersonandbadperson.Thereisjusticeandevil.Thereisexperiencethatwecanlearnfrom,andthereiswarningthatwecantake.Ourbasicflightorflightmentalityismanifestedinsports.Wecanrelate,onsomedeeperandunconsciouslevel,withtheguyrunningwiththefootballtowardstheendzoneandbeingchasedbyapackofangrymen.Wecanunderstandwhatitfeelsliketocheckanotherplayerinhockeyandslamhimintotheboards.OrwecansympathizewiththeNASCARdriverwhogetspassedbyacompetitor,butthrowsitintoahighergearandchasesafterhim.Ourmentallyismanifestedwhenweareappreciatingapainting.Wecanbreathethefreshairwhenlookingatthegreenleaves.Wecanbearthesweetvoicewhenlookingatthesingingbirds.Orwecansmellthefragrancewhenlookingatthecolorfulflowers.Sportsfitthebill.Itgivesustheillusionofrealitywheretherearenoconsequences.Itgivesustheillusionofbattle,war,victoryanddefeat,withouttheconsequences.Anditgivesustheillusionofbeingachildagain,evenifit'salltemporary.Playingbasketballfitsthebill.Itgivesmetheillusionoffighting,withothersandwithmyself,withoutconsequences.Itgivesmetheillusionofsuccessandfailurewheretherearenoconsequences.Anditgivesmetheillusionofflyingwiththebasketballintheclearsky..我對這部影片里的任何角色都難以認同。Ifoundithardtoidentifywithanyofthecharactersinthefilm..數(shù)月來他經(jīng)歷挫折而不斷努力，終于有了收獲。Aftermonthsofdisappointment,hisperseverancewasfinallyrewarded..她把她的意思解釋得清清楚楚。Shemadehermeaningcrystalclear.4?像大多數(shù)的夫妻一樣，他倆的婚姻波折迭起，但生活就是這樣。Likemostmarriedcouplestheyhavehadtheirupsanddowns,butlifeislikethat..經(jīng)過寒冷的冬天，大家都渴望天氣有所好轉(zhuǎn)。Everyoneisyearningfortheweathertochange,afterthiscodewinter..這個廣告是針對兒童設(shè)計的。Thisadvertisementiscalculatedtoappealtochildren..這種騷擾僅僅是人們不滿的一種表露而已。Thisriotisonlyonemanifestationofpeople'sdiscontent..原始人用尖石塊和獸骨為自己制作原始的工具。Primitivemanmadehimselfprimitivetoolsfromsharpstonesandanimalbones.Unit7AutomobileEngineeringPrejudicingvitalforeignpolicyconsiderationsinordertorescueindividualsfindsitsdomesticequivalentintheinflatedawardspaidtoaccidentandmalpracticevictims.Combustionwithinthepopulaceslowlybuiltuptothepointofrevolution.ItoldthejudgethatIcouldnotperceiveanydifferencebetweenthetwocoins.Theaeroplanewasabitbumpyattimesandoneortwoweresick.TheycriticizedMartinLutherKingforhisrigidstanceonnon-violence.Thetutortoldhisstudentstopruneanarticleofitssuperfluities.SirAlexanderFlemingstumblesonhisgreatdiscoveryofpenicillinquitebyaccident.Shewonbydefault,becauseheropponentrefusedtoplay.Ialwaysreplenishmyfoodsupplybeforeitisdeplete.Withsuccessandprosperity,JohnwasfinallyabletoflauntWhodecidedthatdrivingacarwasaright?Whodecideditwasreasonableforordinarypeopletodrive?Whodecidedsoulcontrolyourmind?Whodecidedmindcontrolyourheart?Whodecidedheartcontrolyoursteps?Whodecidedstepsfollowthepath?Likealladdictsweseewehaveaneedforouraddictionandweareblindtoallreason.Thenewpresidentsaidwehadaneedforcleaningupandwewereblindtoallcomplaints.Thepointisnottotravel,buttobeseentotravel,nottotravelfastbuttobeseentohavetheoption.Theintentofcatchingringersinexamsisnottocatcheveryonebuttocatchenoughtospreadtheword;nottopunishthembuttoeducatethem.Idonotbelievethatfreedomisavirtueinandofitself.Theprocessisanactofworshipinandofitself.Lifeisahereditarydiseasewitha100%fatalprognosisbutthatdoesnotmeanweshouldnottakereasonablestridestoavoiddeathwhenwecan.IcherishourfriendshipmuchbutthatdoesnotmeanIcansacrificemydignityforit.Historically,Jeep'sreputationasago■一anywherevehicledatesbacktotheSecondWorldWarwhentheoriginalJeeps,suppliedbytheWillyscompany,carriedalliedforcesthroughthePacificandEurope.TheMacquariedictionaryofMotoringsaysthenameJeepstemmedfromtheUnitedStatesArmy'sdecisiontocallthevehicleGP,forGeneralPurposevehicle.Thenamewaseventuallycorruptedto'jeep”fromthepronunciationofthelettersGP,andbecauseatrademarkownedbytheWillyscompany.JeepbecamepartofChryslerin1988andthecompanyhassincespentalotofmoneytorevitalizetheJeepproductionfacilities,andtoincreasethenumberandstylemodalsavailable.ChryslersaystheJeep'swar-timereputationandruggedimageundoubtedlyhelpedittocarveoutanewroleinpeacetimeasrecreationalvehicle.ItsaystheJeepcreatedtheoriginalmarketforrecreational,off-roadvehiclesusingthepowerfulfour-wheeldrivetraction(knowncommerciallyas4WD)forwhichthearmyjeepwasfamous.在歷史上，吉普車以其能適應(yīng)各種路況的出眾性能而著稱于世。這種美名可以追溯到二戰(zhàn)期間，當時由威利斯公司提供的最初型號的吉普車載著盟軍部隊馳騁于太平洋沿岸及歐洲戰(zhàn)場?！尔準掀囻{駛大全》一書認為，“吉普”這個名字起源于美國軍隊決定把這種車輛叫做GP(forGeneralPurpose)即多功能車之意。而后，GP這兩個字母的讀音被誤讀成為“吉普”，并成為威利斯公司享有的商標名稱。1988年吉普為克萊斯勒公司所有，此后該公司投入了大量資金更新改造吉普車的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，提高吉普車的產(chǎn)量并開發(fā)各種新車型應(yīng)市?？巳R斯勒公司稱吉普車在戰(zhàn)爭年代享有的盛名以及其堅固耐用的形象無疑會有助于它在和平時期樹立其作為休閑娛樂車的新形象。該公司說，吉普為休閑，越野車開發(fā)了新市場，它有強勁的4輪牽引裝置(商業(yè)上稱為4輪驅(qū)動)，過去軍用吉普車曾因此而享譽四方。.汽車誕生后發(fā)展很快，不久就代替了馬。(displace)Theautomobilewasimprovedveryrapidlyafteritwasinventedandsoondisplacedhorses..由于汽車污染環(huán)境并嚴重傷害人體，甚至殺人，我們可能不得不削減私人擁有汽車的數(shù)量而更多地依賴公共交通系統(tǒng)。(masstransmitsystems)Wemayhavetocutdownonthenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublicmasstransmitsystemsbecausecarspolluteandmaimorevenkillpeople..汽車輪子給我們帶來了更好、更為便利的交通時，它也應(yīng)對諸如空氣污染、交通事故、交通擁擠之類的許多問題負責。(beguiltyof)Whilewheels(automobiles)havebroughtwiththembetterormoreconvenienttransportation,theyareguiltyofmanysins,suchasairpollution,trafficaccidentsandtrafficcongestion..美國人對汽車的熱愛以及他們較大的工作流動性是出了名的。(benotedfor)Americansarenotedfortheirloveforcarsandgreatjobmobility..要是燃料質(zhì)量和效率的提高和技術(shù)的進步能大大減少汽車的排放量，那該多好啊。(ifonly)Ifonlyadvancesinfuelqualityandefficiencyandintechnologywouldradicallyreducetheemissionsfromautomobiles..在美國，高度發(fā)達的公路網(wǎng)使在各地之間來來往往成為可能。(fromcoasttocoast)AhighlydevelopedhighwaynetworkhasmadepossibletheeasymovementfromcoasttocoastintheUnitedStates..一想到這條林蔭大道的建設(shè)速度，參觀者都感到很吃驚：這條路不久前還在開挖及鋪設(shè)排水管。(theverythoughtofztearup)Theverythoughtofthespeedatwhichthebeautifulavenuewasconstructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecentlybeentornuptolaydrain-pipesnotlongage..環(huán)境保護主義者嚴厲譴責了汽車，認為汽車是產(chǎn)生空氣污染的主要因素。(denounce)Environmentalistshavedenouncedautomobiles,believingtheyareamajorfactorintheproductionofdirtyair..由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，許多新建的住宅群拔地而起。(riseup,complex)Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsofmetropolitancitiesbecauseoftheavailabilityofconvenientpublictransportation..盡管非常喜歡汽車，許多人還是相信廣泛地使用公共交通系統(tǒng)能緩解交通擁擠。(lendcredenceto)Despitetheirloveforcars,manypeoplelendcredencetotheextensiveuseofthepublictransportsystem,whichcancutdownontrafficcongestion.Unit9TourismTheuniversityauditoriumcanaccommodateoverthreethousandpeople.Thedoctordiagnosestheillnessaspneumonia.Advocatesoforganicfoods?一atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatlyfrequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritious.Peacheshavedelicateskinswhichareeasilybruised.BeforethenewPresidenttookoffice,hedesiqnatedthemenandwomenwhoweretoserveinhiscabinet.Inwinterespecially,itisimportantforbirdstokeepwarmatnightandconservepreciousfoodreserves.Joggerswhobeginrunningwithoutwarmingupcouldsustainamuscleinjury.Beforesocialinequalitycanbealleviateditsprincipalcausesmustbediagnosed.Theantiquecollectormustbeabletodistinguishrealantiquesfromfakes.NewoceaniccrustisformedalongoneormoremarginsofeachplatebymaterialissuingfromdeeperlayersoftheEarth'scrust.FewindustryeffortsdemonstratethismoreclearlythantheWTTC'sGreenGlobelogoprogram,endorsedbytheEarthCouncil,whichwassetuptooverseeimplementationofthe1992EarthSummit'sAgenda21.Intheartgallery,fewpaintingsdemonstratepeople'sgraveenvironmentalconcernsmoreclearlythanthisepoch-makingcreativework.Butithasotherconcernsaswell,someofwhichruncountertothetenetsofsoundecotourism.Buttheyhaveotherconcernsaswell,forhisconductsruncountertotheprinciplesoftheassociation.Now,however,withimprovedairandgroundtransportation,betteraccommodationsandextensivepublicity,thesedestinationsarebeingmarketedtoamassaudience.Withimprovedmanagementcapabilities,betterpublicima