同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)詞匯語(yǔ)法講義

同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)詞匯語(yǔ)法講義詞匯部分看單詞、背單詞、用單詞問(wèn)題一、窄化詞義一般只記一個(gè)單詞的一個(gè)詞義和一種用法，而考研英語(yǔ)作為一種較高程度的水平考試，它要求的是全面了解這個(gè)詞的詞義和用法，也就是我們常說(shuō)的一詞多義和一詞多用。如1999年翻譯題第72題中考到discipline，對(duì)于這個(gè)單詞，許多考生都知道（或者只知道）是"原則"，而在題中它實(shí)際上另有其義--"學(xué)科"。再如1999年第74題和第62題都考了enquiry（或inquiry)，大家常把它理解成"詢問(wèn)"，但在這兩個(gè)題目中它表示"探究、探索"。這些題明顯是考查我們對(duì)一詞多義的掌握。至于一詞多用我們也可以舉出很多例子，如2003年第61題就考了subject，這個(gè)詞不僅可作名詞，還作形容詞和動(dòng)詞，從后面帶ing來(lái)判斷，它在題中肯定是個(gè)動(dòng)詞，意為"使臣服、使服從"；又如2001年第73題有一個(gè)短語(yǔ)piecetogether，piece一般做名詞，表示"片，塊、段"，這里顯然作動(dòng)詞，而且表示"匯集"。可見(jiàn)不了解詞匯的一詞多義和一詞多用，在考研中我們會(huì)遇到多少麻煩。問(wèn)題二、孤立記詞由于英語(yǔ)考試多數(shù)題型采用多項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)（multiplechoice）形式，考生在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中容易養(yǎng)成"只知大概，不知具體"的毛病。adapt，adept，adopt三個(gè)詞在四級(jí)考試時(shí)就應(yīng)該弄明白，有的考研考生遇到它們?nèi)允悄＠鈨煽?；raise，rise，arise的區(qū)別對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)又是一筆糊涂賬；把migrationmovement（人口流動(dòng)，2001年翻譯題第75題）譯成"移民運(yùn)動(dòng)"更是大部分同學(xué)的"杰作"，因?yàn)閙igrate，emigrate，immigrate這三個(gè)詞在他們腦海里大概是一回事。考生丟分不一定是單詞背得少，而往往可能是記得不夠細(xì)致、不夠精確。問(wèn)題三、不識(shí)詞性認(rèn)詞是掌握詞匯最基本的要求，對(duì)于考研來(lái)說(shuō)，光是知道一個(gè)詞的詞義是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠1的，你還必須知道這個(gè)詞與其他詞，尤其是其同義詞和近義詞的區(qū)別。在寫(xiě)作課上，我曾看到同學(xué)寫(xiě)下這樣的句子：Withourowncar，wedon'thavetocostalotoftimewaitingforabus.cost一詞應(yīng)該換成spend，出錯(cuò)原因顯然是沒(méi)有弄清這兩個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：雖然都表示"花費(fèi)"，cost常用sth.作主語(yǔ)，而spend常用sb.作主語(yǔ)，句中主語(yǔ)是we，所以要用動(dòng)詞spend。1998年詞匯題第29題也是一個(gè)典型的例子：shoulder和carry都可表示"承擔(dān)"，而且都與名詞responsibility搭配使用，由于shoulder是人體的一個(gè)部位，作動(dòng)詞用應(yīng)該是表示人發(fā)出"承擔(dān)"的動(dòng)作，而句中主語(yǔ)是post職位）（，所以選shoulder就不合適，正確答案應(yīng)該是carry。對(duì)于詞的辨析，同學(xué)們只有通過(guò)背練習(xí)、觀察這個(gè)詞的使用情況做出判斷，如果只背詞義，恐怕很難辨得清楚、用得正確。問(wèn)題四、缺乏體驗(yàn)如果說(shuō)認(rèn)詞和辨詞是掌握詞匯的初級(jí)階段和中級(jí)階段，那么用詞便是掌握詞匯的高級(jí)階段。"考研英語(yǔ)難"的詠嘆調(diào)之所以常掛考生嘴邊，不是因?yàn)樗蟮脑~匯量特別大（5500的詞匯量跟TOEFL、GRE相比簡(jiǎn)直是小巫見(jiàn)大巫，但誰(shuí)敢說(shuō)考研比考托或考G更容易？），而是因?yàn)樗浦覀兺钐幇l(fā)展。以翻譯和寫(xiě)作為例，翻譯就是五句話，句中往往沒(méi)有生詞，考生翻譯成中文往往邏輯不通，語(yǔ)意含混；寫(xiě)作只需200個(gè)詞，考生寫(xiě)的往往是些Chinglish（中式英語(yǔ)）。出現(xiàn)這種情況，其根本原因是對(duì)詞的用法掌握不夠，一個(gè)句子、一篇文章不是詞的簡(jiǎn)單組合，它要求詞與詞、句與句之間有一種協(xié)調(diào)，這就說(shuō)明背單詞重要，背單詞的用法更重要。詞匯一:背單詞的方法A)詞根、詞綴法80%的單詞均由這種方法構(gòu)成。掌握這種方法不但對(duì)于記單詞非常有利，而且在猜詞上也非常有幫助。范例1：2conformuniforminformformtransformperformconform:1）(to,with)遵守、適應(yīng)、順從reform2）相似、一致、符合Inaschool,studentsareaskedtoconformtomanyrules.體驗(yàn)：在社會(huì)中，人們被要求遵守法律。________________________________________________________________________________.衍生：conformability______形似：confer商談、(on)授予；confirm確認(rèn)、批準(zhǔn)；confine限制、監(jiān)禁；confuse使混亂、迷惑*inform:1）(of,about)通知、告訴、向…報(bào)告2）檢舉、告發(fā)Thesalesmanagerasksherstafftoinformhimofeverything.體驗(yàn)：人們要求政府（government）報(bào)告國(guó)家財(cái)政狀況(NationalFinancialCondition)。______________________________________________________________________________.衍生：informative________；information________；形似：infer推斷；infect傳染；informal非正式的*perform:1）履行、完成、做2）演出、表演Theadultshouldperformtheirobligation（責(zé)任）totheirparents.3___；conformable________；conformation____體驗(yàn)：父母應(yīng)該對(duì)他們的子女盡責(zé)。_________________________________________________________________________.衍生：*performance________；performable________；performer________；形似：*perfect完美的(adj.)、使完美(v.)；perfume香水；*reform:1）改革、改良、改造、改過(guò)自新、重新組成（動(dòng)詞v.）2）改革、改良、改過(guò)自新（名詞n.）Chinahastakenplacegreatlyinmanywayssincesheperformed“ReformandOpeningupPolicy”.體驗(yàn)：由于改革，這個(gè)工廠在很多方面都發(fā)生了巨大的變化。___________________________________________________________________________.衍生：形似：refer提到、參考、把…歸因于、叫人去…（以便得到援助）；refine精煉提純；refrain(from)克制、戒除transform:1）使改觀、使改變transportationModernartiststransformedoldartworkbyrepaintingthem.體驗(yàn)：工人們通過(guò)努力hardworking使得這座城市煥然一新。_______________________________________________________________________.衍生：transformer________；transformation________形似：*transfer轉(zhuǎn)移、轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)╲.）；遷移、換乘（n.）；transit通行、運(yùn)輸；translate翻譯uniform:1）制服、校服2）相同的、均勻的、一致的Inanaverage*school,studentsareaskedtowearuniform.體驗(yàn)：在一間普通的公司里，職員們employees被要求穿著制服。____________________________________________________________________________.衍生：uniformity________；uniformization________；形似：unification統(tǒng)一化、單一化；unify統(tǒng)一、使一致4B)意群、集團(tuán)important______________________________________importance_____________________________________good__________________________________________bad___________________________________________responsible__________________________________C)拆分、讀音petrolphenomenonsentimental,soartendstovegetable/vegetation常見(jiàn)詞綴（前綴）（1-10否定;11-12-使得;13-14共同;其他）：1、anti-反、抗anti-Japanese(=against,opposite)anti-Fascistanti-missileantiaircraft注意：anticipate預(yù)料，預(yù)期；antique古董，古代的請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2004.71：Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithanti-freezefromanarcticfish,andinsertingitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.A.qualityB.propertyC.priorityD.quantity2、de-除去、否定、下、離開(kāi)deceivedefrostdepartdeclinedecide決定；decent大方注意：decade十年（期）debate辯論；；的5請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2003.40：ActorPierceBrosnanmayplaythedeadlysuperspyinthemovies,butinreallifeheisa___________fatherandalovinghusband.A.devastated練習(xí)2--2004.31：YoucanusetheCourseCalendartohelp____yourstudentsofimportantdatesinthecourse,suchastestdates.A.warn3、dis-否定disabledisagreedisappeardisappointdisapprovedischargeB.remindC.convinceD.depriveB.deservedC.desperateD.devoted注意：distinct獨(dú)特的；discourse論文、(on,upon)講述；display顯示、表現(xiàn)練習(xí)2003.35：Thethreedisrespectfulsonsbegantofeelworriedabouttheultimate____ofthefamily’sproperty.A.proposal練習(xí)2003.27：Nearlyeleventhousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading.A.criticizing4、il-不、非illegalilliterateB.neglectingC.blamingD.disclosingB.disposalC.removalD.salvation注意：illuminate照明、照亮；illusion幻覺(jué)；illustration說(shuō)明，闡明請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2004.32：Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginableB.imaginative6C.imagingD.imageless練習(xí)2—2002.40：Thefollowingaccountbytheauthor_______thedifferencebetweenEuropeanandAmericanreactions.A.illustrates5、im-不、非impartialimpatientimpossibleimbalanceimmatureB.acquiresC.demandsD.deletes注意：(使得…)impose加重；練習(xí)1--2004.24：請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：impress壓??；impulse推動(dòng)；impact影響__________________________________________________________________Inspiteofaproblemwiththefaultyequipment,someveryusefulworkwasaccomplished.A.imperfect練習(xí)2--2003.16：Theverysightoftheimposingbuildingsassuredthesetouristsofthesignificantchangesinthiscity.A.instinctive6、in-不、非independentindirectindispensableincorrect注意：（使得…）inaugurate開(kāi)始，就職；influence影響;incline使傾斜、傾向請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)1--2004.29：Fromobservers’estimatesofthebrightnessofthefireball,he___thatthebodyinthespacewasbetween40feetand260feetindiameter.A.deducedB.reducedC.inducedD.producedinevitableinfiniteinformalB.impressiveC.institutionalD.imaginaryB.temporaryC.emergencyD.reinstalled練習(xí)2--2003.21：Thenastylanguageoflocalofficialsmakesthemseemveryignorantandrude.A.artificialB.indecentC.humorous7D.lively7、ir-不、非irregularirrespectiveirrigate灌溉；注意：irritate激怒；請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________8、mis-誤mistakemisconductmisleadmisunderstandmisery痛苦；mission任務(wù)；mistress注意：mischief危害；miserable悲慘的；情婦請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________03年作文題目："Whatwillmoneybringus,fortuneormisfortune?"9、non-非、不nonsensenonexistentnon-nativespeaker請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________2004閱讀第5篇：Imaginehavingaverystronggluethatisnon-toxicandsoflexiblethatitcanpenetratethetiniestholesandcorners,stickingtoanysurface,evenunderwater.10、un-不、無(wú)undounemployedunexpectedunfairunforgettableunnecessaryunpleasantunprecedentedunintelligible注意：unite聯(lián)合/unit單元/unique獨(dú)一無(wú)二的/universal普遍的/university大學(xué)請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsidered8unfortunateunlikeunquestionableunusualunveilconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectway練習(xí)2002.20：PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterrupted11、em-使得embargoembarkembedembraceemergeemployB.successfulC.forcefulD.overwhelmingB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2003.25：Thenewgovernmentembarkeduponaprogramofradicaleconomicreform.A.initiated12、en-使得enableencodeencounterencourageendangerendeavorendureenforceenhanceenjoyenlargeenlightenenrichensureentailentitle請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2002.18：Manyofthelocalresidentslefthomestowardoffthedangerofflooding.A.overcome13、con-共同concentrateconcludecondenseconferconfineconfirmconserve請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2002.35：Mrs.Browncouldn’tshakethe_______thatthesekidswereindeeptroubleanditwasuptohertohelpthem.A.conversionB.conviction9B.producedC.adoptedD.implementedB.encloseC.encounterD.avoidC.conservationD.convention練習(xí)2003.39：Tomwas___________ofacrimehedidn’tcommit.Hefoughtformanyyearstoclearhisname.A.convicted14、com-共同B.convincedC.conceivedD.condemnedcombinecommunicatecommutecompetecomposecompresscompromise請(qǐng)找出共性，猜測(cè)使用方法：__________________________________________________________________練習(xí)2001.18：Nextsemester,Susanmusttakethreecompulsorycourses.A.formalB.voluntaryC.practicalD.required前綴訓(xùn)練（with情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,need,dare）1、ab-脫離，離開(kāi)abolish廢除、取消abnormal反常的abroad海外的abuse濫用練習(xí):在任何情況下，人們也不能放棄希望。在任何情況下inanycase2、auto-自己，獨(dú)自automatic自動(dòng)的練習(xí):能can希望hope放棄abandon(vt.)automation自動(dòng)化autonomy自治在過(guò)去10年，擁有自己的汽車(chē)可能僅僅是夢(mèng)想。十年decade擁有havedream3、bi-自己的oftheirown汽車(chē)automobile僅僅是only夢(mèng)想有二的，雙邊的bicycle=bike自行車(chē)；binary二進(jìn)制練習(xí):雙邊關(guān)系的發(fā)展可能將會(huì)復(fù)蘇兩國(guó)落后的經(jīng)濟(jì)。雙邊的bilateral(adj.)發(fā)展developmenteconomy4、ex-由…出來(lái)，自10復(fù)蘇awake落后的lagged經(jīng)濟(jì)excel勝過(guò)；except除了；exclude除了；exile流放；export出口；expedite派出，加速練習(xí)2002.16:I’dliketotakethisopportunitytoextendmyheart-feltgratitudetothehost.A.increase練習(xí):B.prolongC.intensifyD.express除了Frank，他們肯定去過(guò)那里了。除了except肯定musthavebeen5、extra-超過(guò)，以外練習(xí)2001.33:Marysucceededinliving______herextraordinaryreputation.A.upto練習(xí):B.upC.downD.on老實(shí)講，完成這個(gè)工程可能需要花費(fèi)一筆非常巨大的資金。老實(shí)講Tobehonest完成工程tocompletetheprogram的、特別的extraordinary資金capital6、hyper-超可能might花費(fèi)cost非常hyperlink超級(jí)鏈接；hypermarket超市；hypersonic超聲的7、inter-在一起，交互interruptinteract互相影響；interchange交換；interpersonal人與人之間的打斷練習(xí):我必須打斷他們的談話，因?yàn)槲覔?dān)心我們會(huì)遲到。打斷interrupt談話conversation擔(dān)心beafraidthat…遲到belate8、over-過(guò)度的，上面的overestimateoverflowoverheadoverlapovercoatovercomeoverdooverloadoverlookovernightoverseas練習(xí):overtakeoverthrowovertimeoverwhelming總的來(lái)說(shuō)，人們應(yīng)該采取一些行動(dòng)。11總的來(lái)說(shuō)overall9、post-在…后應(yīng)該oughtto采取行動(dòng)takemeasurespostpone使拖延(vt.)練習(xí):postgraduate研究生沒(méi)有人敢拖延這件重要的事情。沒(méi)有人none敢dare拖延postpone重要的important事情event10、pre-在…前predict預(yù)測(cè)preface前言prevent預(yù)防練習(xí):premise前提prepare準(zhǔn)備prevail流行preview預(yù)習(xí)事實(shí)上，人們需要開(kāi)始保護(hù)瀕危野生動(dòng)物。事實(shí)上Infact需要need開(kāi)始beginto保護(hù)preserve瀕危野生動(dòng)物endangeredwildanimals11、pro-居前，領(lǐng)先progress進(jìn)步prolong延長(zhǎng)prominent卓越的promote促進(jìn)propel鼓勵(lì)prospect展望練習(xí):旅游可能是促進(jìn)本地經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)有效手段。旅游tourism本地的local可能might有效的effective手段way促進(jìn)promote12、sub-,suc-,suf-,sup-submarine潛水艇練習(xí):次，亞，在下，低于substandard低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的succeed繼承successive繼承的我們應(yīng)該繼承那些優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)，以此來(lái)獲得更大的發(fā)展。應(yīng)該should繼承succeedprogress13、super-在…上，加之superb極好的練習(xí):優(yōu)秀的excellent傳統(tǒng)tradition獲得gain發(fā)展superficial表面的supervise監(jiān)督對(duì)于孩子而言，父母應(yīng)該經(jīng)常監(jiān)督他們。12對(duì)于…而言asfaras…(be)concerned父母parentssupervise14、trans-橫過(guò)，變換transcribe轉(zhuǎn)錄transfect使傳染翻譯應(yīng)該oughtto監(jiān)督transfer轉(zhuǎn)移transform變形translatetransmute改變transmit傳送transparent顯然的transplant移植transport運(yùn)輸練習(xí):在很多地方，人們需要從其他地點(diǎn)運(yùn)輸一些水果和蔬菜。蔬菜vegetable需要need地點(diǎn)spots運(yùn)輸transport水果fruit15、tri-使用在名詞或形容詞的開(kāi)頭，表示“三”其他：triangletriangular16、under-在…下，次于undergraduate本科生underline強(qiáng)調(diào)undermine破壞underground地下的understand了解undertake承擔(dān)練習(xí):一個(gè)勇敢的人敢于經(jīng)受各種磨難和挑戰(zhàn)。勇敢的brave經(jīng)受undergo(vt.)各種sortsof磨難hardships常見(jiàn)詞綴（后綴）：(1-3動(dòng)詞后綴4-6副詞后綴練習(xí)的句子中均帶有從句1、-en使…7-17名詞挑戰(zhàn)challenge18-形容詞)widen擴(kuò)大broaden擴(kuò)大strengthen加強(qiáng)sharpen使鋒利shorten縮短enrich豐富練習(xí)2001.24Floodshaveunderminedthefoundationoftheancientbridge.A.weakenedB.reachedC.spoiledD.covered練習(xí)：事實(shí)證明，學(xué)習(xí)研究生課程使得我們擴(kuò)大了眼界，豐富了閱歷。事實(shí)fact證明prove研究生課程courseofMaster’sdegree擴(kuò)大了widen眼界horizon豐富了enrich閱歷experience2、-ify…化13classify分類(lèi)clarify澄清diversify使多樣magnify放大simplify簡(jiǎn)化specify指定unify團(tuán)結(jié)purify提純練習(xí)：我認(rèn)為我們必須澄清這些問(wèn)題。否則，后果將會(huì)很?chē)?yán)重。認(rèn)為believe3、-ize…化必須haveto問(wèn)題problem后果outcomes嚴(yán)重seriouscivilize/civilise使文化idealise/idealize理想化dramatize戲劇化modernize現(xiàn)代化globalize使全球化industrialize使工業(yè)化練習(xí)：很明顯，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化有利也有弊。明顯obvious練習(xí)2003.38：經(jīng)濟(jì)economy利advantages弊disadvantagesThereareoftendiscouragingpredictionsthathavenotbeen_______byactualevents.A.verifiedB.utilizedC.mobilizedD.modified4、-ly（參看副詞）carefully小心地beautifully美麗地quickly迅速地練習(xí)1--2004.21：Televisionadvertisementsdomorethanmerelyreflectdominantideologies.A.exactly練習(xí)2--2003.19：Presumably,excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.Atheoretically練習(xí)3--2003.24：Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.A.apparently練習(xí)4--2002.21：Withoutquestion,people’slivesinChinahaveimproveddramaticallyinthe14B.faithfullyC.repeatedlyD.simplyB.PracticallyC.IncrediblyD.ProbablyB.slightlyC.considerablyD.steadilypasttwodecades.A.OutofthequestionB.NodoubtC.NaturallyD.Obviously練習(xí)：作為政府，小心地考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題是非常必要的。作為as政府government考慮take…intoaccount/considerationnecessary5、-ward(s)必要的forward向前backward后退upward向上downward向下leftward向左rightward向右練習(xí)：關(guān)于這個(gè)政策，一些人提出了他們的看法，即政府應(yīng)該延期執(zhí)行它。關(guān)于withregardto政策policy提出看法putforwardanargument延期postpone/putoff6、-wiselikewise同樣地otherwise否則clockwise順時(shí)針練習(xí)2004.20：Allinformationreportedtoorlikewiseobtainedbythecommissionisconsideredconfidential.A.inasimilarwayC.inadirectwayB.inanotherwayD.inanunauthorizedway練習(xí)：人們認(rèn)為我們必須盡快解決這件事，否則它將會(huì)影響到今后的發(fā)展。認(rèn)為agree必須haveto盡快assoonaspossible解決dealwith否則otherwise影響influenceon…badly今后的發(fā)展tomorrow’sdevelopment7、-cion,-sion,-tion動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)preparation準(zhǔn)備promotion提升suspicion懷疑tension緊張練習(xí)1--2004.33：Asskiesfillwithmillionsofmigratingbirds,Europeanscientistssaytheseasonalmiracleappearstodependonaseeming____:Thefatterthebird,themoreefficientlyitflies.15A.interruptioncontradictionB.descriptionC.qualificationD.練習(xí)2--2002.45.Evenatdiscountedprices,thesepowerfulAIDSdrugsarefarbeyond_______formostoftheworld’s40millionHIV-infectedpeople.A.reachimagination8、-ness狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)fitness恰當(dāng)性awareness知道seriousness嚴(yán)肅B.controlC.comprehensionD.kindness慈善illness疾病sickness疾病brightness亮度consciousness意識(shí)darkness黑暗練習(xí)2004.18：Herstoryshowshowgentlestubbornnessandanindifferencetohonorsandfamecanleadtogreatachievements.A.persuasion9、-ance-enceB.determination性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)C.devotionD.reservationimportance重要性significance重要性confidence信心preference偏愛(ài)、優(yōu)先選擇練習(xí)2003.45：“Sinceweareexchanging___________,Itoohaveasecrettoreveal,”saidMary.A.transferences10、-ty,-ityB.transactions抽象名詞reality現(xiàn)實(shí)cruelty殘酷specialtyC.confidencesD.promisesvitality重要性ability能力專(zhuān)業(yè)activity活identity身份maturity成熟性練習(xí)2002.20:opportunity機(jī)會(huì)unity團(tuán)結(jié)一致PersonalityinAmericansisfurthercomplicatedbysuccessivewavesofimmigrationfromvariouscountries.A.uninterruptedoverwhelming11、-ment運(yùn)動(dòng)16B.successfulC.forcefulD.movement移動(dòng)government政府development發(fā)展achievement成就movement運(yùn)動(dòng)amusement娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)enrichment豐富increment上升練習(xí)2002.19：TheStateCouncilwilllaydownnewrulesthataimtomakemanagementcompatiblewithinternationallyacceptedconventions.A.conferences12、-ism主義B.conversationsC.practicesD.formationsidealism理想主義realism現(xiàn)實(shí)主義capitalism資本主義socialism社會(huì)主義練習(xí)2003.22:Weshouldn’ttreatchildrenaspeersorfriends,butguidetheminmakingtheirchoices,evenifitmeanswithsomediscipline.A.persuasionB.punishmentC.rewardsD.criticism13、-an,-al,-ant/-ent,-ee（被動(dòng)）/-er（主動(dòng)）,-ian，-ist（人，主義者ism匹配）American美國(guó)人African非洲人musician音樂(lè)家politician政治家vegetarian素食主義者professional專(zhuān)家assistant助理peasant農(nóng)夫student學(xué)生employer/employee雇主/雇員trainer/trainee培訓(xùn)員/培訓(xùn)學(xué)員artist藝術(shù)家學(xué)家14、-age性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、行為breakage破壞marriage婚姻percentage百分比postage郵資sewerage污水練習(xí):在大城市，水的需求量越來(lái)越大。這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致這些城市缺水。scientist科學(xué)家economist經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家psychologist心理需求量demandfor越來(lái)越多becomeincreasing缺shortage15、-ology學(xué)科、論、研究將會(huì)might導(dǎo)致leadto短biology生物學(xué)；oceanology海洋資源學(xué)；philology語(yǔ)言學(xué)；psychology心理學(xué)練習(xí)2002.38Technologyhas_______thesharing,storageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.17A.finished練習(xí):B.furnishedC.functionedD.facilitated正如人們所見(jiàn)，科技在帶給人們利益的同時(shí)，也產(chǎn)生了一些危害。正如人們所見(jiàn)Itiswellwitnessthat…不但…而且notonly…butalso技術(shù)technology帶來(lái)bringabout16、-ship性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)利益benefits產(chǎn)生pose危害riskshardship苦難friendship友誼leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力；membership成員relationship關(guān)系練習(xí)2004.閱讀4：Yetmultipleauthorship---howevergooditmaybeinotherways---presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.17、-hoodchildhood童年brotherhood兄弟關(guān)系neighborhood四鄰練習(xí)2004文章3：DiegoChiapello,legallyblindsincebirth,isn’toneofItaly’sfamous“mama’sboys”wholivewiththeirparentsintoadulthood.46.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribes“mama’sboys”?A.Ordinary.練習(xí)2003.34:Howstrangeitisthatthehabithedevelopedinhischildhoodstill________him.A.takesto練習(xí):B.clingstoC.attendstoD.addstoB.Optimistic.C.Dependent.D.Desirable.falsehood錯(cuò)誤，虛妄對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家，維持良好的周邊鄰里關(guān)系是非常重要的。對(duì)于Of國(guó)家nation維持maintain鄰里neighborhood良好stableimportant18、-ible,-able,-ble可…的，能…的重要的unbelievable不可信的tolerable可忍受的capable能干的comfortable舒服的18comparable可比的readable易讀的responsible負(fù)責(zé)的accessible易受影響的compatible兼容的feasible可行的sensible明智的visible顯著的19、-alnational國(guó)家的exceptional例外的20、-enGolden金色的21、-fulwoolen羊毛wooden木制的充滿…的，具有…性質(zhì)的cupful一滿杯fearful可怕的armful一抱之量awful可怕的handful少數(shù)的的helpful有益的；peaceful平靜的playful愛(ài)玩耍useful有益plentiful大量的wonderful奇妙的thoughtful有思想性的，體貼的22、-ic,-ical類(lèi)似…的，具有…的academic理論的pessimistic悲觀的practical現(xiàn)實(shí)的23、-ish似…的，有…的Swedish瑞realistic現(xiàn)實(shí)的childish幼稚的British英國(guó)的foolish愚蠢的greenish綠色的典的24、-ive25、-less有…性質(zhì)的，有…作用的，屬于…沒(méi)有…的blameless無(wú)可指責(zé)的dauntless無(wú)所畏懼的hopeless沒(méi)有希望的homeless無(wú)家可歸的26、-like…般的27、-y-ly如…的,有…特征的cowardly膽怯的curly卷曲的daily每天hourly每小時(shí)lovely可愛(ài)的manly男子氣的monthly每月的sisterly像姐妹般的smelly臭氣熏天的weekly每周的yearly每年28、-ous,-ious充滿…的arduous辛勤的dangerous危險(xiǎn)的famous著名的jealous妒嫉的joyous快樂(lè)的cautious謹(jǐn)慎的courteous有禮貌的conscious有意識(shí)的；tedious/monotonous單調(diào)的19練習(xí)2004.19Wehavearesponsibilitytoensureournation’scontinuedprosperityandthemostsensiblewaytodothisisbyinvestmentinbasicscientificresearch.A.effective2003.32Amongpicturebooksfor4-8-year-olds,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith_____illustrations.A.imaginable2002.17Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.A.miserable2002.24Asaresultofsophisticatedtechnologies,thisdevicehasseveraladvantagesoverlikeproducts.A.traditional2002.26Whentakeninlargequantitiessomedrugscancausepermanentbraindamage.A.lastingB.seriousC.terribleD.temporaryB.intelligentC.industriousD.advancedB.economicalC.luxuriousD.sensibleB.imaginativeC.imagingD.imagelessB.efficientC.significantD.reasonable語(yǔ)法部分語(yǔ)法一冠詞、名詞、代詞1、冠詞--(不定冠詞:aoran;定冠詞:the;零冠詞)1.1不定冠詞的用法A)a用在輔音consonant前；an用在元音vowel(a,e,i,o,u)前。判斷使用哪一個(gè)，不應(yīng)僅僅憑借單詞的第一個(gè)字母判斷，發(fā)音是關(guān)鍵。Unusual;usual__smartidea,__island,__universitystudent,__honestguy,play__one-actplay__importantroleB)a=any表示種類(lèi)的總稱(chēng)Asnakeisadangerousanimal.C)a=thesameEx:Thebirdsofafeatherflocktogether.（物以類(lèi)聚，人以20群分。）D)“have(ortake)+a+抽象名詞,與其動(dòng)詞同義Let’shaveadrink.挑錯(cuò):1)對(duì)學(xué)生而言，他的同學(xué)不但是朋友，還是老師。Toastudent,oneofhisclassmatesisafriendandatutor.2)原油是一種廣泛使用的古代能源。CrudePetroleumistheancientsourceofenergy.3)經(jīng)理的原則就是確保每一個(gè)行動(dòng)或決定都能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一個(gè)精心布置的目標(biāo)。Theprincipleofmanageristoensurethateveryactionordecisionachievesacarefullyplannedgoal.1.2定冠詞的用法A)由于上下文的關(guān)系,某名詞所指的東西已經(jīng)很明顯或已經(jīng)被描述過(guò),該名詞前加the。Showmethemoney.(Astrangespiderbithimonboard.Thespiderisblackwidow.)B)用作短語(yǔ)或從句所修飾的名詞之前。Itisthebookstoreofmyown.（of修飾）Thisistherightplace(that)Iamlookingfor.（定語(yǔ)從句）IsittheonlyreasonIagreewiththeaboveidea?（同位語(yǔ)從句）C)加在很多形容詞前，表示一類(lèi)人富人與窮人_____________；青年人與老年人_____________;聰明人_______________.D)階級(jí)、黨派的名詞前。工人階級(jí)theworkingclass；共產(chǎn)黨TheCommunistParty；E)宇宙間[第一無(wú)二]的天體名詞之前。Thesun,TheMilkyway（銀河系）F)用在方位或方向等名詞前。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.G)樂(lè)器前要加the。thepiano/violin/guitar/flute長(zhǎng)笛/pipes蘇格蘭風(fēng)笛H)最高級(jí)形容詞或序數(shù)詞的前面必須加the。Thefirstreasonis“Nothingisconstantexceptchange”.I)一些專(zhuān)有名詞（一定要關(guān)注：閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)題目出處）ThePacific,TheMayFlower,TheTimes.21改錯(cuò)：1)受過(guò)教育的人能夠充分利用他們的所學(xué)。Educatedarecapableoftakeadvantageof(makegooduseof)whattheyhavelearned.2)一條鐵路從東到西，穿過(guò)整個(gè)城市。Arailwaygoesthroughthecityasawholefromeasttowest.1.3零冠詞A)用于專(zhuān)有名詞、抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞我來(lái)自中國(guó)。重要性值得關(guān)注。IamfromChina.Importanceisworthnoting.鋼鐵是非常重要的資源。Steelandironareveryimportantresources.B)用于稱(chēng)呼、節(jié)假日、季節(jié)、月份、星期Mr.Brown,SpringFestival,InWinter,InJanuary,OnMondayC)School,church,hospital等字，不加冠詞表示愿有用途或意思;若指建筑物本身要加冠詞。Afterchurch,anarmyofChristiansleftthechurch.D)固定詞組atschool,indanger,gotobed,bybus,onfoot,lieinhospital.2.名詞2.1名詞的數(shù)的概念A(yù))有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)但是意義為單數(shù)（形復(fù)意單）學(xué)科名稱(chēng)：mathematics,linguistics,politics;專(zhuān)有名詞：theUnitedStates,TheUnitedNationsB)由兩個(gè)部分所組成的物件名稱(chēng)常用復(fù)數(shù)形：trousers,pants,***這些名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，但前有a(good)pairof用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。Thescissorsaren’tsharp.A(good)pairofscissorsisonthedesk.C)不加s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞有兩種：必須加定冠詞的集體名詞：thepolice不必須加冠詞的集體名詞：peopleD)集體名詞指單一的集體時(shí)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，指?jìng)€(gè)別的組成分子時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞：Myfamilyisalargeone.Myfamilyareallverywell.22E)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)用：抽象名詞做普通名詞用：Hehasdonemeakindness(=anactofkindness)F)抽象名詞的慣用法：of+抽象名詞=形容詞：ofuse=useful,athingofvalue=avaluablething2.2所有格名詞的構(gòu)成和用法：A)人或動(dòng)物名詞在詞尾加(’s)或(’)：[單數(shù)名詞+‘s]Theboy’snewshirt;thehorse’stail；[復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾有s+(‘)]Girls’school；[復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾無(wú)s+(‘s)]women’shospitalB)無(wú)生命的名詞的所有格不可在詞尾加’s或‘,必須用of表示：thetitleofthebook***上述情況的例外：一種情況為：當(dāng)表時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量和價(jià)格的名詞：aweek’sholidays;tenmiles’walk;atastone’sthrow；擬人化的名詞：fortune’scruelty,science’sinfluence;heaven’swill；。另一種情況為：人物和動(dòng)物名詞的所有格也可用of表示：theparentsofthechild=thechild’sparents2.3雙重所有格：當(dāng)a(n),this,these,that,some,any,no…等詞與所有格名詞修飾同一名詞時(shí)，兩者不能同時(shí)放在該名詞前面，要用雙重所有格的形式，即：a(this,that,…)+名詞+of+所有格名詞AdaughterofMrs.Brown’shasarrived.2.4名詞作同位語(yǔ)：A)同位語(yǔ)和它前面的名詞是指同一人或事物：Aneighbor,FredBrick,isonthetelephone.B)為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，同位語(yǔ)也可變動(dòng)位置：Anusualpresent,abookonethics,awaithim=Anunusualpresentawaithim,abookonethics.C)不定式短語(yǔ)亦可作同位語(yǔ)：Theappealtojointhemovementwaswellreceived.D)That引導(dǎo)的名詞從句可以做同位語(yǔ)：Iagreewiththeoldsayingthatnopain,nogain.23練習(xí)：1)Twentyyearsinprisonarearidiculouslyharshpenaltyforanactionthatwas,afterall,agreeduponbybothpeopleinvolved.(2004.83)2)Basicknowledgesofmathematicandelectronicswasusedtodevelopthestudents’intelligence.3)Infact,thereisnoanyinformationsabouttheincreaseofpetrolcost.3.代詞3.1人稱(chēng)代詞的分類(lèi)：人稱(chēng)代詞主格第一人稱(chēng)第二人You稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)s陽(yáng)性單數(shù)第三人中性稱(chēng)Themselve復(fù)數(shù)TheyTheyThemTheirTheirss(1)人稱(chēng)代詞的格：i.ii.主格：He,notshe,isinthewrong.(主語(yǔ))；賓格：Telluswhatyouwant.（賓語(yǔ)）；EveryonepresentsexceptmelikedtheItItsItsItself陰性HeSheHimHerHisHerHersHimselfHerselfYourYoursYourselve單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)IWe賓格MeOur物主代詞反身代詞所有格MyOur所有代詞MineOursMyselfOurselvesYourselfplay.(介詞的賓語(yǔ))iii.所有格：作為形容詞后接名詞：Johnhascuthisfinger;apparentlytherewasabrokenglassonhisdesk；代詞用法代替所有形容詞+名詞，以避免重復(fù)：Thiswatchismine.[mine寫(xiě)成mywatch即重復(fù)]；作為雙重所有格：公式如下：a,an,some,any,no,another,each,such,several,which,what,this,these,that,those+名詞+of+所有代詞24Itisnobusinessofyours.AfriendofminehasgonetoJapan.(2)反身代詞：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)為同一人或物時(shí)，該用反身代詞。IamteachingmyselfEnglish.Shesawherselfinthelooking-glass.///Shekilledherself.(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)為同一人)；Shekilledher.（主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)為兩人）；為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣也可有如下的用法：Isawhimdoithimself.Imyselfsawhimdoit.3.2指示代詞：A)this,these,that,those的用法：this,these表示較近的人或物；that,those表示較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。1)this,that可以代替前面所提過(guò)的短語(yǔ)、從句或句子，以避免重復(fù)。Itwasraininghard,andthiskeptusindoors；2)that,those為避免重復(fù)可代替前面所說(shuō)過(guò)的名詞。Thisclimateislikethat(=theclimate)ofKorea.3.3It的用法：A)it可以代替前面說(shuō)過(guò)的名詞。Hetookastoneandthrewit(=thestone)B)也可以用來(lái)代替前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的短語(yǔ)或從句。HeistryingtowinascholarshiptoOxford.Hewon’tfinditeasy.Headvisedmetodoso,butIthoughtitquiteuseless.C)指時(shí)間、天氣、距離、溫度、季節(jié)等。Itisfinetoday.Whatahardwinteritis!Itisfivemilesthere.D)指談?wù)撝械娜恕⑽锘蚴虑榈?。Someonewasmovingstealthilyabouttheroom;itwasaburglar.E)代替中性名詞（如baby,child），亦可指動(dòng)物。Thechildlostits(=hisorher)way.Acowisausefulanimal.Itgivesusmilk.F)It作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，代替真正的主語(yǔ)或真正賓語(yǔ)。形式主語(yǔ)：It’sapitytomakeafoolofyou.(Tomakeafoolofyouisapity)Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.Itwasconsideredimpossibleforanyonetoescape.Itwaseasygettingtheequipmentloaded.形式賓語(yǔ)：Ifinditexcitingworkinghere.(Ifindworkinghereexciting.25Workinghereisexciting)Hemadeithisbusinesstosettlethematter.Iowe（歸功于）ittoyouthatthejuryacquitted（宣告無(wú)罪）me.Itis/was+所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分+that(orwhich,who,whom,where)：強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分可以是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或副詞短語(yǔ)。washethat(orwho)fellillduringthevoyage.ItItwasduringthevoyagethathefellill.***that之前所指的是人時(shí)，可用who,是物時(shí)，可用which;是時(shí)間時(shí)，可用when。3.4關(guān)系代詞:who,whose,whom,which和that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句1)Thefilmwhich/that/(that)Isawlastnightisaboutayoungdoctor.2)Theengineer,whosebrotherismyfriend,isnotworkinginthelargestship-buildingcompanyinourprovince.3.5疑問(wèn)代詞：who,whom,whose,which和what及其用法1）在特殊疑問(wèn)句中Whatisyourname?Whoiscomingtodinner?2)在復(fù)合句中Whowillbeinchargeoftheworkisnotdecidedyet.（引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句）Doyouknowwhoiscomingtogiveusthelectureonmoderndramatoday?（引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句）練習(xí)：1)2004.81Thefarmerknowssomethingthatthewholecivilizedmankindseemstohaveforgotten,2)2004.87Theyarenewcomersanddon’trealizewhattakesittostartandrunabusinesshere.3)2003.P2.6Thedetailedstudyoffossils,ratherlikeacrimeinvestigation,itinvolvesthepiecingtogetherofmanydiversefragmentsofevidence.4)2003.P2.826WhiletherootsofsocialpsychologylieintheintellectualsoilofthewholeWesterntradition,it’spresentfloweringisrecognizedtobecharacteristicallyanAmerican5)2002.P2.1.Thenewtechnologyhasmadepossibleforthedoctortomakediagnoseswithoutseeingthepatientinperson.語(yǔ)法二形容詞（含數(shù)詞形容詞）、副詞1、形容詞1.1Some/Any：A)一般Some用于肯定句（修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞）；一些人