新概念英語第四冊學(xué)習(xí)手冊【Lesson25、26、27】

新概念英語第四冊學(xué)習(xí)手冊【Lesson25、26、27】Non-auditoryeffectsofnoise噪音的非聽覺效應(yīng)Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatconclusiondoestheauthordrawaboutnoiseandhealthinthispiece?MaypeopleinindustryandtheServices,whohavepracticalexperienceofnoise,regardanyinvestigationofthisquestionasawasteoftime;theyarenotpreparedeventoadmitthepossibilitythatnoiseaffectspeople.Ontheotherhand,thosewhodislikenoisewillsometimesusemostinadequateevidencetosupporttheirpleasforaquietersociety.Thisisapity,becausenoiseabatementreallyisagoodcause,anditislikelytobediscreditedifitgetstobeassociatedwithhadscience.Oneallegationoftenmadeisthatnoiseproducesmentalillness.Arecentarticleinaweeklynewspaper,forinstance,washeadedwithastrikingillustrationofaladyinastateofconsiderabledistress,withthecaption'Shewasyetanothervictim,reducedtoascreamingwreck'.Onturningeagerlytothetext,onelearnsthattheladywasatypistwhofoundthesoundofofficetypewritersworriedhermoreandmoreuntileventuallyshehadtogointoamentalhospital.Nowthesnaginthissortofanecdoteisofcoursethatonemerelyasymptom?Anotherpatientmightequallywellcomplainthatherneighbourswerecombiningtoslanderherandersecuteher,andyetonemightbecautiousaboutbelievingthisstatement.Whatisneededincaseofnoiseisastudyoflargenumbersofpeoplelivingundernoisyconditions,todiscoverwhethertheyarementallyillmoreoftenthanotherpeopleare.SometimeagotheUnitedStatesNavy,forinstance,examinedaverylargenumberofmenworkingonaircraftcarriers ：thestudywasknownasProjectAnehin.Itcanbeunpleasanttoliveevenseveralmilesfromanaerodrome;ifyouthinkwhatitmustbeliketosharethedeckofashipwithseveralsquadronsofjetaircraft,youwillrealizethatamodernnavyisagoodplacetostudynoise.ButneitherpsychiatricinterviewsnorobjectivetestswereabletoshowanyeffectsupontheseAmericansailors.ThisresultmerelyconfirmsearlierAmericanandBritishstudies ：ifthereisanyeffectofnoiseuponmentalhealth,itmustbesosmallthatpresentmethodsofpsychiatricdiagnosiscannotfindit.Thatdoesnotprovethatitdoesexist ：butitdoesmeanthatnoiseislessdangerousthan,say,beingbroughtupinanorphanage-whichreallyismentalhealthhazard.D.E.BROADBENTNon-auditoryeffectsofnoisefromScienceSurveyNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語auditoryadj.聽覺的inadequateadj.不適當(dāng)?shù)膒lean.要求abatementn.減少discreditv.懷疑allegationn.斷言captionn.插圖說明wreckn.殘廢人snagn.疑難之處，障礙anecdoten.軼聞slanderv.誹謗persecutev.迫害squadronn.中隊(duì)psychiatricadj.精神病學(xué)的diagnosisn.診所orphanagen.孤兒院參考譯文在工業(yè)部門工作和在軍隊(duì)中服役的很多人對噪聲音有切身的體會(huì)，他們認(rèn)為對這個(gè)問題實(shí)行調(diào)查中浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，甚至不愿承認(rèn)噪音可能對人有影響。另一方面，那些討厭噪音的人有時(shí)會(huì)用不充分的證據(jù)來支持他們希望有一個(gè)較為安靜的社會(huì)環(huán)境的要求。要求減少噪音是件好事，但是如果與拙劣的科學(xué)摻雜在一起的話，就不會(huì)被人們所信任，這是很遺憾的。常見的一種指責(zé)是，噪音能引起精神病。例如，最近一家周報(bào)刊登了一篇文章，文章上方有一幅引人注目的插圖，是一位表情沮喪的女子。圖的文字說明：“她是又一個(gè)受害者，成了只會(huì)尖叫的可憐蟲?！碑?dāng)人們急切地看完正文后，便知道這女子是個(gè)打字員，辦公室打字機(jī)的聲音使她越來越煩，最終住進(jìn)了精神病醫(yī)院。這類奇聞的疑難之處是無法區(qū)別因果關(guān)系。是噪音引起了（精神）病呢，還是（精神）病的癥狀之一是對噪音的抱怨?另有一位病人可能同樣有理由抱怨說，她的鄰居們正在聯(lián)合起來對她實(shí)行誹謗和迫害，不過，人們不會(huì)輕信她的抱怨。對于噪音問題，需要對大量生活在噪音中的人實(shí)行研究，看一看他們是否比其他人更易患精神病。例如，美國海軍前些時(shí)候調(diào)查了很多在航空母航上工作的人，這次調(diào)查被稱之為：“安內(nèi)英工程”。即使住在離機(jī)場幾英里以外的地方，機(jī)場的噪音也會(huì)使人難受。所以，如果你能想像出和幾個(gè)中隊(duì)的噴氣機(jī)同在一個(gè)甲板上是什么滋味兒的話，你就會(huì)理解到現(xiàn)代海軍是研究噪音的好地方。但是，不管實(shí)行精神病學(xué)的調(diào)查訪問，還是實(shí)行客觀的測試，都不能顯示噪音對這些美國水兵有任何影響。這個(gè)結(jié)果只不過證實(shí)了美國和英國早些時(shí)候的研究結(jié)論：如果噪音對精神健康有影響的話，那也一定是微乎其微，以致現(xiàn)代的精神病診斷方法還發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。這并不是證實(shí)不存有噪音對健康的影響。但它確實(shí)說明，噪音的危險(xiǎn)性--比如說--比在孤兒院長大所受的危害要小一些，孤兒院才是真正危害精神健康的地方。Lesson26Thepastlifeoftheearth地球上的昔日生命Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。Whatisthemainconditionforthepreservationoftheremainsofanylivingcreature?Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobepreserved,foroneofthenecessaryconditionsofpreservationisquickburial,anditisonlyintheseasandrivers,andsometimeslakes,wheremudandsithavebeencontinuouslydeposited,thatbodiesandthecanberapidlycoveredoverandpreserved.Buteveninthemostfavourablecircumstancesonlyasmallfractionofthecreaturesthatdiearepreservedinthiswaybeforedecaysetsinor,evenmorelikely,beforescavengerseatthem.Afterall,alllivingcreatureslivebyfeedingonsomethingelse,whetheritbeplantoranimal,deadoralive,anditisonlybychancethatsuchafateisavoided.Theremainsofplantsandanimalsthatlivedonlandaremuchmorerarelypreserved,forthereisseldomanythingtocoverthemover.Whenyouthinkoftheinnumerablebirdsthatoneseesflyingbout,nottomentiontheequallynumeroussmallanimalslikefieldmiceandvoleswhichyoudonotsee,itisveryrarelythatonecomesacrossadeadbody,except,ofcourse,ontheroads.Theydecomposeandarequicklydestroyedbytheweatheroreatenbysomeothercreature.Itisalmostalwaysduetosomeveryspecialcircumstancesthattracesoflandanimalssurvive,asbyfallingintoinaccessiblecaves,orintoanicecrevasse,liketheSiberianmammoths,whenthewholeanimalissometimespreserved,asinarefrigerator.ThisiswhathappenedtothefamousBeresovkamammothwhichwasfoundpreservedandingoodcondition.Inhismouthweretheremainsoffirtrees-thelastmealthathehadbeforehefellintothecrevasseandbrokehisback.ThemammothhasnowjustasuburbofLosAngeles.Apparentlywhathappenedwasthatwatercollectedonthesetarpits,andthebiggeranimalsliketheelephantsventuredoutontotheapparentlyfirmsurfacetodrink,andwerepromptlyboggedinthetar.Andthen,whentheyweredead,thecarnivores,likethesabre-toothedcatsandthegiantwolves,cameouttofeedandsufferedexactlythesamefate.Therearealsoendlessnumbersofbirdsinthetaraswell.ERROLWHITEThepastlifeoftheearthfromDiscoveryNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語preservationn.保存siltn.淤泥scavengern.食腐動(dòng)物volen.野鼠，鼴鼠decomposev.腐爛inaccessibleadj.不能到達(dá)的crevassen.縫隙Siberianadj.西伯利亞的palaeontologicaladj.古生物學(xué)的St.Petersburgn.圣彼得堡sabre-toothedadj.長著銳利的長牙venturev.冒險(xiǎn)boggedadj.陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的參考譯文只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體最有可能被保存下來，因?yàn)楸４娴谋匾獥l件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。即使是在最有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。因?yàn)橐磺猩锒际强砍詣e的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，所以，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。曾在陸地上生活過的動(dòng)植物的遺體被保存下來的更為罕見，因?yàn)殛懙厣蠋缀鯖]有什么東西覆蓋它們。你能夠想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈蠛芸炀捅伙L(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。幾乎總是因?yàn)槟承┨厥獾臈l件，陸地動(dòng)物的遺體才被存下來，如掉進(jìn)難以到達(dá)的洞穴，或掉進(jìn)冰河裂縫里，或者像西伯利亞長毛象那樣掉進(jìn)冰窟中，有時(shí)整個(gè)動(dòng)物像被放在冰箱里一樣被保存下來，的那林索夫卡長毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里還留著冷杉--它掉進(jìn)冰河裂隙折斷脊椎柱之前的最后一頓飯。這頭長毛象已被修復(fù)，現(xiàn)存于圣彼得堡古生物學(xué)博物館。有的動(dòng)物掉進(jìn)天然瀝清坑里被保存下來，如在蘭橋.拉.布里--現(xiàn)在是洛杉磯的郊區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的大象、劍齒虎和很多其他動(dòng)物。顯然，事情的經(jīng)過是這樣：瀝青坑里積存了水，大象那樣的大動(dòng)物冒險(xiǎn)到似乎堅(jiān)固的水面上去飲水，立即掉進(jìn)了瀝青坑。大象死后，一些食肉動(dòng)物，如劍齒虎和大灰狼就來吃大象，結(jié)果遭到了同樣的命運(yùn)。瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。新概念英語4Lesson27The'Vasa'“瓦薩”號Whathappenedtothe'Vasa'almostimmediatelyaftershewaslaunched?Fromtheseventeenth-centuryempireofSweden,thestoryofagalleonthatsankatthestartofhermaidenvoyagein1628mustbeoneofthestrangesttalesofthesea.FornearlythreeandahalfcenturiesshelayatthebottomofStockholmharbouruntilherdiscoveryin1956.ThiswastheVasa,royalflagshipofthegreatimperialfleet.KingGustavusAdolphus,'TheNorthernHurricane',thenattheheightofhismilitarysuccessintheThirtyYears'War,haddictatedhermeasurementsandarmament.Triplegun-decksmountedsixty-fourbronzecannon.ShewasintendedtoplayaleadingroleinthegrowingmightofSweden.AsshewaspreparedofhermaidenvoyageonAugust10,1628,Stockholmwasinaferment.FromtheSkeppsbronandsurroundingislandsthepeoplewatchedthisthingofbeautybegintospreadhersailsandcatchthewind.Theyhadlabouredforthreeyearstoproducethisfloatingworkofart;shewasmorerichlycarvedandornamentedthananypreviousship.Thehighsterncastlewasariotofcarvedgods,demons,knights,kings,warriors,mermaids,cherubs;andzoomorphicanimalshapesablazewithreaandgoldandblue,symbolsofcourage,power,andcruelty,wereportrayedtostirtheimaginationsofthesuperstitioussailorsoftheday.ThenthecannonsoftheanchoredwarshipsthunderedasalutetowhichtheVasafiredinreply.Astheemergedfromherdriftingcloudofgunsmokewiththewaterchurnedtofoambeneathherbow,herflagscolour,shepresentedamoremajesticspectaclethanStockholmershadeverseenbefore.Allgun-portswereopenandthemuzzlespeepedwickedlyfromthem.Asthewindfreshenedtherecameasuddensquallandtheshipmadeastrangemovement,listingtoport.TheOrdnanceOfficerorderedalltheportcannontobeheavedtostarboardtocounteractthelist,butthesteepeningangleofthedecksincreased.Thenthesoundofrumblingthunderreachedthewatchersontheshore,ascargo,ballast,ammunitionand400peoplewentslidingandcrashingdowntotheportsideofthesteeplylistingship.Thelowergun-portswerenowbelowwaterandtheinrushsealedtheship'sfate.Inthatfirstglorioushour,themightyVasa,whichwasintendedtoruletheBaltic,sankwithallflagsflying-intheharbourofherbirth.