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Topic1文化概述在中國五千年的文明史上,中國人有無數的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造,如漢字、中醫(yī)、絲綢、瓷器(porcelain)、指南針、造紙術、印刷術和火藥(gunpowder)。這些獨特的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)造是中國人對世界文明的偉大貢獻,證明中華民族是一個富于原創(chuàng)性的民族。與此同時,中國人又有一種開放的胸懷,歡迎遠方來的朋友,并以極高的熱情吸收和包容外來的文化。大唐盛世和明代鄭和七下西洋都表明,中華文明具有開放性和包容性。Overahistoryof5000years,Chinesepeoplehaveproducednumerousinventions.Theseuniqueinventions,includingChinesecharacters,traditionalChinesemedicine,silk,porcelain,compass,papermaking,printingandgunpowder,aresignificantcontributionsChinesemadetotheglobalcivilization,provingthattheChinesenationisfullofcreativity.Inthemeanwhile,theChinesepeoplehavealwayskeptanopenmindtowardforeignfriendsandabsorbedforeigncultureswithgreatenthusiasm.BoththeprosperityofTangDynastyandZhengHe’ssevenlongvoyagestotheWestTopic2四大發(fā)明說到中國古代的科技文明,就不能不說四大發(fā)明(theFourGreatInventions)。人們普遍認為,指南針、火藥(gunpowder)、造紙術和印刷術的發(fā)明對中國古代的政治、經濟、文化的發(fā)展產生了巨大的推動作用;并且,這些發(fā)明經由各種途徑傳至西方,也影響著世界的文明進程。從歷史發(fā)展的角度來看,中國古代的四大發(fā)明是為人類社會生活帶來革命性變化的科學發(fā)明,這是中國人對世界文明的偉大貢獻。中國的四大發(fā)明在人類科學文化史上留下了燦爛的一頁,推動了人類歷史的前進。WhenitcomestoscienceandtechnologyinancientChina,theFourGreatInventions,includingcompass,gunpowder,papermakingandprinting,shouldalwaysbediscussed.ItiscommonlybelievedthattheFourGreatInventionshavepromotedthedevelopmentofpolitics,economyandcultureofancientChinadramatically;moreover,theseinventionshaveagreatimpactonthecivilizationoftheworldsincetheyhavebeenintroducedintotheWesternworldinvariousways.Fromtheperspectiveofhistoricaldevelopment,theFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaarescientificinventionsthatbringrevolutionarychangestothesociallifeofhumanbeings,whicharegreatcontributionsChinesemadetothecivilizationoftheworld.TheFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaarebrilliantinthehistoryofhumanscienceandcultureandpromotetheprogressofhumanhistory.Topic3長城說到中國文化,不得不提到長城。從公元前7世紀到公元16世紀,在大約2200年的時間里,先后有19個朝代修建過長城,所修的長城累計有10萬千米以上。主要的長城修建工程是在秦代、漢代和明代?,F今存有遺跡的主要是明長城,從東邊人??诘纳胶jP(ShanhaiPass)開始,一直到沙漠深處的嘉峪關(JiayuPass),全長6700千米。長城是世界歷史上最偉大的工程,其建造時間之長、參與人數之多、工程難度之大,在世界上無出其右。WhenitcomestoChineseculture,theGreatWallistheonethatwillbedefinitelyreferredto.Fromthe7thcenturyBCtothe16thcentury,throughabout2200years,theGreatWallwasbuiltin19dynastiesandreachedalengthofmorethan100000kilometers.MajorconstructionwascarriedoutinQin,HanandMingDynasties.TheGreatWallwevisitnowadaysismainlytheGreatWallofMingDynasty,stretching6700kilometersfromShanhaiPassontheeasternseashoretoJiayuoftheworldforitsunparalleledspanofconstruction,numberoflaborsanddifficulty.Topic4移民現象現在,很多人選擇在國外生活,這引起了人們極大的關注。越來越多的人,特別是大量知識分子(intellectual),移民到美國、英國和加拿大等發(fā)達國家。并且,很多在國外學習和工作的人都在為“綠卡”而奮斗。造成這種現象的原因有很多,其中,追求高質量的生活是關鍵。再者,這些人中大多數人移居國外是想讓孩子在那兒接受良好的教育。此外,一些人只是想體驗他們所喜歡的異域文化。以上這些就是造成他們決定移居他國的原因。Nowadaysmanypeoplechoosetoliveinaforeigncountry,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.Moreandmorepeople,especiallyplentyofintellectuals,migratetosomedevelopedcountries,suchasAmerica,BritainandCanada.Inaddition,therearestillmanypeoplestudyingandworkinginforeigncountriesstrugglingforgreencards.Therearemanyreasonsaccountingforthisphenomenon.Amongallthesefactors,pursuinghigh-qualitylifeplaysacriticalrole.Moreover,mostofthemmigratetosomeforeigncountrieswithaviewtomakingtheirchildrenReceivegoodeducationthere.Besides,somepeoplejustwanttoexperiencetheforeignculturetheylike.Alltheseabovefactorscontributetotheirchoicetomigratetoanothercountry.Topic5中國漢字近年來,隨著經濟的快速增長,中國的國際影響力提升了,世界上學漢字的人也多了起來。這套獨特的符號系統積淀了豐富的歷史文化內容,西方人在學漢字的過程中甚至能體會到這個東方民族的微妙心靈。如今在中國,漢字也越來越受到人們的重視。人們發(fā)現,這一文字符號包含著豐富的文化內涵和審美意蘊,在科技飛速發(fā)展的今天,反而越來越顯示出它的光彩。古老的文字在現代的文化生活中煥發(fā)出新的魅力。Withitsrapideconomicdevelopmentinrecentyears,China’sinternationalinfluencehasgreatlyincreased,sothenumberofChinesecharacterlearnersacrosstheworldhasbeenontherise.Thisuniquesymbolsystemaccumulatestherichhistoricalandculturalcontentinit.WhenWesternpeoplelearnChinesecharacters,theymayevenunderstandthedelicatethoughtsofthisorientalnation.Nowadays,greatimportanceisattachedtoChinesecharactersinChina.Itisfoundthattheglamourofthesecharactersymbolswithrichculturalandaestheticconnotationisgreatlyshownespeciallyinthecurrentsocietywithrapidscientificdevelopment.Theseancientcharactersarerevitalizedinmoderncivilization.Topic6鄭和下西洋公元1405年7月11日,地球藍色的海洋上出現了一支龐大的船隊,前后有208艘船,這是有史以來最大的一支船隊,船上所載的各類人員有27500多人,也是有史以來最多的航海人員。船隊由一位叫鄭和的人統帥。船隊帶著中國這個古老國家的瓷器、絲綢、茶葉等數不盡的珍奇,穿越南海、馬六甲海峽(theStraitofMalacca),橫跨印度洋,到達亞洲、非洲的很多國家。在此后的28年間,鄭和一共六次下西洋,隨船人員共計10萬多人,訪問了30多個國家。OnJuly11,1405,ahugefleetconsistingof208shipsappearedontheblueseaoftheearth.Itwasthegreatestfleetwithmorethan27500crewsthattheworldhadeverseen.TheCommanderofthisfleetwasZhengHe.Carryingporcelain,silk,teaandothernumerousTreasuresfromChina,acountrywithalonghistory,thefleetpassedthroughtheSouthChinaSeaandtheStraitofMalacca,traversedtheIndianOceanandarrivedatmanycountriesinAsiaandAfrica.Overthenext28years,ZhengHeledsixmorefleetswithcrewmembersaddinguptomorethan100000people,andvisitedmorethan30countries.Topic7中國藝術中國人創(chuàng)造了很多獨特的藝術形式,如純凈的瓷器,千古傳誦的唐詩(Tangpoetry),以演員表演為中心的京劇等。這些藝術形式呈現了中國人的心靈世界,顯現了中國人獨特的美感,成為展示中國人生命力和創(chuàng)造力的窗口,具有永恒的魅力。中國人將藝術當作提升生活品質、慰藉(soothe)心靈的媒介,藝術是中國人人生哲學的延伸。中國的藝術傳統是一部記載著中國人生活品位和美感世界的活的圖畫,反映出中國人的優(yōu)雅心態(tài)。TheChinesehavecreatedmanyuniqueformsofart,suchaspureporcelain,enduringTangpoetryandactor-centeredPekingOpera,etc.TheseartformswitheternalcharmrevealtheinnerworldoftheChinesepeople,demonstratetheiruniquesenseofaestheticsandbecomethewindowsthatshowthevitalityandcreativityofChinesepeople.TheChineseregardartasawaytoenhancethequalityoflifeandtosoothethemind.ArtisanextensionoftheChinesephilosophyoflife.ChinesearttraditionisavividpictureofChinesepeople’slifestyleandaesthetics,reflectingChineseelegance.Topic8中國園林中國人建造園林有兩干多年的歷史,主要有皇家園林(imperialgarden)、寺院園林和私家園林。現存的皇家園林,如北京頤和園,都是舉世聞名的園林。中國的佛教和道教寺院也多建有園林,如杭州靈隱寺。在這中間,私家園林獨具風味。今天,在江南(South“theYangtzeRiver)和長江沿岸的蘇州、揚州等地所見的私家園林,多是明清兩代留下的,它們如同一幅幅山水畫(thelandscapepainting),展現出獨特的魅力。中國園林藝術有豐富獨特的創(chuàng)造,是理解中華民族美感特點的一個重要領域.Chinesepeoplestartedtobuildgardensmorethan2000yearsago,mainlyincludingthreestylesofgarden:theimperialgarden,thetemplegardenandtheprivategarden.Theextantimperialgardenstoday,suchastheSummerPalaceinBeijing,areworld-famousgardens.ManygardenswerealsobuiltinChina’sBuddhistandTaoisttemples,suchastheLingyinTempleinHangzhou.WhileamongtheChinesegardens,theprivategardenshaveauniqueambience.ScatteredinSouthoftheYangtzeRiverandSuzhou,YangzhouandotherplacesalongtheYangtzeRiver,theprivategardensaremostlylegaciesfromMingandQingDynasties.Theyresemblethelandscapepaintingswithdistinctivecharm.RichanduniquecreativitycouldbefoundinChinesegardens,whichisanimportantfieldtounderstandChineseaesthetics.Topic9中國詩歌中國是詩的國度。尤其到了唐代,中國古典詩歌進人了全盛時期(heyday)。唐代近三百年間,涌現出了大批優(yōu)秀詩人和杰出的詩歌作品。唐代詩歌數量極大,題材廣泛,意象(image)和風格多樣化,出現了大量思想性和藝術性完美結合的作品。唐詩是中國人的千古絕唱。唐代的偉大詩人不勝枚舉,其中李白、杜甫、王維因其詩歌所蘊含的中國文化的意味和情趣而最具代表性。Chinaisacountryofpoetry.EspeciallyinTangDynasty,ChineseclassicalpoetryreacheditsHeyday.Duringthenearlythree-hundred-yearreignofTangDynasty,largenumbersofexcellentpoetsandoutstandingpoemsmushroomed.PoetryofTangDynastyfeaturedlargequantities,widethemesanddiversifiedimagesandstyles,andmanymasterpieceswithperfectcombinationofgreatthoughtsandartistryemerged.PoetryofTangDynastyisChineseeternallegacies.LiBai,DuFuandWangWeiaretherepresentativesofgreatpoetsofTangDynastyduetotheuniquemeaningandtemperamentofChinesecultureintheirpoems.Topic10茶館文化中國很多地區(qū)依然保留著傳統的茶館文化,尤其是在四川省的省會成都,茶館遍布城市的各個角落:路邊、橋下、公園里,甚至寺院和其他歷史景點。泡茶館(relaxinginteahouse)是當地市民最喜歡的消遣方式之一。工作日的下午三點鐘,茶館里往往人滿為患。當地人坐在古色古香的竹椅里,所用的茶具本身可能也是古董。服務人員托著一大堆茶具急匆匆地跑來跑去,將長嘴壺(long-spoutkettle)里倒出來的水注滿茶杯,為顧客沖泡最優(yōu)質的茶葉。TraditionalteahouseculturestillexistsinmanypartsofChina,especiallyinChengdu,thecapitalofSichuanProvince.Teahousesareeverywhere:onthesidesofroads,underbridges,intheparksandeveninsidetemplesandotherhistoricalsites.RelaxinginteahouseisoneofthefavoritepastimesofthelocalsinChengdu.Ateahousefulltothebrim-atthreeo’Topic11京劇角色“生、旦、凈、丑”是京劇中的角色分類?!吧笔悄行哉娼巧暗笔桥哉娼巧?,“凈”是性格鮮明的男性配角(supportingrole),“丑”是幽默滑稽或反面角色。每種角色又有表明身份的險譜(facialmake-up)、扮相(costume)等,只要演員一上場,你一看便知。在人的臉上涂上某種顏色以象征這個人的性格和品質、角色和命運,是京劇的一大特點,也是理解劇情的關鍵。簡單地講,紅臉含有褒義,代表忠勇(valor);黑臉為中性,代表猛(vigor)智;黃臉和白臉含貶義,代表兇詐。Sheng,dan,jing,chourefertodifferenttypesofrolesinPekingOpera.Shengisthepositivemalerole,danisthepositivefemalerole,whilejingisasupportingmalerolewithadistinctivecharacterandchouistheclownoranegativecharacter.Eachtypeofrolehasitsownfacialmake-upandcostumethatexposeitsidentityassoonashe/sheappearsonthestage.OnemajorcharacteristicofPekingOperaisthecolorpaintedonthefaceofacharacterthatshowspersonality,quality,roleandfate.Itisalsothekeytounderstandingtheplot.Toputitsimply,redisappreciative,standingforloyaltyandvalor;blackrepresentsaneutralrole,representingvigorandwisdom;yellowandwhitebothsuggestcunning,negativecharacters.Topic12羊羊是一種本性溫順(docile)、易于管理的動物。從巖畫(rockpainting)上原始人鐫刻的形態(tài)各異的羊形象中,我們可以看出人類與羊的親善、和諧關系。羊為人們的生活或祭祀而犧牲,是“有義personalloyalty之物”。羔羊似乎懂得母親的艱辛與不易,所以吃奶時是跪著的。羔羊的“跪乳”被人們賦予了“孝順”和“懂禮”的意義。據文獻記載,人們很早就把羊的美德視為人的道德準則和榜樣,這反映了人們對羊的精神感受和對羊的秉性的人格化概括。Thesheepisananimalthatisdocileinnatureandeasytomanage.Fromthesheepimagesofvariousshapesontherockpaintingscarvedbyprimitivemen,wecanseethegoodandharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandsheep.Sheepsacrificetheirlivesforpeople’slivingorworship,andthereforearedeemedasembracingpersonalloyalty.Thelambseemstoknowthehardshipofitsmother,suckingthebreastonbentknees.Suchbehaviorisconsideredbypeopletohavesymbolicmeaningsoffilialpietyandcourtesy.Accordingtothedocuments,peoplehavelongregardedthismoralityofsheepasamoralcodeandexampleforhumanbeings,whichisareflectionofpeople’sfeelingtowardsheepandapersonalizedsummaryofsheep’snature.Topic13聯合國中文日聯合國中文日是聯合國語言日的一部分。根據傳說,倉頡(CangJie)創(chuàng)造了中國最原始的象形文字(hieroglyph)。上蒼因倉頡造字而感動,為其降下一場谷子雨,這就是“谷雨”(theGrainRain)的由來。中文日因此被定在每年中國農歷的“谷雨”,以紀念漢字始祖?zhèn)}頡。從2010年開始,聯合國每年都在中文日前后舉行多種形式的慶?;顒印@纾?014年,紐約聯合國總部以書畫展、茶藝表演(tea-makingperformance)、歌曲演唱和書法講座等形式慶祝中文日。TheChineseLanguageDayispartoftheUNLanguageDays.Accordingtolegend,CangJiecreatedtheoriginalhieroglyphusedinChina.TheHeavenwasmovedandrainedgraininpraiseofhim,whichistheoriginoftheGrainRain.Asaresult,theChineseLanguageDayissetontherainRainaccordingtotheChineselunarcalendarinmemoryofCangJie,theancestoroftheChinesecharacters.Since2010,theUNhasbeenholdingallkindsofcelebratingactivitiesaroundthisdayeveryyear.Forexample,in2014,theUNHeadquartersinNewYorkcelebratedthisdaywithpaintingandcalligraphyexhibitions,tea-makingperformances,singingperformances,calligraphylectures,etc.Topic14筷子筷子由兩根長短相同的木棍組成,是中國的傳統餐具(eatingutensil)。筷子出現在三千多年前,它的出現不僅是中國烹飪文化的變革,也是人類文明的標志。此外,筷子在烹飪技巧的發(fā)展過程中也起著推動作用。如今,筷子不僅是一種餐具,還成為一種獨特的文化形式,對于我們來說,筷子可以作為藝術品來欣賞、研究和收藏??曜与m小,但仍被世界上許多人所推崇。一項有趣的實驗表明,當你在使用筷子的時候,許多關節(jié)和肌肉都會得到鍛煉。Chopsticks,thetraditionaleatingutensilsinChina,areapairofequallengthsticks.Chopsticksappearedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.TheappearanceofchopsticksisnotonlyarevolutionofChinesecuisineculture,butalsoasymbolofhumancivilization.Besides,chopstickshavepromotedthedevelopmentofcookingtechniques.Today,chopsticksnotonlyareakindoftableware,butalsohavebecomeauniquecultureform,cominginfrontofusasaworkofartforappreciation,researchandcollection.Chopsticksaresmall,buttheyareadoredbymanypeopleintheworld.Aninterestingexperimentshowsthatmanyjointsandmusclescanbeexercisedwhenyouusechopsticks.Topic15風箏風箏起源于中國,在這個國家,制作風箏的理想材料一應俱全:絲織品用來做帆,極具韌性的(high-tensile-strength)絲線可以制作風箏線,輕盈的骨架則由韌性十足的竹子制成。據說,風箏是墨子和魯班在公元前5世紀時發(fā)明的。在13世紀末期,馬可·波羅首次將與風箏有關的故事介紹到歐洲。盡管風箏最初只被看作是珍奇物品(curiosity),但自18世紀開始,風箏被用作科研工具?,F在,風箏節(jié)已經成為一種流行的娛樂形式,最為著名的就是中國的濰坊風箏節(jié)。KitesoriginatedinChina,whereidealmaterialsformakingkiteswerereadilyavailable:silkfabricforthesail;high-tensile-strengthsilkthreadfortheflyingstring;andresilientbambooforthelightframework.ItissaidthatkiteswereinventedbyMoZiandLuBaninthe5thcenturyBC.StoriesofkiteswerefirstintroducedtoEuropebyMarcoPolointhelate13thcentury.Althoughkiteswereinitiallyregardedascuriosities,sincethe18thcenturytheyhavebeenusedasavehicleforscientificresearch.Now,kitefestivalshavebecomeapopularformofentertainment,andthemostfamousoneisChina’sWeifangKiteFestival.Topic16銅鼓銅鼓(bronzedrum)文化是遠古時代在長江以南及東南亞的廣大地區(qū)流行的一種典型文化代表。在古代,銅鼓多用于祭神、征戰(zhàn)和節(jié)日活動。在祭神時,它是神圣的法器(artifact);征戰(zhàn)時,它是號令軍隊振作士氣的軍樂器;在節(jié)日里,它又成為最激動人心的打擊樂器(percussioninstrument)。銅鼓給人們帶來的不僅是精神層面的東西,它還有重要的實用價值。許多少數民族依然保留著在傳統節(jié)日及婚娶和喪葬等場合使用銅鼓的習俗,ThebronzedrumwasakindoftypicalculturepopularizedinthewideareaofSouthoftheYangtzeRiverinChinaandSoutheastAsiainancienttimes.Moreoftenthannot,itwasusedonsuchoccasionsassacrificeceremoniestogods,launchingceremoniesforthewarandfestivalactivities.Itwassacredartifactonthesacrificeceremonies,militarymusicalinstrumenttransmittingorderstosoldiersandrevivingthemoraleinthewar,excitingpercussioninstrumentinfestivals.Inadditiontoitsspiritualcontent,thebronzedrumalsobenefitspeoplewithitsimportantvalueofpracticaluse.Manyminoritygroupsstilladoptthetraditionofplayingthebronzedrumsontheoccasionsoftraditionalfestivals,weddingceremony,funeralceremony,etc.Topic17十二生肖之鼠鼠相貌猥瑣,鬼鬼祟祟,破壞力強,落得個“老鼠過街,人人喊打”的千古罵名。但它居于中國三生肖(thetwelvesymbolicanimals)之首,自古以來就令人不可思議。一個較為合理的解釋是:鼠常在夜里23時至凌晨1時四處活動,這是一天當中最黑暗的時候,老鼠此時出沒便于隱藏行跡。由此看來,鼠晝伏夜出的(nocturnal)習性是使它能夠在十二生肖中獨占鰲頭的主要原因,與其口碑不佳及相貌可鄙沒有關系。Ratlooksmeanandstealthy,andalwayscausesmassdestruction,winningitthenotoriousreputationfor“Aratcrossingthestreetischasedbyall.”However,itranksfirstamongthetwelvesymbolicanimals,whichhasalwaysbeenawondersinceancienttimes.Amorereasonableexplanationis;Ratsoftenmovearoundfrom11pmto1am,thedarkesthoursinadaythatisconvenientfortheratstohidethemselves.Judgingfromthis,thehabitofbeingnocturnalisthemainreasonwhyratisputinthefirstplaceinthetwelvesymbolicanimals,whichhasnothingtodowithitsbadreputationorcontemptiblelooks.Topic18中國寄宿幼兒園20世紀90年代,中國寄宿幼兒園(boardingkindergarten)的孩子數量達到頂峰,在當時送孩子去這樣的學校是一種地位的象征。不過最近,這一體系不再像當初那樣流行。一些私立和公立的(state-run)寄宿幼兒園都陸續(xù)關門,其他的幼兒園正在從寄宿變?yōu)槿胀?。位于上海的中國福利協會幼兒園(TheChinaWelfareInstituteKindergarten)以前是寄宿幼兒園,但現在22個班里只有3個寄宿班。中國家長現在開始意識到,孩子很小的時候要多花時間陪陪他們,這點很重要,因為孩子們正處于學習的階段,這是成長過程中一個很重要的階段。ThenumberofkidssenttoboardingkindergartensinChinapeakedinthe1990s,whensendingayoungchildtosuchschoolswasasymbolofstatus.Recently,however,thesystemhasbecomelesspopular.Someboardingkindergartens,bothprivateandstate-run,areclosingoneafteranother.Othersareswitchingfromboardingclassestodaycare.TheChinaWelfareInstituteKindergarteninShanghaiusedtobeaboardingkindergarten,butnowinthe22classes,only3classesforyoungchildrenareresidential.Chineseparentsarenowstartingtorealizethatit’simportanttospendmoretimewiththeirkidswhentheyareveryyoung,becausetheyarelearninginthisperiodandit’saveryimportantstageofgrowth.Topic19家庭觀念中國人重團圓、重親情、講孝道(filialpiety),并強調家庭的和睦。中國人最期望的就是“家和萬事興”。當家庭中出現矛盾的時候,中國人最忌諱把這些矛盾暴露在外人面前,所以中國人常說“家丑不可外揚”。中國人在家庭中還特別重視父母、長輩的意見,“不聽老人言,吃虧在眼前”便是強調長輩的經驗對年輕人具有重要的作用。中國人還強調家庭教育對孩子人格形成的重要影響,常說“子不教,父之過”。Chinesepeopleattachgreatimportancetoreunion,familylove,filialpietyandaharmoniousrelationshipamongthefamilymembers.Whattheyexpectmostis“thefamilybeinginharmonyandallaffairsprosperous”.Whenthereemergesaconflictinthefamily,itisatabooforChinesepeopletoexposetheproblemtoothers.ThereforeitisoftensaidbyChinesepeople,“You’reyourdirtylinenathome.”InaChinesefamily,theopinionsofparentsandtheeldersaregreatlyrespected.Itisoftenquoted,“Youwillsufferlossesifyoucloseyourearstotheelders”,whichreflectsthattheelders’experienceisofgreatimportancetotheyoungergeneration.AndChinesepeopleplaceemphasisonfamilyeducationwhichisbelievedtohavegreatinfluenceonchildren’scharacterbuilding,andthiscanbedemonstratedbytheproverb“Failingtoeducatethechildrenisthefaultofthefather.“Topic20科舉考試科舉考試(Keju)是中國古代人才選拔的一種方式。由于采用分科目選舉人才的辦法,所以叫作科舉。隋煬帝于公元605年開設進士科,用考試的辦法來選拔人才,這標志著科舉制度的開始。它把讀書、考試和做官三者緊密結合起來,揭開了中國人才選拔史上嶄新的一頁。唐朝承襲了隋朝的人才選拔制度,并進行了進一步的完善。因此,科舉制度逐漸完備起來??婆e考試實行了1000多年,在實踐中逐漸形成的一些較好的制度至今仍在我們的社會生活中發(fā)揮著作用。Keju,ortheimperialexamination,isameanstoselecttalentsheldinancientChina.Itgotitsnamesinceitadoptedthemethodofselectingtalentsthrougharangeofdifferentsubjects.In605AD,EmperorYangofSuiestablishedtheimperialexaminationsystemtoselecttalents,whichsymbolizedtheofficialformationofKeju.Thesysteminterconnectedlearning,examination,andtheselectionofofficialsclosely,openingupanewpageintheannalsoftalentsselectionsystem.TheTangDynastyfollowedandfurtherimprovedthetalentsselectionsystemoftheSuiDynasty.Consequently,theimperialexaminationsystemgraduallybecameperfect.Duringtheover1000years’implementationoftheimperialexamination,somegoodsystemshavebeensetupinpractice,exertinganinfluenceonoursociallifetilltoday.Topic21造紙術東漢(EasternHanDynasty)末年,蔡倫的造紙術被廣泛應用。到了公元3至5世紀的兩晉時期(periodofEasternandWesternJinDynasties),人們開始在紙上寫字,并由此發(fā)展出寫在紙上的書法藝術。中國的造紙術先后傳到了現在的越南、朝鮮和日本。公元7世紀左右,又傳到了印度。造紙術還通過陸上絲綢之路傳到了西亞和歐洲。歐洲的造紙業(yè)大致從公元12世紀開始,在之前,歐洲人主要使用羊皮等來書寫,據說書寫一本《圣經》需要300多張羊皮,可見其昂貴程度。造紙業(yè)的興盛開創(chuàng)了人類文明的新紀元。InthelateofEasternHanDynasty,CaiLun’spapermakingtechnologywidelycameintouse.IntheperiodofEasternandWesternJinDynasties(the3rdto5thcenturyAD),peoplebegantowriteonpaperandcalligraphyonpaperwasdevelopedcorrespondingly.ChinesepapermakingtechnologywasintroducedtoVietnam,DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaandJapan,andaroundthe7thcenturywasintroducedintoIndia.PapermakingtechnologywasalsointroducedtoWestAsiaandEuropethroughtheSilkRoad.ThepapermakingindustryinEuropestartedinaboutthe12thcentury.Beforethat,theEuropeansmainlywroteonsheepskin.ItissaidthatwritingaBibleneededmorethan300sheepskins,indicatingtheexpensivenessofit.Theriseofpapermakingindustrystartedaneweraofhumancivilization.Topic22中國經濟發(fā)展勢頭當前我國經濟發(fā)展勢頭良好,經濟增長的內在機制(theinternalmechanism)不斷增強,基本做到了速度、質量和效益的統一。但是,我們也要清醒地看到,世界上沒有一個國家的經濟發(fā)展可以長盛不衰,永遠保持高速度。中國也不例外。改革開放取得的成就是有目共睹的,但是新的矛盾和問題也出現了,如國企(state-ownedenterprise)改革問題、貧富分化問題、腐敗問題、金融風險問題、生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞問題等。這些問題都需要我們高度重視,盡快找到有效的解決辦法。Atpresentoureconomyenjoysgoodmomentumofgrowth.Theinternalmechanismforeconomicgrowthhasbeenincreasinglystrengthened.Wehave,toalargeextent,strucktherightbalanceamongspeed,qualityandeconomicbenefit.Butwemustkeepaclearmindandrealizethattherearenocountriesintheworldthatcankeepaneconomicboomwithhigh-speedgrowth.Chinawon’tbeanexception.Theachievementsofthereformandopening-upareobvioustoall.Butnowtherearealsosomenewproblems.Theseincludetheproblems.Inthereformofstate-ownedenterprises,theenormousgapbetweentherichandthepoor,corruption,risksinthefinancialsectoraswellasecologicalandenvironmentaldamage.Weneedtopayhighattentiontotheproblemsmentionedaboveandfindeffectivesolutionsintheshortesttime.Topic23上海自由貿易試驗區(qū)發(fā)展中國(上海)自由貿易試驗區(qū)(China(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZone)是國家戰(zhàn)略,是深化改革、擴大開放的重大舉措,意義深遠。這項重大改革以制度創(chuàng)新為著力點,重在提升軟實力(softpower),各項工作影響大、難度高。建設中國(上海)自由貿易試驗區(qū)是順應全球經貿發(fā)展新趨勢,實行更加積極主動開放戰(zhàn)略的一項重大舉措。建設自由貿易試驗區(qū)的主要任務是探索中國對外開放的新路徑和新模式,推動加快轉變政府職能和行政體制改革(reformofadministrativeSystem),促進轉變經濟增長方式和優(yōu)化經濟結構。DevelopingtheChina(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZoneisanationalstrategy,andamajorinitiativefordeepeningthereformandexpandingopening-up,whichhasaprofoundandimportantinfluence.Thismajorinitiativefocusesoninstitutionalinnovationandemphasizesonpromotingsoftpower.Alltheworkissignificantbutingreatdifficulty.BuildingtheChina(Shanghai)PilotFreeTradeZoneisamajormovetoconformtothenewtrendofglobaleconomicandtradedevelopmentandimplementamoreproactiveopening-upstrategy.ThemaintaskofthisactionistoexplorethenewpathandpatternofChineseopening-up,speedupthetransformationofgovernmentfunctionandthereformofadministrativesystem,fosterthetransformationoftheeconomicgrowthpatternandoptimizetheeconomicstructure.Topic24科技園區(qū)建設在經濟增速放緩的大背景下,作為推動新型城鎮(zhèn)化建設的重要載體,科技園區(qū)(high-techZone)的建設至關重要。在創(chuàng)新成為重要經濟驅動力的今天,科技園區(qū)作為全球知識經濟中企業(yè)和研究機構的創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)業(yè)最佳棲息地,不僅承載著推動技術創(chuàng)新、加速知識轉移(knowledgeTransfer)、加快經濟發(fā)展的使命,也是城市經濟發(fā)展與競爭力的重要來源??萍紙@區(qū)如何充分發(fā)揮其在“新型城鎮(zhèn)化”進程中的巨大作用,已經成為人們關注的焦點。Inthecontextofsloweconomicgrowth,theconstructionofhigh-techzoneiscrucialasanimportantcarriertopromotethenewurbanization.Todaywheninnovationbecomesamajoreconomicdriver,high-techzone,thebesthabitatfortheinnovationandnewbusinessofenterprisesandresearchinstitutesintheglobalknowledgeeconomy,notonlytakesonthemissionofpromotingtechnologicalinnovationandacceleratingknowledgetransferandeconomicgrowth,butalsoplaysanimportantroleasasourceofeconomicgrowthandcompetitivenessincities.Howthehigh-techzonegivesfullplaytoitsgreatfunctionduring“new-typeurbanization”hasbeenfocusedon.Topic25中國經濟結構的改善中國經濟已經出現了明顯的結構改善的跡象。一方面,貿易順差(tradesurplus)出現了明顯的而且是持續(xù)的下降,其主要原因不是出口的放緩,而是進口的加速;另一方面,居民消費占GDP的比重并不像統計所說的持續(xù)下降,而是從2007年開始就持續(xù)上升。這些結構調整方面的明顯改進并不是具體政策調整所帶來的,而應歸功于市場,是市場的力量推動結構調整。中國經濟應該堅定不移地沿著市場化(marketalization)的方向走下去。ItisshownthatthestructureofChineseeconomyhasbeen’obviouslyimproved.Foronething,tradesurplushasdeclineddramaticallyandcontinuously.Theprimaryreasonisnottheslowdownintheexportbuttheaccelerationofimport.Foranother,theproportionofresidents’consumptiononGDPdoesnotkeepdecliningasstatisticsshow,buthaskeptrisingsince2007.Theobviousimprovementofstructurecomesupowingtothemarketratherthansomespecificpolicyadjustment.Itisthepowerofthemarketthatpromotesstructureadjustment.Chineseeconomyshouldunswervinglygoonthepathofmarketalization.Topic26會展業(yè)會展業(yè)(exhibitionindustry)在中國被譽為朝陽產業(yè)。目前,中國的會展業(yè)已經成為新的經濟點。北京奧運會和上海世博會的成功舉辦對中國的會展業(yè)發(fā)展意義深遠。這兩件國際盛事不僅讓世界認識了中國,更為重要的是,為中國會展業(yè)引入了大量的外國資金、技術和人才。但是,我們也必須清醒地認識到制約中國會展業(yè)發(fā)展的因素。中國的會展業(yè)起步較晚,直至最近才發(fā)展成一個獨立產業(yè),其出現和發(fā)展都帶有自發(fā)性和隨意性。Exhibitionindustryisreferred_to,inChina,assunriseindustry.Atpresent,China’sexhibitionindustryhasbecomeaneweconomicgrowthpoint.TheBeijingOlympicGamesandtheShanghaiWorldExpoweresuccessfullyheld,whichexertedafar-reachingimpactonthedevelopmentofexhibitionindustry.ThetwointernationaleventshavenotmerelymadeChinaknowntotheworld.Moreimportantly,theyhaveintroducedabundantforeigncapital,technologiesandtalentstotheexhibitionindustryofChina.However,wemustalsobewellawareoftheconstrainingfactorsofChina’sexhibitionindustry.Startingrelativelylate,China’sexhibitionindustrydidnotdevelopintoanindependentindustryuntilveryrecently.Boththeemergenceandthedevelopmentoftheindustryarespontaneousandrandom.Topic27貿易爭端中國加入世貿組織以后,中國與美國和歐盟通過協商、磋商,已經解決了大量的貿易爭端。中國的傳統是提倡“以和為貴”,做生意就要和氣生財,希望和美國、歐洲的商人能夠和氣相處,能夠共同解決出現的貿易問題。在遇到貿易爭端的時候,一些國家不是尋求妥善解決問題的辦法,而是動輒設限,這種作風無益于解決貿易爭端,也會有損他們的形象。作為禮儀之邦(etiquette)中國一般的做法是首先勸說他們多傾聽大家的意見。SincetheentryintoWTO,ChinahassettlednumeroustradingdisputeswithAmericaandEuropeanUnionthroughconsultationsandnegotiations.Withthetraditionalconceptofharmonyinmind,Chinafirmlybelievesthatharmony,oncerealizedinbusiness,canbringwealth.Therefore,ChinahasbeenexpectingaharmoniousexistencewithAmericanandEuropeanbusinessmenandajointefforttosolvetradingproblems.Confrontedwithtradingdisputes,insteadofseekingoutappropriatesolutions,somecountriesfrequentlysetlimits,whichisnogoodforsolvingproblemsandatthesametimedamagestheirimages.Onthecontrary,China,bearingthenameof“statewithetiquette”,generallytalksthemintolisteningmoretoothers’proposalsfirst.Topic28投資環(huán)境中國正在努力改善其投資環(huán)境以吸引更多外資。迄今為止,中國的對外投資領域已從工業(yè)擴展到金融、房地產(realestate)、外貿及服務業(yè)。根據最新的調查,歐盟對中國的投資迅速上升,然而來自美國的實際投資卻有所下降。東南亞依舊是重要的投資來源,并且投資結構已經有所改善。外國投資者對高科技領域及研發(fā)中心(R&Dcenter)的投資表現出極大的興趣。此外,對通信設備、計算機、電子產品及運輸設備的投資也大幅增加。Chinaisworkinghardtoimproveitsenvironmenttoattractmoreforeigninvestment.Uptonow,foreigninvestmentinChinahasextendedfromindustrytofinance,realestate,foreigntradeandservice.Accordingtothelatestsurvey,theinvestmentfromEuropeanUnionhasincreasedrapidlywhilethatfromAmericahasexperiencedamoderatedecrease.SoutheastAsiaremainsanimportantsourceofforeigninvestment,andthestructureofinvestmenthasbeenimproved.Foreigninvestorsareshowinggreatinterestintheinvestmentofhigh-techfieldsandR&Dcenters.Inaddition,theyhavealsoincreasedsubstantiallytheinvestmentintelecomequipment,computer,electronicsandtransportationequipment.Topic29生態(tài)觀光從20世紀80年代初起,以探險和自然觀光為主題的旅游活動越來越受歡迎。伴隨著全球環(huán)境意識的增強及對多元文化的尊重,生態(tài)觀光(ecotourism)已經成為旅游業(yè)中快速發(fā)展的一個組成部分。度假者可以享受都市里五星級酒店的舒適,可以品味高雅餐廳的宜人,而爬山、徒步旅行則成為另一種誘人的選擇。但是,生態(tài)觀光并不只是到偏遠的(remote)地方旅行,這一概念也強調教育游客去認識當地風土人情和文化遺產。Sincetheearly1980s,tourismcenteringonadventureandnaturalsightseeinghasbecomeincreasinglypopular.Withtheenhancementofglobalenvironmentalconsciousnessandincreasingrespectshownforculturaldiversity,ecotourismhasbecomeoneofthefastestgrowingsectorsofthet

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