基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)2一單元課件

Introduction

IntroductoryQuestionsWhatisthegeneralmeaningoftheword“culture”?Whatdoestheword“culture”meantothosewhostudyhumankind?Howdowelearnthewaysofourculture?Whatleadstotheculturaldifferences?Doyouagreewiththeideathatwhatisbeautifuldiffersfromoneculturetoanother?Ifyes,canyougivesomeexamples?OutlineTheconceptofculturea.anentirewayoflifeofasociety,orofapeopleb.learnedbehaviorratherthaninstinctivebehaviorc.differentcultureswithdifferentpatternsoflifeThediversityofculturea.viewstowardsdifferentculturesb.ideasofwhatisbeautifulindifferentculturesc.waysoftreatingdeadbodiesindifferentcultureConclusion:Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysoflife,whichareneitherrightnorwrong,foritissimplythatdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentways.Paras.1-4Paras.5-7Para8Para2

Instinctivebehaviour,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviourthatananimalisbornwith.

Spidersspinningtheirwebsisanexampleofinstinctivebehaviour.Themotherspiderdoesnotteachherbabieshowtospinwebs.(Infact,sheisnoteventherewhentheyareborn.)Theyknowhowtodoitwhentheyareborn.Thisiswhatwemeanbyinstinctivebehaviour.Para3

Ashumans,welearnsomeofthewaysofourculturebybeingtaughtbyourteachersorparents.Welearnmoreofthewaysofourculturebygrowingupinit.Weseehowotherpeopleinourculturedothings,andwedothemthesameway.Weevenlearnhowtothinkandfeelinthisway.Para4

Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds,suchaseating,drinking,keepingwarmanddry.

However,thewayinwhichtheytakecareoftheseneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup.Allcultureshavewaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marrying,anddealingwithdeath.Thefoodsthatwethinkaregoodtoeat,thekindsofclotheswewear,andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.

Para5

Ourowncultureseemsverynaturaltous.Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem.Otherpeople’sculturesoftenmakeuslaughorfeeldisgustedorshocked.Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous.Manypeoplethinkthateatingoctopusorajuicyredpieceofroastbeefisdisgusting.Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.

Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.

Para7

SummaryoftheTextCultureisnotanythingthatpeopleinagrouparebornwith,butsomethingtheylearneitherbybeingtaughtorbygrowingupinit.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marryinganddealingwithdeath.Ourowncultureseemsnaturaltouswhileotherculturesmaythinkitfunny,strangeorevendisgusting.However,thishasnothingtodowithrightorwrong.第一段“文化”這個(gè)詞有許多不同含義。例如，有時(shí)侯我們說(shuō)懂得藝術(shù)、音樂(lè)、文學(xué)的人是有文化的人。然而，文化這個(gè)詞對(duì)于人類學(xué)家（研究人類的人）來(lái)說(shuō)則具有不同的意思。在他們看來(lái)“文化”這個(gè)詞是指某一群體人們的活動(dòng)、穿著、思維、和感覺(jué)的一切方式。人們得學(xué)會(huì)他們所在群體的文化方式，這種方式不是與生俱來(lái)的。第二段相反，本能行為是動(dòng)物生來(lái)就有的行為模式。蜘蛛織網(wǎng)就是本能行為的例子。母蜘蛛并不教小蜘蛛織網(wǎng)（實(shí)際上，小蜘蛛出生時(shí)母蜘蛛甚至不在場(chǎng)）。它們一出生就知道怎么織網(wǎng)。這就是我們所說(shuō)的本能行為。第三段作為人類，我們受教于我們的老師和父母，學(xué)會(huì)了我們文化中的某些方式。我們?cè)谶@種文化中長(zhǎng)大，學(xué)到了我們文化中更多的方式。我們看到我們文化中的其他人怎樣行事，我們便用同樣的方式行事。我們甚至學(xué)會(huì)用這一方式來(lái)思維和感覺(jué)。第四段所有的人都有某些基本的需要，例如吃、喝、保暖和保持干燥等。然而，我們滿足這些需要的方式取決于我們成長(zhǎng)于其中的文化。所有的文化都有其吃、喝、穿戴、居住、婚嫁和辦理喪事的方式。認(rèn)為什么東西好吃，穿什么樣式的衣服，以及同時(shí)能和多少人結(jié)婚等都是我們文化的組成部分。第五段我們對(duì)于自己的文化似乎是習(xí)以為常。我們從內(nèi)心感到，我們行事的方式是惟一恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｆ渌幕３Ｊ刮覀儼l(fā)笑、感到厭惡或震驚。我們可能會(huì)嘲笑在我們看來(lái)似乎是可笑的衣著。許多人認(rèn)為吃章魚(yú)或吃一片帶血汁的烤牛肉是件很惡心的事。一個(gè)男子可以有不止一個(gè)妻子或兄弟姐妹也可以通婚的觀念會(huì)使其他文化的人不勝驚訝。第七段人死的時(shí)候，不同文化的人用不同的方式處理遺體。有時(shí)將遺體火化，有時(shí)將遺體埋在地下。過(guò)去在許多文化里，人們把食物、武器、珠寶等陰間可能用得到的東西作為培葬品。例如，古代埃及人的培葬品是用泥土做的小人。人們認(rèn)為這些泥人會(huì)在陰間為死者干活。一個(gè)叫帕西的宗教部族卻把尸體放在平臺(tái)上讓鳥(niǎo)兒來(lái)啄食。有些部族實(shí)行第二次殯葬。尸體埋在土中數(shù)年以后，再把尸體挖出來(lái)第二次埋葬，有時(shí)盛在一個(gè)小容器里埋葬。第八段這些僅僅是不同文化中發(fā)現(xiàn)的許多不同習(xí)俗的一部分。在大多數(shù)情況下，不同文化習(xí)俗的不同表現(xiàn)方式并無(wú)正誤之分。只不過(guò)不同的人用不同的方式做同樣的事情而已。Para1

Theword“culture”hasmanydifferentmeanings.Forexample,wesometimessaythatpeoplewhoknowaboutart,music,andliteraturearecultured.However,thewordculturehasadifferentmeaningforanthropologists(peoplewhostudyhumankind).Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.

anthropologist

n.

someonewhoscientificallystudieshumanbeings,theircustoms,beliefsandrelationships人類學(xué)者，人類學(xué)家Para2

Instinctivebehaviour,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviourthatananimalisbornwith.

Spidersspinningtheirwebsisanexampleofinstinctivebehaviour.Themotherspiderdoesnotteachherbabieshowtospinwebs.(Infact,sheisnoteventherewhentheyareborn.)Theyknowhowtodoitwhentheyareborn.Thisiswhatwemeanbyinstinctivebehaviour.spidern.

蜘蛛Para4

Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds,suchaseating,drinking,keepingwarmanddry.

However,thewayinwhichtheytakecareoftheseneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup.Allcultureshavewaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marrying,anddealingwithdeath.Thefoodsthatwethinkaregoodtoeat,thekindsofclotheswewear,andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.

Sheltern.

1.aplacetolive,consideredabasichumanneed

居所，棲身之處

2.aplacewherepeopleareprotectedfrombadweatherordanger

躲避處，隱蔽處Para5

Ourowncultureseemsverynaturaltous.Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem.Otherpeople’sculturesoftenmakeuslaughorfeeldisgustedorshocked.Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous.Manypeoplethinkthateatingoctopusorajuicyredpieceofroastbeefisdisgusting.Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.

octopusn.章魚(yú)Para6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.TheFlatheadIndian扁頭印第安人Para6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.tattoov.

tomarkapermanentpictureorwritingonsomeone’sskinwithaneedleandink紋身，在身上刻花紋n.紋身Para6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.lipn.

oneofthetwosoft,rededgesofthemouthPara6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,

lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.lipstickn.

acoloredsubstancethatwomenputontheirlipstomakethemmoreattractive唇膏Para6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.perfumen.

aliquidwithapleasantsmellwhichisoftenusedontheskin香水，香料Para6

Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.

TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsofbabiesbetweenboardssotheywouldhavelongslopingforeheads.IntheFlatheadculture,longslopingforeheadswerebeautiful.Otherculturesmightthinkthattheyarestrange-lookingandunattractive.Manypeoplecutscarsintotheirbodiesortattoothemselvessothatothersintheirculturewillthinktheyarebeautiful.Objectsareinsertedinholesinthenose,lips,andearsinanumberofdifferentcultures.Inmanytwentieth-centurysocieties,rouge,lipstick,eyeshadow,perfume,andhairsprayareallusedtoincreaseattractiveness.sprayn.liquidwhichisforcedoutofaspecialcontainerinastreamofverysmalldrops噴霧，用作噴霧的液體Para7

Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.

weaponn.

thethingdesignedorusedforcausingphysicalharmWhenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.

Para7

Egyptian埃及人Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.Sometimesbodiesareburned.Sometimesbodiesareburiedintheground.Inmanyculturesinthepast,peoplewereburiedwithfood,weapons,jewellery,andotherthingsthatmightbeusefulinthenextlife.Forexample,theancientEgyptiansburiedpeoplewithlittlehumanfiguresmadefromclay.Theseclayfiguresweresupposedtoworkforthedeadpersonintheotherworld.AreligiousgroupcalledtheParsesexposedtheirdeadonplatformsforbirdstoeat.Somepeoplepracticeasecondburial.Afterthebodieshavebeenintheearthforseveralyears,thebonesaredugupandreburied,sometimesinasmallcontainer.

Para7

TheParsee帕西人（印度）(line3)...arecultured.––arewelleducated/arecultivated.cultured:intelligent,polite,andinterestedinart,literature,musicetc.e.g.

Sheisawell-readandculturedwoman.HisvoicewasculturedandunmistakablyEnglish.(line7)...theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.––...theculturalwaysoftheircommunityarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthecommunityhaveattheirbirth.bebornwith:tohave(something)frombirthe.g.

Oneofthefactorsthatdetermineanindividual’sintelligenceisthesortofbrainheisbornwith.Itissaidthatnoamountofspecialeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.MostpeopleviewHillaryClintonasawomanwhowasbornwithasliverspooninhermouth.(line9)Instinctivebehavior,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviorthatananimalisbornwith.––Instinctivebehavior,however,isasetofbehavioralrulesthatananimalacquiresatitsbirth.

instinctivebehavior:behaviorthatisbasedoninstinctandisnotthoughtabout,plannedordevelopedbytraining.e.g.

Sometimesadogisnotbeingnaughtybutisfollowingitsnaturalinstinctivebehavior.Theymaintainthathumanactionisdifferentfromtheinstinctivebehaviorofanimals,and,therefore,isalwaysguidedbyintelligence.(line9)Instinctivebehavior,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviorthatananimalisbornwith.pattern:thewayinwhichsomethinghappensordevelops

e.g.

Thechildshowedanormalpattern

ofdevelopment.Inthisway,theydeveloppatternsofbehaviorwhichconformtothesocialnorm.cfmodel:1.asmallrepresentationorcopy(ofsomething)e.g.

Onthistableyoucanseeamodelofthenewtheaterthat’sgoingtobebuiltinthistown.Hehasashelffullofmodelsofairplanesthatnevergotbuilt.(line9)Instinctivebehavior,ontheotherhand,isapatternofbehaviorthatananimalisbornwith.cfmodel:2.someoneorsomethingwhichpeoplewanttocopybecausetheyaresuccessfulorhavegoodqualitiese.g.

Itservedasamodelforothercities.Theeducationalsystemwasamodelforthoseofmanyothercountries.(line12)Theyknowhowtodoitwhentheyareborn.––Theyarebornwiththisability.Verbslike“tell,show,know,teach,discuss”,etc.canbefollowedbyaninfinitivephrasebeginningwithquestionwords“how,what,when,where,who”,etc.e.g.

Canyoutellmehowtogothere?(=CanyoutellmehowIcangothere?)Theydon’tknowwheretogo.(=Theydon’tknowwheretheycango.)(line20)Allhumanbeingshavecertainbasicneeds,suchaseating,drinking,keepingwarmanddry.

––Allhumanbeingshavesomemostimportantneeds,forexample…

.basic:mostimportant;onwhicheverythingdepends;fromwhicheverythingelsedevelops e.g.Thesepointsarebasic;withoutthem,theplancannotwork.Manyschoolteachersstillconsiderspellingimportantasabasicskill.(line21)However,thewayinwhichwetakecareoftheseneedsdependsonthecultureinwhichtheygrowup.

––However,howwedealwiththeseneedsisdecidedbytheculture...takecareof:todealwith;dowhatisneededwithe.g.

Ifyoutakegoodcareofyourcar,you’llincreaseitslife.Ifyoudon’tgivemethemoney,I’llsendmyboystotakecareofyou.cf.I’llnevergiveupmyjobuntilthechildrengrowupandcantakecareofthemselves.(tolookafter)Don’tworry.I’lltakecareofthefees.(topayforsomething)(line26)...andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.––…andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatthesametimeareallrelatedtoourculture.atonetime:atthesametime;togethere.g.Mr.Reed’sbillscameallatonetime,andhecouldnotpaythem.Let’sstartthedanceagain,allatonetime.(line26)...andhowmanypeoplewecanmarryatonetimeareallpartsofourculture.cf.

atonetime:atacertaintimeinthepaste.g.Atonetimepeoplethoughtthattheplacebeyondtheriverisnotgoodtolive.AtonetimeIusedtogomountain-climbingeverysummer.cf.

atatime:insequence;separatelye.g.Don’tdoeverythingatonce––takeitabitatatime.Hetossedthepeanutsintohismouthoneatatime.(line28)Wefeelinourheartsthatthewaythatwedothingsistheonlyrightwaytodothem.––Wereallyfeelthat/Itisourbeliefthatourwayofdoingthingsistheonlyrightway./Inourmostsecretandtruethoughtwefeelthatourwayofdoingthingsistheonlyrightway.inone’sheart:inone’sdeepestfeelingse.g.Heknewinhisheartthathewasdoingthewrongthing.Deepinhisheart,hewantedLauraback.Inherheartsheknewthatshewouldonedayleavehomeforherowndream.(line31)Wemaylaughatclothingthatseemsridiculoustous.––Wemaybeamusedbytheabsurdandunreasonablewaypeoplefromadifferentculturedressthemselves.laughat:tobeamusedby;makefunofe.g.

Goaheadandpractise.Nobodywilllaughatyou.I’mafraidtheotherkidswilllaughatmebecauseIdon’tunderstand.Helaughedalittletohimselfathisownfoolishness.(line34)Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.––Peoplefromthecultureinwhichapersoncanhaveonlyonewifeorbrothersandsisterscannotmarryeachotherwillbegreatlyastonishedtobetoldthatamancanmarryseveralwivesatthesametimeandthatbrotherscanbehusbandsoftheirownsisters.Notethat“theidea”isfollowedbyanounclauseintroduceby“that”.Similarusesarefound(line34)Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.withwordssuchasfact,news,belief,claim,hope.e.g.OurdecisiontobuildthemuseuminHartlepoolwasinfluencedbythefactthattherewerenonationalmuseumsintheNorthEast.Severaleveningpaperscarriedthenewsthatacabinetministerwasabouttoresign.Doyouhaveevidencethatthistreatmentworks?Gouldrejectedclaimsthathehadactedirresponsibly.(line34)Theideathatamancanhavemorethanonewifeorthatbrothersandsisterscanmarryeachothermayshockothercultures.shock:tocauseusuallyunpleasantorangrysurpriseto(someone)e.g.Itshockedmetoseehowmyneighborstreatedtheirchildren.Hisexaminationfailureshockedhimintostudyingharder.Theviolenceandbadlanguageintheprogramshockedmanyoftheviewers.

cf.Shegotshockedwhenshetouchedthebarewire.(togiveanelectricshockto)(line36)Ideasofwhatisbeautifuldifferfromoneculturetoanother.––Differentcultureshavedifferentideasofwhatisbeautiful.differfrom:tobeunlike;bedifferentfrom e.g.EnglishpronunciationdiffersfromAmericanpronunciationmuchmorethanEnglishspellingdoesfromAmericanspelling.

cf.

Ihavetodifferwithyouonthatissue.Ideasonchildcaremaydifferbetweenparentsandleadtodisagreement.Thetwolawyersdifferedabouthowtopresentthecase.Wecontinuetodifferontwoaspects.(line36)TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericausedtobindtheheadsof...havelongslopingforeheads.––TheFlatheadIndiansofNorthAmericaoncetiedtheheadof…h(huán)avelongslopingforeheads.bind:totieorfastene.g.Bindtheropefast;wedon’twantittocomeloose.Thesevolumesarebeautifullyboundinbluecloth.Sheboundherhairupwithahandkerchief.slope:tobeatananglesothatoneendorsideishigherthantheothere.g.Doesyourhandwritingslopeforwardorbackward?Ourgardenslopes(down)slightlytotheriver.(line46)Whenpeopledie,differentculturesdisposeoftheirbodiesindifferentways.––Whenpeopledie,thewaytodealwiththeirdeadbodiesdiffersfromoneculturetoanother.disposeof:tofinishwith;getridofe.g.Thecommitteedisposedofallitsbusinessinanhour.Youmustdisposeofthegarbagebeforeyouleave.cf.John’sfatherwantstodisposeoftheiroldhouseand