基礎(chǔ)統(tǒng)計學(xué)簡介英文版

Chapter11ChapterOneWhatisStatistics?ONEUnderstandwhywestudystatistics.TWOExplainwhatismeantbydescriptivestatisticsandinferentialstatistics.THREEDistinguishbetweenaqualitativevariableandaquantitativevariable.FOUR

Distinguishbetweenadiscretevariableandacontinuousvariable.FIVEDistinguishamongthenominal,ordinal,interval,andratiolevels

ofmeasurement.SIXDefinethetermsmutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.GOALSWhenyouhavecompletedthischapter,youwillbeableto:2Whystudystatistics?NumericalinfoiseverywhereButhowdoweknowifconclusionsreportedareaccurate?StatisticaltechniquesareusedtomakedecisionsthataffectourlivesThisiswhyyoungerpeoplepaymoreforinsurance…KnowledgeofstatisticalmethodsatleasthelpsyouunderstandwhydecisionsaremadeInfutureyouwillmakedecisionsthatinvolvedata3WhatisMeantbyStatistics?

Statistics

isthescienceofcollecting,organizing,presenting,analyzing,andinterpretingnumericaldatatoassistinmakingmoreeffectivedecisions.

Incommonusagestatisticsreferstonumericalinformation…..Butinthiscoursethetermhasawidermeaning….4WhoUsesStatistics?

Statisticaltechniquesareusedextensivelybymanagersinmarketing,accounting,qualitycontrol,consumers,professionalsportspeople,hospitaladministrators,educators,politicians,physicians,gamblers,etc...5TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE1:AGalluppollfoundthat49%ofthepeopleinasurveyknewthenameofthefirstbookoftheBible.Thestatistic49describesthenumberoutofevery100personswhoknewtheanswer.6TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE2:AccordingtoConsumerReports,GeneralElectricwashingmachineownersreported9problemsper100machinesduring2002.Thestatistic9describesthenumberofproblemsoutofevery100machines.7TypesofStatistics

DescriptiveStatistics:Methodsoforganizing,summarizing,andpresentingdatainaninformativeway.EXAMPLE3:TheCanadiangovernmentreportsthatthepopulationofCanadawas18,238,000in1961,21,568,000in1971,24,820,000in1981,28,031,000in1991,and31,050,700in2001.Ifwecalculatepercentagegrowthoverthedecadesitisalsodescriptivestatistics.8TypesofStatistics

InferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.

O

EXAMPLE1:IntheprecedingexampleonCanadianpopulationchanges,ifyouusethepastdatatoforecastthepopulationofCanadaintheyear2010orexpectedpercentageofgrowthfrom2000to2010,thenthisisconsideredinferentialstatistics.9TypesofStatistics

InferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.

EXAMPLE2:Theaccountingdepartmentofalargefirmwillselectasampleoftheinvoicestocheckforaccuracyforalltheinvoicesofthecompany.10TypesofStatisticsInferentialStatistics:Themethodsusedtodeterminesomethingaboutapopulation,basedonasample.EXAMPLE3:Winetasterssipafewdropsofwinetomakeadecisionwithrespecttoallthewinewaitingtobereleasedforsale.11Populationvs.SamplePopulationistheentiresetofindividualsorobjectsofinterestorthemeasurementsobtainedfromallindividualsorobjectsofinterest.Sampleisaportion,orpart,ofthepopulationofinterest12Seealsop.7Population:AllitemsSample:Itemsselectedfromthepopulation13NB:don’tconfusepopulationinstatisticswithacountry’spopulation!ApopulationmightconsistofallthepeopleinNanaimobutalsomaymeanthePEratiosforallchemicalstocks,ortotalassetsofthe20largestbanksinNorthAmerica,totalcollectionofprices,ages,squarefootageofretailspaceinNanaimo,andsoon.14TypesofVariablesForaQualitativeorAttributevariablethecharacteristicbeingstudiedisnonnumeric.EXAMPLES:Gender,religiousaffiliation,typeofautomobileowned,countryofbirth,eyecolourareexamples.15TypesofVariablesInaQuantitativevariableinformationisreportednumerically.EXAMPLES:balanceinyourchequingaccount,minutesremaininginclass,ornumberofchildreninafamily.16TypesofVariablesQuantitativevariablescanbeclassifiedaseitherdiscreteorcontinuous.Discretevariables:canonlyassumecertainvaluesandthereareusually““gaps””betweenvalues.EXAMPLE:thenumberofbedroomsinahouse,orthenumberofhammerssoldatthelocalHomeDepot(1,2,3,………Thusdiscretevariablesresultfromcounting.17TypesofVariablesAcontinuousvariablecanassumeanyvaluewithinaspecifiedrange.Examplesare:Thepressureinatire,theweightofaporkchop,ortheheightofstudentsinaclass.Typically,continuousvariablesaretheresultofmeasuringsomething.18SummaryofTypesofVariables19LevelsofMeasurementDatamaybeclassifiedintofourclassesorlevelsofmeasurement:nominal,ordinal,interval,andratio.Nominallevel:Datathatisclassifiedandcounted.EXAMPLES:eyecolour,gender,religiousaffiliation.20LevelsofMeasurementMutuallyexclusive:Anindividual,object,ormeasurementisincludedinonlyonecategory.Exhaustive:Eachindividual,object,ormeasurementmustappearinoneofthecategories.Nominaldatahavenoparticularorderorrankandaremutuallyexclusive.21MaritalStatus2000(population15yearsandolder)StatusNumberSingle(nevermarried)7,285,560Married(legally,separated,common-law)14,614,564Divorced1,452,000Widowed1,527,075Total24,879,199Thesedataareanominallevelofmeasurementbecauseitcanonlybeclassifiedintoclassesandtheorderofthemaritalstatusisnotimportant.Theclassesarealsomutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.22LevelsofMeasurementOrdinallevel:involvesdataarrangedinsomeorder,butthedifferencesbetweendatavaluescannotbedeterminedoraremeaningless.EXAMPLE:Duringatastetestof4softdrinks,MountainDewwasrankednumber1,Spritenumber2,Seven-upnumber3,andOrangeCrushnumber4.23LevelsofMeasurementIntervallevelissimilartotheordinallevel,withtheadditionalpropertythatmeaningfulamountsofdifferencesbetweendatavaluescanbedetermined.Thereisnonaturalzeropoint.EXAMPLE:TemperatureontheCelsiusscale.0degreesdoesnotrepresenttheabsenceoftemperature,justthatitiscold!24LevelsofMeasurementRatiolevelistheintervallevelwithaninherentzerostartingpoint.Differencesandratiosaremeaningfulforthislevelofmeasurement.EXAMPLES:Monthlyincomeofsurgeons,ordistancetraveledbymanufacturer’srepresentativespermonth.252627282930ChapterOneWhatisStatistics?ONEUnderstandwhywestudystatistics.TWOExplainwhatismeantbydescriptivestatisticsandinferentialstatistics.THREEDistinguishbetweenaqualitativevariableandaquantitativevariable.FOURDistinguishbetweenadiscretevariableandacontinuousvariable.FIVEDistinguishamongthenominal,ordinal,interval,andratiolevels

ofmeasurement.SIXDefinethetermsmutuallyexclusiveandexhaustive.GOALSWhenyouhavecompletedthischapter,youwillbeableto:319、靜夜四無無鄰，荒居居舊業(yè)貧。。。12月-2212月-22Friday,December23,202210、雨中黃葉葉樹，燈下下白頭人。。。07:03:4607:03:4607:0312/23/20227:03:46AM11、以以我我獨獨沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相見見頻頻。。。。12月月-2207:03:4607:03Dec-2223-Dec-2212、故人江江海別，，幾度隔隔山川。。。07:03:4607:03:4607:03Friday,December23,202213、乍見翻翻疑夢，，相悲各各問年。。。12月-2212月-2207:03:4707:03:47December23,202214、他鄉(xiāng)生生白發(fā)，，舊國見見青山。。。23十十二月20227:03:47上午午07:03:4712月-2215、比不不了得得就不不比，，得不不到的的就不不要。。。。十二月月227:03上上午午12月月-2207:03December23,202216、行動動出成成果，，工作作出財財富。。。2022/12/237:03:4707:03:4723December202217、做前前，能能夠環(huán)環(huán)視四四周；；做時時，你你只能能或者者最好好沿著著以腳腳為起起點的的射線線向前前。。。7:03:47上上午7:03上上午午07:03:4712月月-229、沒有有失敗敗，只只有暫暫時停停止成成功?。　?2月月-2212月月-22Friday,December23,202210、很多多事情情努力力了未未必有有結(jié)果果，但但是不不努力力卻什什么改改變也也沒有有。。。07:03:4707:03:4707:0312/23/20227:03:47AM11、成功功就是是日復(fù)復(fù)一日日那一一點點點小小小努力力的積積累。。。12月月-2207:03:4707:03Dec-2223-Dec-2212、世世間間成成事事，，不不求求其其絕絕對對圓圓滿滿，，留留一一份份不不足足，，可可得得無無限限完完美美。。。。07:03:4707:03:4707:03Friday,December23,202213、不不知知香香積積寺寺，，數(shù)數(shù)里里入入云云峰峰。。。。12月月-2212月月-2207:03:4707:03:47December23,202214、意志堅堅強的人人能把世世界放在在手中像像泥塊一一樣任意意揉捏。。23十十二月20227:03:47上午午07:03:4712月-2215、楚楚塞塞三三湘湘接接，，荊荊門門九九派派通通。。。。。十二二月月227:03上上午午12月月-2207:03December23,202216、少年十十五二十十時，步步行奪得得胡馬騎騎。。2022/12/237:03:4707:03:4723December202217、空山山新雨雨后，，天氣氣晚來來秋。。。7:03:47上上午7:03上上午午07:03:4712月月-229、楊柳散散和風(fēng)，，