英語詞匯學-Chapter1分析課件

EnglishLexicology:ANewCoursebookEnglishLexicology:ANewCours12SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．-----（exocentriccompound離心復(fù)合詞）Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬類）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffins熱松餅，美式早餐/英式午茶糕點)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance(炸薯條);再如：Frenchwindow-----(idioms)落地窗，takeFrenchleaveFrenchgrey不辭而別，淺灰色GoDuntchDutchwife→MidwifeAA制竹枕

助產(chǎn)士；促成因素

2SomeInterestingFactsTherei2名詞性向心復(fù)合詞和形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞的中心成分是從動詞派生出來的，因此也叫做動詞性復(fù)合詞或綜合復(fù)合詞、第一個成員通常是動詞過程的參與者。請看下面的例子：

名詞形容詞

self－control（自制）eye－entertaining（非常悅目的）

pain－killer（鎮(zhèn)痛劑）bullet－resistant（防彈的）

core－meaning（核心意義）virus－sensitive（對病毒敏感的）

foot－warmer（腳爐）machinewashable（能機洗的）

sun－tanned（被太陽曬黑的）diseaseinhibitory（抑制病毒的）名詞性向心復(fù)合詞和形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞的中心成分是從動詞派生出3離心復(fù)合詞主要是用來修飾人的一個特性。舉更多的例子來看看

離心的名詞性復(fù)合詞由V＋N、V＋A和V＋P構(gòu)成，而離心的形容詞性復(fù)合詞由V＋N和V＋A構(gòu)成。

名詞形容詞

scarecrow（稻草人）takehome（實得的，可以帶回家的）

playboy（花花公子）lackluster（無光澤的）

cutthroat（兇手）breakneck（非常危險的）

get－together（聯(lián)歡會）come－h(huán)ither（吸引人的）

sit－down（靜坐抗議）beat－up（破舊的）

breakthrough（突破）runaway（逃亡的）

run－up（抬高）walk－in（未經(jīng)預(yù)約而來的）離心復(fù)合詞主要是用來修飾人的一個特性。舉更多的例子來看看45Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？小?；蛐⊙虻膬?nèi)臟InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxing

rings(拳擊賽臺)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriters

write,butfingersdon'tfing，grocers

don'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(駝鹿),twomeese?(復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteachers

taught,whydidn'tpreacher

praught?(preached)5Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜56Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(動詞與動詞的功能差異；為什么演話劇時人們要朗誦，而在獨奏會上卻要演奏：----（polysemy)一詞多義Havenosesthatrun流鼻涕andfeetthatsmell----（polysemy）?Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?（美國的房子周圍有driveway(入戶的車道)：私人車道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame（機會渺茫）,whileawiseman聰明人andawiseguy自作聰明的人areopposites?6Ifavegetarianeatsvegetabl67Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.----(metaphor)Youfillin(填寫)aformbyfillingitout(填寫).。------------(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoff（鬧鐘響）bygoingon（鬧鐘走）

．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?---（polysemy）7Whenahouseburnsup,itbum78

Englishisacrazylanguage,fullofwondersandattractions,thusmakingitaninterestingsubjectaswellasausefulone.8Englishisacrazylanguage,8Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislanguage?Languageisa9Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.語言學（linguistics）是以人類語言為研究對象的學科，探索范圍包括語言的性質(zhì)、功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、運用和歷史發(fā)展，以及其他與語言有關(guān)的問題。語言學被普遍定義為對語言的一種科學化、系統(tǒng)化的理論研究。并且語言是人類最重要的交際工具

，是思想的直接體現(xiàn)。Whatislinguistics?Generally10Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inotherwords,astudyofEnglishlexicologyisactuallyastudyoftheEnglishvocabulary,ortheEnglishwords.Whatislexicology?Lexicology11Aimsofthecourse:OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.Aimsofthecourse:Offeranin12

Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.

Thesignificanceofthe13RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、盧曉娟，1997，《英語詞匯學教程》。上海：上海外語教育出版社。林承璋,2005,《英語語言學引論》。武漢：武漢大學出版社。林福美，1985，《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學》。合肥：安徽教育出版社。張維友，1999《英語詞匯學》。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。張韻斐、周錫卿，1986，《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學概論》（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）。北京：北京師范大學出版社。Nation,I.S.P.1990.TeachingandLearningVocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.Nation,I.S.P.2001.LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage.Cambridge:CUP.RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、盧曉娟，114Chapter1IntroducingLexicology1.1TheScopeofLexicology①theformationofwords

②theapplicationofwords詞匯學研究范圍十分廣泛，包括詞的界定、詞的形態(tài)和構(gòu)成、詞的意義、詞與詞之間的意義關(guān)系、詞義與語境的關(guān)系、成語的構(gòu)成和使用、詞典的類型和使用、詞匯的發(fā)展史、詞匯與文化的關(guān)系、詞匯頻率統(tǒng)計、詞匯教學等諸多領(lǐng)域。傳統(tǒng)的詞匯學有詞源學、成語學、詞典學、專名學、方言學等分支學科。Chapter1IntroducingLexicolo151.2TheSignificanceofStudyingVocabularyOnthebasiclevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletoseetheamazingtransformationsofwords,andwhichcorrelateandinteractwitheachother.Onanadvancedlevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletodiscerntheoverwhelmingstrengthsofwordsthatcanpurify,enliven,andglamorizecommonexpressions.1.2TheSignificanceofStudyi161.3LexicologyandLinguisticStudies1.3.1Lexicology,Phonetics,andPhonology詞匯學與語音學、音韻學Phonetics---研究語言的自然屬性,人是如何發(fā)出聲音的,音與音之間如何組合,如何分類等等.thestudyofthecharacteristicsofhumansoundsusedinspeechPhonology---從功能角度出發(fā),對出現(xiàn)在某種特定語言中的語音及組合、分布規(guī)律進行研究的語言學分支.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlingusticcommunication1.3LexicologyandLinguistic17Phoneticsandphonologyareusefulforetymologists(詞源（語源）學家)inthestudyofwords’originsandtheirchangesinformsandmeanings.Phoneticsandphonologyareus181.3.2LexicologyandMorphology詞匯學與形態(tài)學Morphologyisthestudyofthemeaning-bearingunitofword(morphemes)andthegoverningrules.Morpheme詞素Whatismorpheme?Sun,book,fine,eat,well---EachisamorphemeInternationalizationInter+nation+al+iz[e]+ationEachisamorphemeAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.1.3.2LexicologyandMorpholog19Morpholgyiswordgrammarwithmeaning,whilelexicologyiswordsemanticswithform.Morphology是語法學的一個分支，研究單詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則。

形態(tài)學有兩個分支：曲折形態(tài)學和詞匯或派生形態(tài)學。曲折形態(tài)學研究語法曲折和語法意義的形態(tài)學；派生形態(tài)學研究單詞的構(gòu)成和詞義的表達。Morpholgyiswordgrammarwith201.3.3LexicologyandSemantics詞匯學與語義學Semantics---itcanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Lexicalsemanticsdealswiththemeaningofwordsandthemeaningrelationsthatareinternaltothevocabularyofalanguage.1.3.3LexicologyandSemantics211.3.4LexicologyandGrammar詞匯學與語法（lexico-grammar）（grammar-lexicalogy）Bothofthemfocuson“word”:ingrammar,allwordsbelongtocertainpartsofspeechandfollowcertaingrammarrules;inlexicology,wordshavegrammaticalmeanings,andanywordcanperformagrammaticalfunctionoroccurincertaingrammaticalpatterns.1.3.4LexicologyandGrammar詞22Theensentialdifferencebetweengrammarandlexicologyisthattheformerdealswiththeformsandstructuresofwordsandthelatterwithmeaningsofwords.Grammardealswithrulesandregularitiesthatapplytoclassesofwordsasawhole,whereaslexicologyisconcernedwiththewayindividualwordsoperateandaffectotherwordsinthesamecontext.Theensentialdifferencebetwe231.3.5LexicologyandStylistics詞匯學與文體學Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.文體學就是一門教我們怎么使用語言，怎么應(yīng)用不同風格的語言的一門學科。1.3.5LexicologyandStylistic24Theknowledgeofconnotationsandhistoryofwords,theimageofwordroots,andtheirstylisticpropertyisthedomainoflexicology,whichisveryusefulinthestudyofstylistics.Theknowledgeofconnotation251.3.6LexicologyandSociolinguistics詞匯學與社會語言學Thesocialnatureoflanguageanditscorrelationwithitsvocabularyarewherelexicologyandsociolinguisticsinteract.Sociolinguisticsisabranchofsciencewhichdealswithcovariation(相關(guān)作用)ofsocialchangesandlanguagechanges.1.3.6LexicologyandSocioling261.4ResearchMethodsinLexicology對詞匯可以進行歷時研究(diachronicapproach):我們可以從歷時角度研究英語詞匯的來源、形成過程和發(fā)展變化。英語詞匯發(fā)展史通常與英語語言發(fā)展歷史密切關(guān)聯(lián)。中古英語諾曼征服和諾曼統(tǒng)治法語法語借詞

1.4ResearchMethodsinLexico27共時研究(synchronicapproach)共時研究關(guān)注同一歷史發(fā)展時期英語詞匯在不同地域的變化和發(fā)展。英國的殖民擴張殖民地的獨立美國的崛起英語逐漸成為更多國家的官方語言和第二語言。英語變體共時研究(synchronicapproach)28歷時比較：歷時比較語言學19世紀詞匯比較共時比較：英語詞匯國別變體比較雙語詞匯比較歷時比較：歷時比較語言學29EnglishLexicology:ANewCoursebookEnglishLexicology:ANewCours3031SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．-----（exocentriccompound離心復(fù)合詞）Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬類）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffins熱松餅，美式早餐/英式午茶糕點)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance(炸薯條);再如：Frenchwindow-----(idioms)落地窗，takeFrenchleaveFrenchgrey不辭而別，淺灰色GoDuntchDutchwife→MidwifeAA制竹枕

助產(chǎn)士；促成因素

2SomeInterestingFactsTherei31名詞性向心復(fù)合詞和形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞的中心成分是從動詞派生出來的，因此也叫做動詞性復(fù)合詞或綜合復(fù)合詞、第一個成員通常是動詞過程的參與者。請看下面的例子：

名詞形容詞

self－control（自制）eye－entertaining（非常悅目的）

pain－killer（鎮(zhèn)痛劑）bullet－resistant（防彈的）

core－meaning（核心意義）virus－sensitive（對病毒敏感的）

foot－warmer（腳爐）machinewashable（能機洗的）

sun－tanned（被太陽曬黑的）diseaseinhibitory（抑制病毒的）名詞性向心復(fù)合詞和形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞的中心成分是從動詞派生出32離心復(fù)合詞主要是用來修飾人的一個特性。舉更多的例子來看看

離心的名詞性復(fù)合詞由V＋N、V＋A和V＋P構(gòu)成，而離心的形容詞性復(fù)合詞由V＋N和V＋A構(gòu)成。

名詞形容詞

scarecrow（稻草人）takehome（實得的，可以帶回家的）

playboy（花花公子）lackluster（無光澤的）

cutthroat（兇手）breakneck（非常危險的）

get－together（聯(lián)歡會）come－h(huán)ither（吸引人的）

sit－down（靜坐抗議）beat－up（破舊的）

breakthrough（突破）runaway（逃亡的）

run－up（抬高）walk－in（未經(jīng)預(yù)約而來的）離心復(fù)合詞主要是用來修飾人的一個特性。舉更多的例子來看看3334Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？小?；蛐⊙虻膬?nèi)臟InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxing

rings(拳擊賽臺)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriters

write,butfingersdon'tfing，grocers

don'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(駝鹿),twomeese?(復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteachers

taught,whydidn'tpreacher

praught?(preached)5Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜3435Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(動詞與動詞的功能差異；為什么演話劇時人們要朗誦，而在獨奏會上卻要演奏：----（polysemy)一詞多義Havenosesthatrun流鼻涕andfeetthatsmell----（polysemy）?Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?（美國的房子周圍有driveway(入戶的車道)：私人車道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame（機會渺茫）,whileawiseman聰明人andawiseguy自作聰明的人areopposites?6Ifavegetarianeatsvegetabl3536Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.----(metaphor)Youfillin(填寫)aformbyfillingitout(填寫).。------------(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoff（鬧鐘響）bygoingon（鬧鐘走）

．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?---（polysemy）7Whenahouseburnsup,itbum3637

Englishisacrazylanguage,fullofwondersandattractions,thusmakingitaninterestingsubjectaswellasausefulone.8Englishisacrazylanguage,37Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislanguage?Languageisa38Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.語言學（linguistics）是以人類語言為研究對象的學科，探索范圍包括語言的性質(zhì)、功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、運用和歷史發(fā)展，以及其他與語言有關(guān)的問題。語言學被普遍定義為對語言的一種科學化、系統(tǒng)化的理論研究。并且語言是人類最重要的交際工具

，是思想的直接體現(xiàn)。Whatislinguistics?Generally39Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inotherwords,astudyofEnglishlexicologyisactuallyastudyoftheEnglishvocabulary,ortheEnglishwords.Whatislexicology?Lexicology40Aimsofthecourse:OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.Aimsofthecourse:Offeranin41

Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.

Thesignificanceofthe42RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、盧曉娟，1997，《英語詞匯學教程》。上海：上海外語教育出版社。林承璋,2005,《英語語言學引論》。武漢：武漢大學出版社。林福美，1985，《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學》。合肥：安徽教育出版社。張維友，1999《英語詞匯學》。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。張韻斐、周錫卿，1986，《現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學概論》（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）。北京：北京師范大學出版社。Nation,I.S.P.1990.TeachingandLearningVocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.Nation,I.S.P.2001.LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage.Cambridge:CUP.RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、盧曉娟，143Chapter1IntroducingLexicology1.1TheScopeofLexicology①theformationofwords

②theapplicationofwords詞匯學研究范圍十分廣泛，包括詞的界定、詞的形態(tài)和構(gòu)成、詞的意義、詞與詞之間的意義關(guān)系、詞義與語境的關(guān)系、成語的構(gòu)成和使用、詞典的類型和使用、詞匯的發(fā)展史、詞匯與文化的關(guān)系、詞匯頻率統(tǒng)計、詞匯教學等諸多領(lǐng)域。傳統(tǒng)的詞匯學有詞源學、成語學、詞典學、專名學、方言學等分支學科。Chapter1IntroducingLexicolo441.2TheSignificanceofStudyingVocabularyOnthebasiclevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletoseetheamazingtransformationsofwords,andwhichcorrelateandinteractwitheachother.Onanadvancedlevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletodiscerntheoverwhelmingstrengthsofwordsthatcanpurify,enliven,andglamorizecommonexpressions.1.2TheSignificanceofStudyi451.3LexicologyandLinguisticStudies1.3.1Lexicology,Phonetics,andPhonology詞匯學與語音學、音韻學Phonetics---研究語言的自然屬性,人是如何發(fā)出聲音的,音與音之間如何組合,如何分類等等.thestudyofthecharacteristicsofhumansoundsusedinspeechPhonology---從功能角度出發(fā),對出現(xiàn)在某種特定語言中的語音及組合、分布規(guī)律進行研究的語言學分支.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlingusticcommunication1.3LexicologyandLinguistic46Phoneticsandphonologyareusefulforetymologists(詞源（語源）學家)inthestudyofwords’originsandtheirchangesinformsandmeanings.Phoneticsandphonologyareus471.3.2LexicologyandMorphology詞匯學與形態(tài)學Morphologyisthestudyofthemeaning-bearingunitofword(morphemes)andthegoverningrules.Morpheme詞素Whatismorpheme?Sun,book,fine,eat,well---EachisamorphemeInternationalizationInter+nation+al+iz[e]+ationEachisamorphemeAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.1.3.2LexicologyandMorpholog48Morpholgyiswordgrammarwithmeaning,whilelexicologyiswordsemanticswithform.Morphology是語法學的一個分支，研究單詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則。

形態(tài)學有兩個分支：曲折形態(tài)學和詞匯或派生形態(tài)學。曲折形態(tài)學研究語法曲折和語法意義的形態(tài)學；派生形態(tài)學研究單詞的構(gòu)成和詞義的表達。Morpholgyiswordgrammarwith491.3.3LexicologyandSemantics詞匯學與語義學Semantics---itcanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Lexicalsemanticsdealswiththemeaningofwordsandthemeaningrelationsthatareinternaltothevocabularyofalanguage.1.3.3LexicologyandSemantics501.3.4LexicologyandGrammar詞匯學與語法（lexico-grammar）（grammar-lexicalogy）Bothofthemfocuson“word”:ingrammar,allwordsbelongtocertainpartsofspeechandfollowcertaingrammarrules;inlexicology,wordsh