生產與運作管理13

生產與運作管理

ProductionandOperations

Management第二章設施設計DesignofFacilities第二章設施與作業(yè)設計

（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）

設施布置（FacilityLayout）*作業(yè)設計（JobDesign）

第一節(jié)設施位置選擇（FacilityLocation）設施位置決策（Decision）設施位置選擇的因素（Considerations）設施位置分析方法（Methods）InGeneral-LocationDecisionsLong-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecostsTransportationcostAsmuchas25%ofproductpriceOthercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:MaximizebenefitoflocationtofirmIndustrialLocationDecisionsCostfocusRevenuevarieslittle

betweenlocationsLocationisamajor

costfactorAffectsshipping&

productioncosts(e.g.,labor)Costsvarygreatlybetween

locationsServiceLocationDecisionsRevenuefocusCostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajor

revenuefactorAffectsamountof

customercontactAffectsvolumeof

businessLocationDecisionSequenceCountryRegion/CommunitySiteFactorsAffectingLocation資源（人力、原材料、能源、資本、土地的價格及其供應狀況）運輸（費用及其設施狀況）市場（需求量、結構、競爭、價格、顧客分布及其需求特點）建筑（費用及其條件）；稅收、保險（種類、政策及其水平）；自然條件（氣候、地理位置、地質狀況）；經濟條件（基礎設施、生活質量）；社會條件（文化習俗、公眾態(tài)度）；政治條件（政府政策及其態(tài)度、政治穩(wěn)定）。LocationEvaluationMethodsFactor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodelFactor-RatingMethodMostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactorsIntangible(qualitative)factorsExample:Educationquality,laborskillsTangible(quantitative)factorsExample:Short-run&long-runcostsExample：FactorRatingMethodMethodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsStepsDeterminefixed&variablecostsforeachlocationPlottotalcostforeachlocationSelectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolumeMustbeabovebreak-evenLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExampleYou’reananalystforACDelco.You’reconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?LocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart050000100000150000200000050010001500200025003000VolumeAnnualCostAkronChicagoBowlingGreenAkronlowestcostBowlingGreenlowestcostChicagolowestcostCenterofGravityMethodFindslocationofsingledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsidersLocationofexistingdestinationsExample:Markets,retailersetc.VolumetobeshippedShippingdistance(orcost)Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstantCenterofGravityMethodStepsPlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategridGridhasarbitraryorigin&scaleMaintainsrelativedistancesCalculatex&ycoordinatesfor‘‘centerofgravity’GiveslocationofdistributioncenterMinimizestransportationcostMinimizestransportationcostCenterofgravityExamplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002000x*=66.7y*=93.3TransportationModelFindsamounttobeshippedfromseveralsourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodelObjective:Minimizetotalproduction

&shippingcostsConstraintsProductioncapacityatsource(factory)DemandrequirementatdestinationExample：TransportationModel在S4的最優(yōu)結果在S5的最優(yōu)結果在S6的最優(yōu)結果最優(yōu)廠址S4——34698S5——34867S6——34818S4：最優(yōu)廠廠址第二節(jié)設施布置（FacilityLayout））布置的目標(Objectives)布置的類型(Type)布置的方法(Methods)WhatisFacilityLayoutLocationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximizeCustomersatisfactionUtilizationofspace,equipment,&peopleEfficientflowofinformation,material,&peopleEmployeemorale&safetyConstraintsonLayoutObjectivesProductdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsite重新布置的具具體原因(Reasons)（１）低效率率的作業(yè)（例例如，高費用用、瓶頸）。。（２）安全全事故或危危險。（３）新產產品或服務務的引進。。（４）產品品或服務設設計的變化化。（５）新新工藝的引引進，原有有工藝的改改進。（６）產產量或產品品組合的變變化（７）方方法或設備備的變化。。（８）環(huán)環(huán)境或其他他法規(guī)要求求的變化。。（9））士氣問題題（例如，，缺乏面對對面的接觸觸）。布置的基本本類型(BasicTypeofLayouts)Process-orientedlayoutdealswithlow-volume,high-varietyproduction(““jobshop”,intermittentproduction)Product-orientedlayoutseeksthebestpersonnelandmachineuseinrepetitiveorcontinuousproductionFixed-positionlayoutlargebulkyprojectssuchasshipsandbuildings面向過程布布置(Process-OrientedLayout)按加工處理理的工藝性性質分別設設置相應的的生產單位位，使產品品或顧客依依次經過相相應的各生生產單位接接受所需的的特殊的加加工處理或或服務。一個生產單單位是一種種工藝性質質的設備、、工人等的的集合體，，進行一種種工藝性質質的加工處處理或服務務。它能處理各各種具有不不同加工要要求的但加加工性質相相同的產品品或服務。。面向產品布布置(Product-OrientedLayout)按產品或顧顧客的性質質分別設置置相應的生生產單位，，使某種產產品或顧客客在一個生生產作業(yè)單單位里的得得到所需的的幾乎全部部的加工或或服務。一個生產作作業(yè)單位是是多種工藝藝性質的設設備、工人人等的集合合體，進行行規(guī)定的各各種工藝性性質的工或或處理。它是借助于于高度標準準化的產品品或服務及及其所需用用的高度標標準化的作作業(yè)得以實實現(xiàn)的。一一項工作被被劃分成一一系列的標標準作業(yè)，，以實現(xiàn)勞勞動和設備備的專業(yè)化化。固定位置布布置(Fixed-PositionLayout)產品或項目目的位置保保持不變，，而人員、、物料和設設備在需要要時移動的的布置。它與面向產產品布置和和面向工藝藝（過程））布置截然然相反，是是人員、物物料和設備備向“產品品”移動，，而不是相相反。產品的特點點決定了這這種布置，，大的重量量、尺寸、、體積、以以及其他因因素致使產產品或對象象不適宜或或極其難以以移動，而而必須采用用這種布置置方式。JobShopLayoutEmergencyRoomLayoutSurgeryRadiologyE.R.bedsPharmacyBilling/exitE.R.TriageroomE.R.AdmissionsPatientB-erraticpacemakerPatientA-brokenlegHallwayRepetitiveLayout13245WorkOfficeBeltConveyorWorkStationNote:5tasksoroperations;3workstationsWorkStationStationStepsinDevelopinga

Process-OrientedLayoutConstructa““from-tomatrix”DeterminespacerequirementsforeachdepartmentDevelopaninitialschematicdiagramDeterminethecostofthislayoutBytrial-and-error(ormoresophisticatedmeans),trytoimprovetheinitiallayoutPrepareadetailedplanthatevaluatesfactorsinadditiontotransportationcostCostofProcess-OrientedLayout面向工藝布布置，按已已設計的工工藝流程，，根據(jù)工藝藝性質的不不同，劃分分出若干個個生產單位位，然后確確定各生產產單位的相相對空間位位置。主要問題：：確定各生生產單位的的相對位置置，使其相相互之間的的總運輸量量或費用最最小，即InterdepartmentalFlowofParts:from-tomatrix12345612345650100002030501002001005000PossibleLayout1Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads11005030102050201005023456C=(50+200+40)+(30+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$570PossibleLayout2Room1 Room2 Room2Room4 Room5 Room6InterdepartmentalFlowGraphShowingNumberofWeeklyLoads21005030102050201005013456C=(50+100+20)+(60+50+10)+(40+100)+(50)=$480ComputerProgramstoAssistinLayoutCRAFTSPACECRAFTCRAFT3-DMULTIPLECORELAPALDEPCOFADFADES-expertsystemRelationshipChart1PresidentO2CostingUAA3EngineeringIO4President’sSecretary1234A=AbsolutelynecessaryE=EspeciallyimportantI=ImportantO=OrdinaryU=UnimportantX=NotDesirableProduct-OrientedRequirementsStandardizedproductHighproductionvolumeStableproductionquantitiesUniformqualityofrawmaterials&componentsProduct-OrientedLayoutTypesAssemblesfabricatedpartsUsesworkstationRepetitiveprocessPacedbytasksBalancedbymovingtasksBuildscomponentsUsesseriesofmachinesRepetitiveprocessMachinepacedBalancedbyphysicalredesignFabricationLineAssemblyLineAssemblyLineBalancingAnalysisofproductionlinesNearlyequallydividesworkbetweenworkstationswhilemeetingrequiredoutputObjectivesMaximizeefficiencyMinimizenumberofworkstationsAssemblyLineBalancingSteps1. Determinetasks(operations)2. Determinesequence3. Drawprecedencediagram4. Estimatetasktimes5. Calculatecycletime6. Assigntasks7. Calculatenumberofworkstations8. CalculateefficiencyAssemblyLineBalancingEquationsCycletime,CT=Productiontimeavailable

DemandperdayMinimumnumberofworkstationsTasktimesCycletimeNmin=Efficiency,BE=Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)BalanceDelay,BD=1—Tasktimes*(Cycletime)(Actualnumberofworkstations)可行的作業(yè)業(yè)分配分配給每個個工作地的的作業(yè)，必必須：（1）滿足足作業(yè)之間間的優(yōu)先(precedence)關關系；（2）分配配給每個工工作地的作作業(yè)的時間間之和必須須不大于周周期時間。。LayoutHeuristicsforAssigningTasksinAssemblyLineBalancingLongesttasktime-choosetaskwithlongestoperationtimeMostfollowingtasks-choosetaskwithlargestnumberoffollowingtasksRankedpositionalweight-choosetaskwherethesumofthetimesforeachfollowingtaskislongestShortesttasktime-choosetaskwithshortestoperationtimeLeastnumberoffollowingtasks-choosetaskwithfewestsubsequenttasksRandom–choosetaskrandomlyExampleTaskABCDEFGHITime(min.)1011541237113Taskmustfollow--ABBAC,DFEG,HABEHCDFGI10Min.51112373411480productivemin.,complete40units,eachday.ExampleExampleC=12min.LongesttasktimeABEHCDFGI10Min.51112