《英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)》第一章課件

ChapterOne

IntroductiontoEnglishRhetoric

EnglishRhetoric1ChapterOne

IntroductiontoContentsofThisChapterⅠ.AbouttheCourseⅡ.DefinitionofRhetoricⅢ.ClassificationofRhetoricⅣ.PurposeoflearningrhetoricⅤ.ArrangementandRequirements2ContentsofThisChapterⅠ.Abo1.

OptionalcourseofEnglishMajor2.Learners:SeniorsofEnglishMajor3.Maincontent:ⅠAbouttheCourseGeneralideaaboutEnglishrhetoric

abriefandinterestingsurveyofthehistoryofrhetoricwithemphasisonseveralmajorclassicalrhetoriciansandtheirtheoriesandapplicationCommunicativerhetoric

thechoiceofwords,thechoiceofsentences,paragraphandessayconstructionAestheticrhetoric:

figuresofspeech(phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)31.

OptionalcourseofEnglish4.Assessment:Exam

Totalgrades=20%ofRegularGrades+80%oftheFinalExam

*

RegularGradesconsistsof10%ofclassattendanceand10%ofassignments5.

TextBook

胡曙中：《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2011年9月第1版6.ReferenceBooks黃任：《英語(yǔ)修辭與寫作》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1999.張秀國(guó)：《英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)》，清華大學(xué)出版社、北京交通大學(xué)出版社，2005李鑫華：《英語(yǔ)修辭格詳論》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，200044.Assessment:Exam5.TextBooWhoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoricwillbecomeavictimofit.---AncientGreekwallinscriptionHistoriesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.---FrancisBaconⅡDefinitionofRhetoric5WhoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoriPlatoandAristotleThestudyofrhetoricgoesbacktoancientGreece,whenspeakersbegantopracticetheartofpersuasionincourtsoflaw.Theancientsrealizedthatpresentationisasimportant,orperhapsmoreimportant,asfacts.6PlatoandAristotleThestudyo2.1OriginofWesternRhetoricItissaidthatthe“artofrhetoric”originatedinSyracuse錫拉庫(kù)扎(意大利西西里島東部一港市),aGreekcolonyontheislandofSicily,inabout465B.C..Whenthedictatorsontheislandwereoverthrownanddemocracywasestablished,peoplewenttocourttoclaimtheownershipofthelandwhichhadbeentakenfromthemduringthedictator’sreign.However,theGreeksystemrequiredthatcitizensrepresentthemselvesincourtinsteadofhiringattorneystospeakontheirbehalfaswecantoday.Therefore,therhetoriccameintobeingto“makethebestpossiblecaseandtorepresentitpersuasivelytothejury”(HuShuzhong,2011:433).

Probatecourt遺囑檢驗(yàn)法庭72.1OriginofWesternRhetoric2.2rhetoricandoratoryOratory:

Oratoryhadbeenpracticedlongbeforetheancientrhetoriciansdevelopedatheoryandavocabularyforrhetoric.thefoundationofrhetoricmorethanordinaryspeechbutaspecialkindofpublicspeaking(aspecialpurpose,aspecialway,aspecialtime)toimpress,convince,ormovetheaudiencetoactionTheythendevelopedasetofprinciplesforsuccessfulcommunication.Theseprinciplesmakeuptheartofrhetoric.82.2rhetoricandoratory82.3 Connotation

ofrhetoricOvertheyearstheword“rhetoric”hastakenonawiderangeofmeaning.Negativeconnotations:skillful,butoftendeceptive,eloquenceafraudulentpracticetodealexclusivelywithlanguage,ratherthanwithideas92.3 Connotationofrhetoric9Positiveconnotations:Historically,“rhetoric”hadpositiveconnotations,suggestingacommendableskillwithwords.Todayrhetoric,asitwasinhistory,issomethingthatpeoplehavetoresortto.Rhetoricisgenerallyunderstoodasatooloramethod.ItscontentismoreconcernedwiththeHowsofwhatpeoplearetalkingaboutthantheWhatsofwhatpeoplearetalkingabout.

Asatool,rhetoricisinherentlyneithergoodorbad.Adeceitfulpersonwilluseittodeceiveandanethicalpersonwilluseittomaketruthandjusticeprevail.10Positiveconnotations:1011111.Coldwardiplomacyandrhetoric2.Astheclamorforbasicskillscontinuetogrow,itmaybetimeforthefourthR—Rhetoric—toreentertheclassroom.3.Campaignpromiseshaveprovedtobeemptyrhetoric.

4.Despitetheirtoughanti-Americanrhetoric,thegovernmentisprivatelytryingtomaintaingoodrelationswiththeU.S.5.therhetoricoffilmDiscuss:Identifythedifferentmeaningsof“rhetoric”inthefollowingphrases/sentences:辭令修辭學(xué)花言巧語(yǔ)電影的修辭藝術(shù)言論121.Coldwardiplomacyandrhet2.4DefinitionsofrhetoricTheword“rhetoric”hasbeendefineddifferently.a.Thestudyandpracticeofeffectivecommunication.b.Thestudyoftheeffectsoftextsonaudiences.c.Theartofpersuasion.d.Aninsincereeloquenceintendedtowinpointsandmanipulate[m?'nipjuleit]

others.

現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)研究的是人類使用符號(hào)互相交流的能力，這種能力是人類所持有的，人類使用符號(hào)來(lái)構(gòu)建自己的世界，來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)自我，來(lái)和其他人一起互動(dòng)，使生活更有意義。132.4Definitionsofrhetoric13通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料的選擇、調(diào)整、修飾，使語(yǔ)言美化，更好地交流思想，表情達(dá)意。所謂“調(diào)整”，主要指依據(jù)題旨(subject)情境(occasion/context)的需要，對(duì)詞語(yǔ)、句式、段落篇章作恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇和安排；所謂“修飾”，主要指恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇一些修辭手段、修辭方法，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的藝術(shù)效能。調(diào)整的目的，就是要求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、鮮明，沒有絲毫的模糊，也沒有絲毫的歧義，使人家清楚、明白。--楊鴻儒《當(dāng)代中國(guó)修辭學(xué)》14通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料的選擇、調(diào)整、修飾，使語(yǔ)言美化，更好地交流思想"Rhetoricistheartofrulingthemindsofmen.“(Plato)"Rhetoricmaybedefinedasthefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.“(Aristotle,Rhetoric)"Rhetoricistheartofspeakingwell.“(Quintilian)…eloquencetopersuadetheirfellowsofthetruthofwhattheyhaddiscoveredbyreason(Cicero)"Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.“(FrancisBacon)讀史使人明智，讀詩(shī)使人聰慧，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，自然哲學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人有修養(yǎng)，邏輯修辭使人善辯.一種能在任何一個(gè)問(wèn)題上找出可能說(shuō)服方式的功能。Definitionsinthepast15"RhetoricistheartofrulingDefinitionsindictionariespublishedinthetwentiethcentury“theartofusinglanguagesoastopersuadeorinfluenceothers;thebodyofrulestobeobservedbyaspeakerorwriterinorderthathemayexpresshimselfwitheloquence”

TheOxfordEnglishDictionary,1933“theartorscienceofusingwordseffectivelyinspeakingorwriting,especiallyofliterarycomposition”

Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage,1972“theartofpersuasiveorimpressivespeakingorwriting;languagedesignedtopersuadeorimpress(butperhapsinsincereorexaggerated)”

TheConciseOxfordDictionary,1982“l(fā)anguageusedtopersuadeorinfluencepeople,especiallybypoliticians;theartofspeakingorwritingtopersuadeorinfluencepeople”LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,199516DefinitionsindictionariespuⅢClassificationsofrhetoric（1）Theoreticalrhetoric（理論修辭）andpracticalrhetoric（實(shí)踐修辭）:Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththeoreticalproblemsofrhetoric;PracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.（2）Communicativerhetoric（交際修辭）andaestheticrhetoric（美學(xué)修辭）17ⅢClassificationsofrhetoric（

Communicativerhetoric:（passiverhetoric)Emphasizesthechoiceofwordsandphrases,andselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwriting

insuchawaythatideasareexpressedmoreclearly,moreaccuratelyandmoreappropriatelyandthebestresultsareachievedincommunication.Rhetoricofwords(thechoiceofwords);Rhetoricofsentence(thechoiceofsentences);Rhetoricofparagraphs(thearrangementofparagraphs);Rhetoricofdiscouse(thediscursive(推論的，論證的)patterns)18Communicativerhetoric:（pasE.g.a:她的耳朵上戴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。b:她的耳朵上吊著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。c:她的耳朵上掛著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。d:她的耳朵上綴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。e:她的耳朵上鑲著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。f:她的耳朵上搖著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。Weareverybusyandhavetobeontimebytakingschoolbuseveryday.Weareawfullybusyandhavetobepunctuatebyshuttlebuseveryday.Weareasbusyasbees,andhavetobeaccuratelikeaspaceshuttleascommuterseveryday.19E.g.Weareverybusyandhave例如：在ElizabethRazzi寫的題為10WaystoLosePounds的文章中，“減肥”的表達(dá)竟有8種，文筆活潑，文采燦然：1.Trytoshedafewextrapounds?2.Studiesshowtheseeffortsmayshaveoffthepoundsquickly.3.Herearetensimplestrategiesthatcanhelpmeltawayyourfatforever.4.…likealogicalwaytopeeloffafewpounds.5.…roughlytheamountneededtoburnoffonepound.6.Youmusteatlesstoloseweight.7.Akeyobstacletodroppingextrapoundsisafter-dinnersnacking.8.10WaystoLosePounds.以上8句中的斜體字讓我們欣賞了英語(yǔ)詞匯的活力與風(fēng)采。

20例如：在ElizabethRazzi寫的題為10WaysOnemoreexampleEnglishoffersafascinatingvarietyofwordsformanyactivitiesandinterests.Whenwesayamaniswalking,wecanalsosaythatamanismarching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping,steppingout,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering,orcreeping.Buteachofthemconveystousaslightlydifferentmeaning.Nomatterwhichwordweuse,itshouldmatchourthoughtandsuittotheoccasion.21OnemoreexampleEnglishoffersstalk:

高視闊步,大踏步走stride:大踏步走;跨過(guò)tread:步行于,在…上走;踩(爛),踐踏trudge[tr?d?]

:v.沉重地走,蹣跚地走prance[prɑ:ns]

v.騰躍,歡躍,昂首闊步shuffle

['??fl]:拖曳,慢吞吞地走Sidle['saidl]:v.(偷偷地)側(cè)身而行saunter

['s?:nt?]:

v.閑逛,漫步lounge

[laund?]:

v.閑蕩,懶洋洋地躺臥loiter

['l?it?]:v.閑蕩,虛度,徘徊creep

[kri:p]:v.爬,徐行,蠕動(dòng)22stalk:高視闊步,大踏步走22Aestheticrhetoric:(activerhetoric)FiguresofspeechPhoneticfiguresofspeech(sounds);Syntacticfiguresofspeech(structures);Semanticfiguresofspeech(meanings)Logicalfiguresofspeech(reason)Alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia,…Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis,Climax,anticlimax,rhetoricalquestion,…Simile,metaphor,metonymy,synecdoche,…Allegory,allusion,hyperbole,understatement,Irony,oxymoron,…23Aestheticrhetoric:(activerhCommunicativerhetoricconcise(簡(jiǎn)潔)clear(清楚)precise/exact(精確)coherent(流暢)expressive(富于表現(xiàn)力)

Aestheticrhetoricvivid(生動(dòng))--Toformapictureinyourmind.colorfulexpressive24CommunicativerhetoricAesthet有學(xué)者指出：修辭與語(yǔ)法、邏輯的關(guān)系：

語(yǔ)法研究語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律；

邏輯研究思維形式和思維規(guī)律；

修辭研究如何根據(jù)需要有效地使用語(yǔ)言，強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)言信息、提升語(yǔ)言感染力、增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)效果的一種藝術(shù)，一種說(shuō)話、寫文章得體、優(yōu)美、有效的“美言術(shù)”。也就是說(shuō)：語(yǔ)法管的是“通不通”，

邏輯管的是“對(duì)不對(duì)”，

修辭學(xué)管的是“好不好”。Rhetoric、GrammarandLogic25有學(xué)者指出：修辭與語(yǔ)法、邏輯的關(guān)系：Rhetoric、GraⅣPurposeof

learningrhetoric

Toimproveourabilitytopolishourwriting.BestchoiceofwordsBestchoiceofsentenceconstructionsAppropriateuseoffiguresofspeech2)Toimproveourabilityofanalysisandappreciation.3)Toimproveourabilityofcomprehensionandtranslation.4)Toimproveourflexibleabilitybyrhetoricaltransformation.26ⅣPurposeoflearningrhetoricExampleAinvitesBouttodinner,butBcan’tmakeitbecausehehasanotherengagement.WhatwouldBsay?Herearetwoversions:(1)“I’msorryIcan’t.Ihavenotime.I’mengaged.”(2)“That’sverykindofyou,butI’mafraidIcan’tmakeitbecauseIhaveanotherengagement.Thankyouallthesame.”27ExampleAinvitesBouttodinnⅤArrangementandRequirements

Schedule(6weeks)Introduction(2credithours)DevelopmentofRhetoric(2credithours)CommunicativeRhetoric(2credithours)AestheticRhetoric(4credithours)Revision(2credithours)ClassattendanceandparticipationNote-taking28ⅤArrangementandRequirementsAssignmentSupposeyouneedtowritetwolettersofthanks,oneofwhichistoanoldfriend,theothertoanewbusinesspartner.Youmaycomposethebodiesofyourlettersasfollows:(1)“I’mwritingtothankyouforyourhospitalityduringmyrecenttriptoMilan.IhadamostenjoyabletimeandIthinkourmeetingswereverysuccessful.IlookforwardtoseeingyouwhenyouvisitShanghaiinMay.”(2)“ThisisjustashortnotetothankyouforaverypleasanteveningwhileIwasinFlorence.Itisalwaysgoodtoseeoldfriendsagainanditwasinterestingtohearyourarrival.Hopewecanmeetforlunch.”

Trytocommentonabovetwoletters.29Assignment29ChapterOne

IntroductiontoEnglishRhetoric

EnglishRhetoric30ChapterOne

IntroductiontoContentsofThisChapterⅠ.AbouttheCourseⅡ.DefinitionofRhetoricⅢ.ClassificationofRhetoricⅣ.PurposeoflearningrhetoricⅤ.ArrangementandRequirements31ContentsofThisChapterⅠ.Abo1.

OptionalcourseofEnglishMajor2.Learners:SeniorsofEnglishMajor3.Maincontent:ⅠAbouttheCourseGeneralideaaboutEnglishrhetoric

abriefandinterestingsurveyofthehistoryofrhetoricwithemphasisonseveralmajorclassicalrhetoriciansandtheirtheoriesandapplicationCommunicativerhetoric

thechoiceofwords,thechoiceofsentences,paragraphandessayconstructionAestheticrhetoric:

figuresofspeech(phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)321.

OptionalcourseofEnglish4.Assessment:Exam

Totalgrades=20%ofRegularGrades+80%oftheFinalExam

*

RegularGradesconsistsof10%ofclassattendanceand10%ofassignments5.

TextBook

胡曙中：《現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2011年9月第1版6.ReferenceBooks黃任：《英語(yǔ)修辭與寫作》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1999.張秀國(guó)：《英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)》，清華大學(xué)出版社、北京交通大學(xué)出版社，2005李鑫華：《英語(yǔ)修辭格詳論》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2000334.Assessment:Exam5.TextBooWhoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoricwillbecomeavictimofit.---AncientGreekwallinscriptionHistoriesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.---FrancisBaconⅡDefinitionofRhetoric34WhoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoriPlatoandAristotleThestudyofrhetoricgoesbacktoancientGreece,whenspeakersbegantopracticetheartofpersuasionincourtsoflaw.Theancientsrealizedthatpresentationisasimportant,orperhapsmoreimportant,asfacts.35PlatoandAristotleThestudyo2.1OriginofWesternRhetoricItissaidthatthe“artofrhetoric”originatedinSyracuse錫拉庫(kù)扎(意大利西西里島東部一港市),aGreekcolonyontheislandofSicily,inabout465B.C..Whenthedictatorsontheislandwereoverthrownanddemocracywasestablished,peoplewenttocourttoclaimtheownershipofthelandwhichhadbeentakenfromthemduringthedictator’sreign.However,theGreeksystemrequiredthatcitizensrepresentthemselvesincourtinsteadofhiringattorneystospeakontheirbehalfaswecantoday.Therefore,therhetoriccameintobeingto“makethebestpossiblecaseandtorepresentitpersuasivelytothejury”(HuShuzhong,2011:433).

Probatecourt遺囑檢驗(yàn)法庭362.1OriginofWesternRhetoric2.2rhetoricandoratoryOratory:

Oratoryhadbeenpracticedlongbeforetheancientrhetoriciansdevelopedatheoryandavocabularyforrhetoric.thefoundationofrhetoricmorethanordinaryspeechbutaspecialkindofpublicspeaking(aspecialpurpose,aspecialway,aspecialtime)toimpress,convince,ormovetheaudiencetoactionTheythendevelopedasetofprinciplesforsuccessfulcommunication.Theseprinciplesmakeuptheartofrhetoric.372.2rhetoricandoratory82.3 Connotation

ofrhetoricOvertheyearstheword“rhetoric”hastakenonawiderangeofmeaning.Negativeconnotations:skillful,butoftendeceptive,eloquenceafraudulentpracticetodealexclusivelywithlanguage,ratherthanwithideas382.3 Connotationofrhetoric9Positiveconnotations:Historically,“rhetoric”hadpositiveconnotations,suggestingacommendableskillwithwords.Todayrhetoric,asitwasinhistory,issomethingthatpeoplehavetoresortto.Rhetoricisgenerallyunderstoodasatooloramethod.ItscontentismoreconcernedwiththeHowsofwhatpeoplearetalkingaboutthantheWhatsofwhatpeoplearetalkingabout.

Asatool,rhetoricisinherentlyneithergoodorbad.Adeceitfulpersonwilluseittodeceiveandanethicalpersonwilluseittomaketruthandjusticeprevail.39Positiveconnotations:1040111.Coldwardiplomacyandrhetoric2.Astheclamorforbasicskillscontinuetogrow,itmaybetimeforthefourthR—Rhetoric—toreentertheclassroom.3.Campaignpromiseshaveprovedtobeemptyrhetoric.

4.Despitetheirtoughanti-Americanrhetoric,thegovernmentisprivatelytryingtomaintaingoodrelationswiththeU.S.5.therhetoricoffilmDiscuss:Identifythedifferentmeaningsof“rhetoric”inthefollowingphrases/sentences:辭令修辭學(xué)花言巧語(yǔ)電影的修辭藝術(shù)言論411.Coldwardiplomacyandrhet2.4DefinitionsofrhetoricTheword“rhetoric”hasbeendefineddifferently.a.Thestudyandpracticeofeffectivecommunication.b.Thestudyoftheeffectsoftextsonaudiences.c.Theartofpersuasion.d.Aninsincereeloquenceintendedtowinpointsandmanipulate[m?'nipjuleit]

others.

現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)研究的是人類使用符號(hào)互相交流的能力，這種能力是人類所持有的，人類使用符號(hào)來(lái)構(gòu)建自己的世界，來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)自我，來(lái)和其他人一起互動(dòng)，使生活更有意義。422.4Definitionsofrhetoric13通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料的選擇、調(diào)整、修飾，使語(yǔ)言美化，更好地交流思想，表情達(dá)意。所謂“調(diào)整”，主要指依據(jù)題旨(subject)情境(occasion/context)的需要，對(duì)詞語(yǔ)、句式、段落篇章作恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇和安排；所謂“修飾”，主要指恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇一些修辭手段、修辭方法，增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的藝術(shù)效能。調(diào)整的目的，就是要求語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、鮮明，沒有絲毫的模糊，也沒有絲毫的歧義，使人家清楚、明白。--楊鴻儒《當(dāng)代中國(guó)修辭學(xué)》43通過(guò)對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料的選擇、調(diào)整、修飾，使語(yǔ)言美化，更好地交流思想"Rhetoricistheartofrulingthemindsofmen.“(Plato)"Rhetoricmaybedefinedasthefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.“(Aristotle,Rhetoric)"Rhetoricistheartofspeakingwell.“(Quintilian)…eloquencetopersuadetheirfellowsofthetruthofwhattheyhaddiscoveredbyreason(Cicero)"Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.“(FrancisBacon)讀史使人明智，讀詩(shī)使人聰慧，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，自然哲學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人有修養(yǎng)，邏輯修辭使人善辯.一種能在任何一個(gè)問(wèn)題上找出可能說(shuō)服方式的功能。Definitionsinthepast44"RhetoricistheartofrulingDefinitionsindictionariespublishedinthetwentiethcentury“theartofusinglanguagesoastopersuadeorinfluenceothers;thebodyofrulestobeobservedbyaspeakerorwriterinorderthathemayexpresshimselfwitheloquence”

TheOxfordEnglishDictionary,1933“theartorscienceofusingwordseffectivelyinspeakingorwriting,especiallyofliterarycomposition”

Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage,1972“theartofpersuasiveorimpressivespeakingorwriting;languagedesignedtopersuadeorimpress(butperhapsinsincereorexaggerated)”

TheConciseOxfordDictionary,1982“l(fā)anguageusedtopersuadeorinfluencepeople,especiallybypoliticians;theartofspeakingorwritingtopersuadeorinfluencepeople”LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,199545DefinitionsindictionariespuⅢClassificationsofrhetoric（1）Theoreticalrhetoric（理論修辭）andpracticalrhetoric（實(shí)踐修辭）:Theoreticalrhetoricdealswiththeoreticalproblemsofrhetoric;PracticalrhetorichelpsusimproveourabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageeffectively.（2）Communicativerhetoric（交際修辭）andaestheticrhetoric（美學(xué)修辭）46ⅢClassificationsofrhetoric（

Communicativerhetoric:（passiverhetoric)Emphasizesthechoiceofwordsandphrases,andselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwriting

insuchawaythatideasareexpressedmoreclearly,moreaccuratelyandmoreappropriatelyandthebestresultsareachievedincommunication.Rhetoricofwords(thechoiceofwords);Rhetoricofsentence(thechoiceofsentences);Rhetoricofparagraphs(thearrangementofparagraphs);Rhetoricofdiscouse(thediscursive(推論的，論證的)patterns)47Communicativerhetoric:（pasE.g.a:她的耳朵上戴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。b:她的耳朵上吊著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。c:她的耳朵上掛著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。d:她的耳朵上綴著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。e:她的耳朵上鑲著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。f:她的耳朵上搖著兩只金色的大耳環(huán)。Weareverybusyandhavetobeontimebytakingschoolbuseveryday.Weareawfullybusyandhavetobepunctuatebyshuttlebuseveryday.Weareasbusyasbees,andhavetobeaccuratelikeaspaceshuttleascommuterseveryday.48E.g.Weareverybusyandhave例如：在ElizabethRazzi寫的題為10WaystoLosePounds的文章中，“減肥”的表達(dá)竟有8種，文筆活潑，文采燦然：1.Trytoshedafewextrapounds?2.Studiesshowtheseeffortsmayshaveoffthepoundsquickly.3.Herearetensimplestrategiesthatcanhelpmeltawayyourfatforever.4.…likealogicalwaytopeeloffafewpounds.5.…roughlytheamountneededtoburnoffonepound.6.Youmusteatlesstoloseweight.7.Akeyobstacletodroppingextrapoundsisafter-dinnersnacking.8.10WaystoLosePounds.以上8句中的斜體字讓我們欣賞了英語(yǔ)詞匯的活力與風(fēng)采。

49例如：在ElizabethRazzi寫的題為10WaysOnemoreexampleEnglishoffersafascinatingvarietyofwordsformanyactivitiesandinterests.Whenwesayamaniswalking,wecanalsosaythatamanismarching,pacing,patrolling,stalking,striding,treading,tramping,steppingout,prancing,strutting,prowling,plodding,strolling,shuffling,staggering,sidling,trudging,toddling,rambling,roaming,sauntering,meandering,lounging,loitering,orcreeping.Buteachofthemconveystousaslightlydifferentmeaning.Nomatterwhichwordweuse,itshouldmatchourthoughtandsuittotheoccasion.50OnemoreexampleEnglishoffersstalk:

高視闊步,大踏步走stride:大踏步走;跨過(guò)tread:步行于,在…上走;踩(爛),踐踏trudge[tr?d?]

:v.沉重地走,蹣跚地走prance[prɑ:ns]

v.騰躍,歡躍,昂首闊步shuffle

['??fl]:拖曳,慢吞吞地走Sidle['saidl]:v.(偷偷地)側(cè)身而行saunter

['s?:nt?]:

v.閑逛,漫步lounge

[laund?]:

v.閑蕩,懶洋洋地躺臥loiter

['l?it?]:v.閑蕩,虛度,徘徊creep

[kri:p]:v.爬,徐行,蠕動(dòng)51stalk:高視闊步,大踏步走22Aestheticrhetoric:(activerhetoric)FiguresofspeechPhoneticfiguresofspeech(sounds);Syntacticfiguresofspeech(structures);Semanticfiguresofspeech(meanings)Logicalfiguresofspeech(reason)Alliteration,assonance,consonance,onomatopoeia,…Repetition,anaphora,parallelism,antithesis