Chinese-and-Western-Cul教學講解課件

中西文化比較思維模式差異DifferenceinModeofThinkingzuobiao212@163.comDifferencesinModeofThinkingContrastbetweenWesternandChineseCultures中西文化比較思維模式差異DifferencesinCont1HowIs

TheModeofThinkingFormed?HowIs2Modeofthinking思維模式

Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.

人類思維主要由知識、觀念、方法、智力、情感、意志、語言、習慣等八大要素組成。這些要素相互聯(lián)系，相互作用，形成思維模式這樣一個動態(tài)復雜的系統(tǒng)。

Modeofthinking思維模式3Modeofthinking思維模式

Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.

思維模式與世界觀密切相關，它是各種文化心理素質的集中體現(xiàn)，它在一定的歷史、社會、地理環(huán)境中形成。

Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.

反過來，一個人定型的思維模式制約、甚至決定他/她在一定場合所形成的判斷和行為。Modeofthinking思維模式4W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking

中西思維模式差異Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis線析環(huán)綜TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直線切劃，細分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思維為其主要特點。中國模式猶如圓環(huán)內封，綜觀合察，尋求直覺頓悟，以綜合性思維為其主要特點。W-CDifferenceinModeofthin5Plato(428-347B.C.)

柏拉圖gnosis/knowledge/知識noesis/reason/理性dianoia/idea/觀念pistis/faith/信念eikasia/imagination/想像Plato’sdividedlineofknowledgeAlineofabstraction

線型的抽象過程Plato(428-347B.C.)

柏拉圖gnosi6EightTrigrams八卦圖‘大人’者與天地合其德，與日月合其明，與四時合其序，與鬼神合吉兇。

《周易·乾卦·文言》Agreatmanidentifieshimselfwithheavenandearthforvirtues,withthesunandthemoonforbrightness,withfourseasonsfororder,andwithgodsandspiritsforluck.《周易》：一陰一陽之謂道。TaoconsistsinYinandYang.

TheBookofChanges(600BC)EightTrigrams‘大人’者與天地7ReferringtoWesternmodeofthinking,QianXuesen(1986)said:“Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranch-like.

“抽象思維似乎是線型或枝型的?！? —錢學森ReferringtoChinesemodeofthinking,ShenXiaolong(1990)said:“Thisisacirculardialecticmodeofthinkingwithastrongplastic,flexibleandstochasticnature.“這是一種有著極強可塑性、伸張性、隨機性的圓式辯證思維方式?！? —申小龍Modeofthinking

思維模式ReferringtoWesternmod8Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、邏輯性

Holistic,imaginal,intuitive

整體性、形象性、直覺性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判斷、推理

Intuition,insight,imagination直覺、頓悟、想象

WesternModeofThinkingChineseModeofThinkingAnalytical,abstract,logicalH9Dr.Kaplan:Editor-in-ChiefoftheAnnualReviewofAppliedLinguistics

卡普蘭:《應用語言學評論年刊》主編Dr.Kaplan:Editor-in-Chiefof10

MajorDifferences

ChineseModeofThinking中國思維模式

WesternModeofThinking西方思維模式MajorDifferencesWesternM11Holistic整體Analytical分析1HolisticAnalytical112Intuitive直覺Logical邏輯2IntuitiveLogical213Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3ImaginalAbstract314Ethical倫理Cognitive認知4EthicalCognitive415Fuzzy模糊Accurate精確5FuzzyAccurate516Intentional意向Objective對象6IntentionalObjective617Convergent求同Divergent求異7ConvergentDivergent718Past-focused后饋Future-focused前瞻8Past-focusedFuture-focuse19Inward內向Outward外向9InwardOutward920Inductive歸納Deductive演繹10InductiveDeductive1021ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性Objective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內向性Outward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolist22ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性Objective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內向性Outward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolist23Holistic整體Analytical分析1HolisticAnalytical124Nisbett’sTestRichardE.NisbettNisbett’sTestRichardE.Nisbe25Whathaveyouseeninthepicturebelow?Whathaveyouseeninthepict26Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambollingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandsealWhathaveyouseeninthepict27Holistic整體

Holisticthinkinginvolvesanorientationtothecontextorfieldasawhole,includingattentiontorelationshipsbetweenafocalobjectandthefield,andapreferenceforexplainingandpredictingeventsonthebasisofsuchrelationships.

Nisbett（2001）

整體思維傾向于把情境或場看作是一個整體，注重某一突出的物體及其場的關系，并憑借這種關系來解釋和預見事物的情狀。Analytical分析Analyticalthinkinginvolvesdetachmentoftheobjectfromitscontext,atendencytofocusonattributesoftheobjectinordertoassignittocategories,andapreferenceforusingrulesaboutthecategoriestoexplainandpredicttheobject’sbehavior.

分析思維傾向于把物體從其情境中分離出來，關注該物體性質以便于歸類，并注重運用歸類的規(guī)則來解釋和預見事物的情狀。HolisticHolisti28Holistic整體Analytical分析Westernerstendtobeanalyticalandpaymoreattentiontothekey,orfocalobjectsinascene—forexample,concentrationonthewomaninthe“MonaLisa”,asopposedtotherocksandskybehindher.

Chinese,bycontrast,tendtobeholistic.Theylookatthewholepictureandrelyoncontextualinformationwhenmakingdecisionsandjudgmentsaboutwhattheysee.西方人傾向于分析思維，更多地關注某一場景中的主要或突出物體，例如在“蒙娜麗莎”這幅畫中，關注畫中的人而非她身后的巖石與天空。中國人傾向整體思維，他們往往觀察整個畫面，并依靠在情景中所獲得的信息對所觀察事物作出決定和判斷。HolisticAnalytical29

WesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided…

西方的百科全書層層切分，種類歸屬分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種

WesternEncyclopedia30

ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.中國古代類書是以皇帝為中心的環(huán)式體例。唐代《藝文類聚》、宋代《太平御覽》、明代《永樂大典》、清代《古今圖書集成》

ChineseLeish31

WesternArticles

Cleardivisionintheorganizationofarticlestitle,sub-title,chapters,sections, paragraphstopicsentences西方文章，標題、章、節(jié)、段細分明切，段中一般都有主題句，脈路清晰，一目了然。

WesternArticles32

ChineseArticles起承轉合:Introduction,elucidation,transitionandsumming-up著眼點：首尾呼應，通篇的過渡自然及和諧一致。

Unity,harmony,transitionandcorrespondencearegivenmuchattention.ChineseArticles起33

AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,aseriesofsub-divisionsofthattopic,eachsupportedbyexamplesandillustrations,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatootherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideatoprovesomething,orperhaps,toarguesomething.英語說明文的語段通常以主題句開始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例證和解釋，以闡發(fā)中心思想，并使這一語段中心思想與全文的其它思想相關聯(lián)，以此來論證某一觀點或提出某一觀點。RobertB.KaplanAnEnglishexpositorypar34TopicSubtopicSubtopicSubtopicExamplesIllustrationsExamplesIllustrationsExamplesIllustrationsTopicSubtopicSubtopicSubtopicE35RobertB.Kaplan

Someorientalwritingismarkedbywhatmaybecalledanapproachbyindirection.Inthiskindofwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.

東方人寫的文章具有間接入題的特點，可以說，這種文章語段的展開，就像一個不斷擴展的環(huán)在圍繞著主題旋轉，通過外圍的觀點展示主題，卻從不直接入題。RobertB.KaplanSomeorie36“噼里啪啦……”窗外，小雨不斷如珍珠灑落下來，可是，我卻沐浴著永不停息的書雨。

《書，伴隨我成長》

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.

OnStudies你是彩虹，認為天空偉大，但因你的點綴，太空才如此絢麗。題記一只小老鼠羨慕太陽光芒萬丈的偉大，敬佩云朵遮住陽光的偉大，仰慕風吹散云的偉大，卻忽視了自己鉆過墻，也是一種偉大。這只小老鼠缺少了自信。

《談自信》

Faithistheconfidentbeliefortrustinthetruthortrustworthinessofaperson,conceptorthing.

OnFaith“噼里啪啦……”窗外，小雨不斷如珍珠灑落下來37TheEight-partEssay

Theeight-partessayisakindofstereotypedwriting,focusingontheformbutlackingincontent.Theeightpartsconsistof4pairsofparallelorantitheticalwritings,cyclingaroundthetopicandnotapproachingthecentralideadirectly.TheEight-partEssay

八股文分為破題、承題、起講、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等組成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股4個部分，各有兩股互相對應的文字，共有八股。八股也稱八比，比是對偶的意思。

TheEight-partEssayTheEight-38Westernmedicine,examinepartsofthebodythroughtests,X-rays,NMR,etc.

西醫(yī)看病，先給病人胸透、胃透、驗血、驗尿、核磁共振，分而檢之，再作診斷。

Chinesemedicine,generalphysicalcondition,pulse,complexion,tonguecoating 中醫(yī)看病，望、聞、問、切，注意的是全身性的綜合癥狀。Westernmedicine,e39

Westerncuisine

strictly-followedrecipe,precisequantityofingredientsregular,establishedprocedure

西餐廚師烹飪，各種配料嚴格計量，操作程序步步分清。

Chinesecuisinecasualmixingofingredientsmoreattentiontothegeneraleffectofcolor,aromaandtaste

中餐廚師并不在意配料的嚴格計量，而是注重色、香、味的總體效果。

Westerncuisine40

Westernpainting

accurateone-by-onelikenessinappearancewithemphasisondetails:lines,shadesofcolor,lightspectrum…

西方油畫注重一一對應的精確形似，通過線條、色彩、光線等細節(jié)刻意仿真。

ChinesePainting

fuzzyresemblanceinspiritoressencewithemphasisongeneraleffectbyusingimagination,

exaggeration

…

中國畫追求總體模糊神似，運用概括、夸張的手法及豐富的聯(lián)想表現(xiàn)物象的神韻。Westernpainting41Intuitive直覺Logical邏輯2IntuitiveLogical242Intuitive直覺Logical邏輯

DebatewasprominentinancientGreece,andlogicwasinvented.Logicisappliedbystrippingawaythemeaningofstatementsandleavingonlytheirformalstructureintact.Thismakesiteasiertoseewhetheranargumentisvalidornot.

Intuitioncomesfromexperience,practiceandthe‘6thsense’.Itisexperiencetranslatedbywisdom.

Intuitivethinkingisnonlinear,likeasparkemerginginthemazeofillusions.

ItisthemajorwaybywhichancientChinesesaintsperceivedtheworld.辯論風行于古代希臘，于是邏輯學問世。運用邏輯，就是剝去說話的意義，而只留下完整的形式結構，這樣就比較容易看清某一論點是否成立。直覺來自經驗、實踐和‘第六感覺’，它是經驗的睿智闡述。直覺思維是非線性的，猶如幻覺迷宮里突然出現(xiàn)的火花，它是中國古代圣哲感知世界的主要方法。IntuitiveLogical43WesternLogicSyllogism（三段論法）

A3-stepargument:1.Majorpremise（大前提）2.Minorpremise（小前提）3.Conclusion（結論）Aristotle–formallogicBacon–inductivemethodofscienceRussell–mathematicallogicHegel–dialecticallogic亞里士多德—形式邏輯培根—科學歸納法實證科學羅素—數(shù)理邏輯黑格爾—辯證邏輯WesternLogicSyllogism（44ExamplesofSyllogism（三段論法舉例）Allwomenlikeshopping.Aliceisawoman.ThereforeAlicelikesshopping.WhateverisMisP;SisM; ThereforeSisP.Allfruitsgrowontrees.Theappleisafruit.Therefore,theapplegrowsontrees.EitherPorQ.NotP.Therefore,Q.EitherClassAorClassBwins.ClassAdoesnotwin.Therefore,ClassBwins.

ExamplesofSyllogismAllwomen45LogicandAccuracyAccuracy

resultsfromlogicalreasoningandtheeither/ormentality.

精確產生于邏輯推理與非此即彼的文化心態(tài)。Theworldcouldbeunderstoodthroughlogicalapproachestotheirmeaning,withoutreferencetotheworldofthesenses.Ifthesensesseemedtocontradictconclusionsreachedfromfirstprinciplesandlogic,itwasthesensesthathadtobeignored. ——Plato

可以通過邏輯掌握意義，認識世界，而無須借助感覺。如果感覺與第一原則和邏輯所得出的結論矛盾，就不必考慮感覺。 ——柏拉圖

LogicandAccuracyAccuracyre46LogicandAccuracyAccuracy

resultsfromlogicalreasoningandtheeither/ormentality.

精確產生于邏輯推理與非此即彼的文化心態(tài)。Ofcoursewehavetothinkaccurately!Beingtheanalytical,straightlineguythatIam,Ihavearealproblemwithfuzzythinking.Ialwayspreferthestraightlineapproach. ——LymanReed

當然我們必須精確地思考！但作為一個分析型、直線型的人，我缺乏模糊思維能力，我總是喜歡直線的觀點。 ——萊曼·里德LogicandAccuracyAccuracyre47ChineseIntuition

Knowledgecanbeacquiredwithoutreasoning.

無思無慮始知道 《莊子·知北游》

Creativitycomesfromrudeawakeningandspontaneousperceptiveness.創(chuàng)造來自于頓悟和靈感。

TaocannotbeexpressedbywordsandwhatcanbedonesoisnotTao.Taoismotionlessandshapeless.Itcanbehandeddownbutnottaughtandcanbeattainedbutnotdisplayed.道不可言，言而非道，道無為無形，可傳而不可受，可得而不可見。 《莊子·大宗師》

ChineseIntuition48ChineseIntuition“豁然貫通”，成語Understandthethoroughmeaningsuddenly.“恍然大悟”成語Besuddenlyenlightened.心凈自悟，頓悟成佛

。 禪宗《六祖壇經》

ZenBuddhism

ApurifiedmindspontaneouslyattainsperceptivenessandthenaturalinsightenablesonetobecomeaBuddha.ChineseIntuition“豁然貫通”，49IntuitionandFuzziness“道”、“氣”、“太極”Tao，Qi,TaiChi書不盡言，言不盡意?！兑捉洝?/p>

Whatiswrittendoesnotexpressallthatonehastosay;Whatissaiddoesnotconveyallthatisonone’smind.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。《道德經》TheTaothatcanbeexplainedisnotaneternalTao;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenoteternalnames.只可意會，不可言傳。成語Itcanbesensedbutnotexpressedinwords.IntuitionandFuzziness“50Logic（邏輯）Intuition（直覺）rational理性perceptual感性definite明晰fuzzy模糊precise嚴謹 sagacious睿智deductive演繹inductive歸納Logic（邏輯）Intuition（51Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3ImaginalAbstract352awesterndiagramoflinesofabstraction線型抽象aChinesepictureofdouble-fishimages雙魚形象awesterndiagramofaChinese53天有不測風云，人有旦夕禍福。

Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature；badluckbefallsmenovernight.

YangHsien-yi

Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.

Hawkes天有不測風云，人有旦夕禍福。Stormsga54人無千日好，花無百日紅。Mancannotbealwaysfortunate;flowersdonotlastforever.Nobodycanalwaysbehappy.

疾風知勁草，患難見真情。Strongwindsteststurdygrass;calamitiesrevealtruefriendship.Incalamitiesoneseestruefriendship.

人無千日好，花無百日紅。Mancannot55在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝。

Inthesky,wewillbetwolovebirdsflyingtogether;onearthwewillbetwinbranchesonatree.Wewillloveandbeloyaltoeachotherforever.病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikealandslidebutgoeslikereelingsilk.Sicknesscomessuddenlybutgoesslowly.

在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝。Inth56Abstractconceptsardentloyaltytotalexhaustionwithgreateagernessfeedonfancies athighspeeddisappearcompletelybustlingactivity赤膽忠心gall,heart筋疲力盡tendon,sinew如饑似渴hunger,thirst畫餅充饑drawncake風馳電掣wind,lightening煙消云散smoke,cloud龍騰虎躍dragon,tiger

FiguresofspeechAbstractconceptsardentloyalt57Ethical倫理Cognitive認知4EthicalCognitive458Ethical倫理Cognitive認知Westernmodeofthinkingisexterior-oriented,givingmoreattentiontothecognitiveexplorationofNature(theobjectiveworld),withemphasisonscienceandtheories.

Chinesemodeofthinkingisinterior-oriented,focusingmoreonthemoralinquiryintohumannature(thesubjectiveworld)withemphasisonethicsandsocialpractice.

西方思維模式是外向的，關注對客觀世界（大自然）進行認知探索，重視科學與理論。中國思維模式是內向的，關注對主觀世界（人性）進行道德探索，重視人倫與社會實踐。EthicalCognitive59Ethical倫理Cognitive認知Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology仁義禮智信忠恕孝悌本體論宇宙論認識論方法論benevolencerighteousnesscourtesywisdomreliabilityloyaltyforgivenessfilialpietyrespectforeldersEthicalCognitive60

AlexandertheGreat(356-323BC),lineofconquest(Macedonia,Greece,Palestine,Syria,Iran,India,Egypt)

亞歷山大大帝戎馬一生，馳騁歐亞非大陸，實現(xiàn)線性的征服。

TheFirstQinEmperor

(259-210BC),circleofdefense(theGreatWall,theHimalayas,theOcean）秦始皇下令修建長城，實現(xiàn)環(huán)性的防御。AlexandertheGreat(356-61ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性Objective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內向性Outward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolist62AdvantagesofTwoModesofThinkingThelinearmodeofthinkingcharacterizedbyanalyticalreasoningandemphasisonclarityandprecisionisconducivetotheoreticalconstruction.Thecircularmodeofthinkingcharacterizedbysyntheticinsightandstressonfuzzinessandimplicitnesscontributestoempiricalrevelationoftruth.

兩種思維模式各有所長

線性思維模式長于分析推理，推崇清晰精確，有利于理論建構；環(huán)性思維模式強于綜合頓悟，講求模糊含蓄，有助于體察真諦。AdvantagesofTwoModesofThi63Conclusion結論Westernmodeofthinkingiscomparativelylinear.Chinesemodeofthinkingisrelativelycircular.西方思維模式相對以線性為特征中國思維模式相對以環(huán)性為特征Conclusion結論Westernmodeoft64Afterthought追加的話Difference:amatterofdegree 差異只是程度之差Exceptionsandcounter-evidence 不乏例外和反證Purpose:nottojudge,buttopromoteunderstanding 比較的目的并非判定孰優(yōu)孰劣，而是促進理解。Themoonofthewestisnotrounderandthesunoftheeast hasitsspotsaswell.

西方的月亮并不更圓，東方 的太陽也有黑子。Afterthought追加的話Differenc65中西文化互相融合，取長補短中西文化互相融合，取長補短66線與環(huán)的結合：線以環(huán)的形式伸展環(huán)以線的形式旋轉Theintegrationofthelineandthecircle:Thelineextendsintheformofacircle.Thecirclerotatesintheformofaline.線與環(huán)的結合：Theintegrationofthe67中西文化比較思維模式差異DifferenceinModeofThinkingzuobiao212@163.comDifferencesinModeofThinkingContrastbetweenWesternandChineseCultures中西文化比較思維模式差異DifferencesinCont68HowIs

TheModeofThinkingFormed?HowIs69Modeofthinking思維模式

Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.

人類思維主要由知識、觀念、方法、智力、情感、意志、語言、習慣等八大要素組成。這些要素相互聯(lián)系，相互作用，形成思維模式這樣一個動態(tài)復雜的系統(tǒng)。

Modeofthinking思維模式70Modeofthinking思維模式

Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.

思維模式與世界觀密切相關，它是各種文化心理素質的集中體現(xiàn)，它在一定的歷史、社會、地理環(huán)境中形成。

Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.

反過來，一個人定型的思維模式制約、甚至決定他/她在一定場合所形成的判斷和行為。Modeofthinking思維模式71W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking

中西思維模式差異Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis線析環(huán)綜TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直線切劃，細分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思維為其主要特點。中國模式猶如圓環(huán)內封，綜觀合察，尋求直覺頓悟，以綜合性思維為其主要特點。W-CDifferenceinModeofthin72Plato(428-347B.C.)

柏拉圖gnosis/knowledge/知識noesis/reason/理性dianoia/idea/觀念pistis/faith/信念eikasia/imagination/想像Plato’sdividedlineofknowledgeAlineofabstraction

線型的抽象過程Plato(428-347B.C.)

柏拉圖gnosi73EightTrigrams八卦圖‘大人’者與天地合其德，與日月合其明，與四時合其序，與鬼神合吉兇。

《周易·乾卦·文言》Agreatmanidentifieshimselfwithheavenandearthforvirtues,withthesunandthemoonforbrightness,withfourseasonsfororder,andwithgodsandspiritsforluck.《周易》：一陰一陽之謂道。TaoconsistsinYinandYang.

TheBookofChanges(600BC)EightTrigrams‘大人’者與天地74ReferringtoWesternmodeofthinking,QianXuesen(1986)said:“Abstractivethinkingseemstobelinearorbranch-like.

“抽象思維似乎是線型或枝型的?！? —錢學森ReferringtoChinesemodeofthinking,ShenXiaolong(1990)said:“Thisisacirculardialecticmodeofthinkingwithastrongplastic,flexibleandstochasticnature.“這是一種有著極強可塑性、伸張性、隨機性的圓式辯證思維方式。” —申小龍Modeofthinking

思維模式ReferringtoWesternmod75Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、邏輯性

Holistic,imaginal,intuitive

整體性、形象性、直覺性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判斷、推理

Intuition,insight,imagination直覺、頓悟、想象

WesternModeofThinkingChineseModeofThinkingAnalytical,abstract,logicalH76Dr.Kaplan:Editor-in-ChiefoftheAnnualReviewofAppliedLinguistics

卡普蘭:《應用語言學評論年刊》主編Dr.Kaplan:Editor-in-Chiefof77

MajorDifferences

ChineseModeofThinking中國思維模式

WesternModeofThinking西方思維模式MajorDifferencesWesternM78Holistic整體Analytical分析1HolisticAnalytical179Intuitive直覺Logical邏輯2IntuitiveLogical280Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3ImaginalAbstract381Ethical倫理Cognitive認知4EthicalCognitive482Fuzzy模糊Accurate精確5FuzzyAccurate583Intentional意向Objective對象6IntentionalObjective684Convergent求同Divergent求異7ConvergentDivergent785Past-focused后饋Future-focused前瞻8Past-focusedFuture-focuse86Inward內向Outward外向9InwardOutward987Inductive歸納Deductive演繹10InductiveDeductive1088ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性Objective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內向性Outward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolist89ChineseModeWesternModeHolistic整體性Analytical分析性Intuitive直覺性Logical邏輯性Imaginal形象性Abstract抽象性Ethical倫理型Cognitive認知型Fuzzy模糊性Accurate精確性Intentional意向性Objective對象性Convergent求同性Divergent求異性Past-focused后饋性Future-focused前瞻性Inward內向性Outward外向性Inductive歸納型Deductive演繹型ChineseModeWesternModeHolist90Holistic整體Analytical分析1HolisticAnalytical191Nisbett’sTestRichardE.NisbettNisbett’sTestRichardE.Nisbe92Whathaveyouseeninthepicturebelow?Whathaveyouseeninthepict93Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambollingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandsealWhathaveyouseeninthepict94Holistic整體

Holisticthinkinginvolvesanorientationtothecontextorfieldasawhole,includingattentiontorelationshipsbetweenafocalobjectandthefield,andapreferenceforexplainingandpredictingeventsonthebasisofsuchrelationships.

Nisbett（2001）

整體思維傾向于把情境或場看作是一個整體，注重某一突出的物體及其場的關系，并憑借這種關系來解釋和預見事物的情狀。Analytical分析Analyticalthinkinginvolvesdetachmentoftheobjectfromitscontext,atendencytofocusonattributesoftheobjectinordertoassignittocategories,andapreferenceforusingrulesaboutthecategoriestoexplainandpredicttheobject’sbehavior.

分析思維傾向于把物體從其情境中分離出來，關注該物體性質以便于歸類，并注重運用歸類的規(guī)則來解釋和預見事物的情狀。HolisticHolisti95Holistic整體Analytical分析Westernerstendtobeanalyticalandpaymoreattentiontothekey,orfocalobjectsinascene—forexample,concentrationonthewomaninthe“MonaLisa”,asopposedtotherocksandskybehindher.

Chinese,bycontrast,tendtobeholistic.Theylookatthewholepictureandrelyoncontextualinformationwhenmakingdecisionsandjudgmentsaboutwhattheysee.西方人傾向于分析思維，更多地關注某一場景中的主要或突出物體，例如在“蒙娜麗莎”這幅畫中，關注畫中的人而非她身后的巖石與天空。中國人傾向整體思維，他們往往觀察整個畫面，并依靠在情景中所獲得的信息對所觀察事物作出決定和判斷。HolisticAnalytical96

WesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided…

西方的百科全書層層切分，種類歸屬分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種

WesternEncyclopedia97

ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.中國古代類書是以皇帝為中心的環(huán)式體例。唐代《藝文類聚》、宋代《太平御覽》、明代《永樂大典》、清代《古今圖書集成》

ChineseLeish98

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