海明威作品集生平中英文簡(jiǎn)介

ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)ErnestHemingway,aspokesmanfortheLostGeneration,aNobelPrizewinnerforliterature,isoneofthegreatestAmericanwriters.Hiswritingstyle,theparticulartypeofheroandthemeinhisnovels,andhislifeattitudeshavebeenwidelyrecognizedandimitatedallovertheworld.BornonJuly21,1899atOakPark,Illinois,nearChicago,ErnestHemingway,undertheinfluenceofhisfatherwhowasasuccessfulphysicianwitharelishforhuntingandfishing,lovedtheoutdoorsfromchildhood.Hismotherwasasingerandamusicteacher.Bothparentsexpectedtheirsontoexcelandhecomplied.Hewasanexcellentstudentathighschoolandlovedathleticcompetitionssuchasfootballandboxing,andbecameinterestedinjournalism.Hedidrunawayfromhometwiceandobservedoncethatthebesttrainingforawriterisanunhappychildhood.AftergraduationfromOakParkHighSchoolin1917,hechosenottogotocollege.InsteadhelefthomeandworkedbrieflyfortheStarasareporterinKansasCity.Theshortsimplesentencescharacteristicofhisprosestylemighthavecomefromsuchexperience.WhenAmericaenteredWorldWarIin1917,hetriedtoenlistinthearmy,butwasrejectedbecauseofhisbadeyewhichhehadinjuredwhilelearningboxing.ThenhewasrecruitedasanambulancedriverworkingwiththeRedCrossandwenttoEurope.ShortlyafterhearrivedthefrontinItaly,aboutthreeweeks,hewaswoundedonbothlegsandsenttoanItalianhospital.Duringhissix-monthstayinthehospital,hefellinlovewithanEnglishnurse.Hiswarexperienceprovedsoshatteringandnightmarishthathislifeandwritingswerepermanentlyaffected.Inasense,allhislifehelivedwithitemotionallyandcontinuedtowriteaboutitinordertoreliveitandforgetaboutit.Afterthewar,he,togetherwithhisfirstwifeHadleyRichardson,wenttoParisasaforeignreporter,employedbyTheTorontoStar.InfluencedandguidedbySherwoodAnderson,StephenCrane,EzraPoundandGertrudeStein,hebecameawriterandbegantoattractattention.Itremainsafactthathedidbenefitnotalittlefromtheirschooling.ForhimAndersonwasaguideinstyle,andforGertrudeStein,Hemingwayhimselfacknowledgedthathelearnedeverythingfromher“abouttheabstractrelationshipsofwords,”themanytruthsaboutrhythmsandtheusesofwordsinrepetition.Pound’sadvicetoHemingwaywasparticularityandconcision.Asajournalist,hetrainedhimselfintheeconomyofexpression.InParishedivorcedhisfirstwifein1927andmarriedthesecondone,PaulinePfeiffer.Duringthe1930shewrotelessbecausehehadastrongdesireforadventure.Thisdesiretookhimtowatchbull-fightsanddeep-seafishingnearCuba,biggameshuntinginthefareastofAfricaandothersuchexoticphysicalmasculineathleticpursuits.Hecreatedforhimselfthepublicimage:biggamehunter,deepseafisherman,bullfightaficionado,androisteringdrinker.In1936,hetookpartintheSpanishCivilWarasajournalist,firmlyontheRepublicanside.WhileinSpainhedivorcedhissecondwifein1940andmarriedthethirdone,MarthaGellhorn.TraveledtoAfricaonahuntingexpedition–GreenHillsofAfricaWenttoSpaintwicetocovertheCivilWarin1936-1937–

ForWhomtheBellTollsMadehishomeinCubaafterWWIIwherehedividedhistimebetweenwritingandfishing–

TheOldManandtheSeaIn1954,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforhis“masteryoftheartofmodernnarration.”DuringWorldWarII,hecametoChinaasacorrespondentandintheairoverFrance,andontheNormandybeach,onbehalfofanti-fascistcauses.HecamebacktoCubaafterthewarandmarriedMaryWelshin1946.n1952hepublishedTheOldManandtheSea,whichwonhimtheNobelPrizein1954withthefollowingdefensivestatement“Forhispowerfulstyle-formingmasteryoftheartofmodernnarration…”.InhislastyearshewrotelittleexceptforamemoirofhisearlylifeinParis.Duringhislateightmonthsofhislifehesufferedbothfromseriousillnessesandfromemotionalbreakdown,whichmadehimhauntedbytheimpressionthathisinspirationhaddesertedhimandhisliterarytalentwasnearlyexhausted.OntheearlymorningofJuly2,1961,followinghisfather’sexample,Hemingwayshothimselfwithhisfavoriteshotgun.DefinitionofLostgenerationAtermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:theseexpatriateshauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.ThetermiscommonlyappliedtoHartCrane,ErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,andothers.Moregenerally,thistermisusedforthegenerationofyoungpeoplecomingofageintheUnitedStatesduringandshortlyafterWorldWarIwhowerelostin

disillusionmentandexistentialvoids(空虛)andindulgedinhedonism（享樂(lè)主義）

inordertomaketheirlifelessunbearable.DetailedintroductiontoLostGeneration

WhenWWIbrokeout,manyyoungmenvolunteeredtotakepartin“thewartoendwars”onlytofindthatmodernwarfarewasnotasgloriousorheroicastheythoughtittobe.Disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolous（輕佻的）,greedy,andheedless（不留心的）wayoflifeinAmerica,theybegantowritefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar.Theterm“LostGeneration”camefromGertrudeStein,afriendofHemingway,whohadasaloninherhouseforEnglishandAmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThephrasewasaremarkshemadetoamechanicinHemingway’spresencethat“Youareallalostgeneration.”ThenErnestHemingwayuseditasamottoinhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises,whosehero,theemasculatedJackBarnes,isoftenconsideredthearchetypalmanofthegeneration.

BesidestheEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,Itisalsowidelyappliedtoyoungmenandwomencaughtinthewarandcutoff(切斷)fromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswith(妥協(xié))thenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.

TheyaimlesslywanderedabouttheContinent,drinking,makinglove,andtravelingfromplacetoplaceandfrompartytoparty.Theseactivitiesseemtojustifytheirsearchfornewmeaningtoreplacetheoldones.Yetinfact,theywerelostindisillusionmentandexistentialvoids.Theyindulgedinhedonism享樂(lè)主義

inordertomaketheirlifelessunbearable.Theme--“Graceunderpressure”Hemingwaywroteallhislifeaboutonetheme,whichis“graceunderpressure,”andcreatedoneherowhoactsthatthemeout,whichiscalled“Hemingwaycodehero.”Hemingway’sworldisaworldessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,inwhichmanfightssolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrivesagainstit,engenders（產(chǎn)生）asenseofdespair,butHemingwayheropossessesa“despairingcourage.”Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toassert（維護(hù)）hisdignityinfaceofadversity（逆境，不幸）.ThisistheessenceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway’sheroesbelieve.HemingwayCodeHeroisamanwhoisdefinedbyendurance,pride,andwill:theendurancetoacceptpain,evenloss-whenthelosscannotbeavoided;theprideofknowingthatonehasdoneone’sbest,withthecouragetoacttrulyaccordingtoone’sownnature;andthewilltofacedefeatorvictorywithoutwhining（發(fā)牢騷）ononehandorboastingontheother.ExamplesofHemingwayCodeHeroNickAdamsinInOurTime:

FrederickHenryinAFarewelltoArmsRobertJordan

inForWhomtheBellTollsSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaHemingwayCodeHeroHemingway’sworksarealsogreatfortheircharacterswhowerenamedas“HemingwayHero”.Inthegeneralsituationofhisnovels,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisinchaos;manisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.However,thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspirituallywhichbestsuits“graceunderpressure”.WritingstyleIcebergtheoryofwriting:

“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatwillhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Agoodwriterdoesnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.”—ErnestHemingwayDeathintheAfternoon(Inotherwords,astorycancommunicatebysubtext.)whichisthetypicalHemingway’sstyle.AccordingtoHemingway,goodliterarywritingshouldbeabletomakereadersfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectlyandthebestwaytoproducetheeffectistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutanyauthorialcomments,withoutconventionallyemotivelanguage,andwithabaremediumofadjectivesandadverbs.Seeminglysimpleandnatural,Hemingway’sstyleisactuallypolishedandtightlycontrolled,buthighlysuggestiveandconnotative.“Lessismore”Hislean,economicalstyleofwritingisstriking:sentenceshort,uncomplicated,butactive;wordssimplebutfilledwithemotion;fewmodifiersandgreatcontrolofpausewithactionofthestorycontinuingduringthesilences.noauthorialcommentColloquialismMinimumofadjectivesandadverbsShortandsimplewordsandsentences

Inthelaterpartofhislife,Hemingwaycametobeknownas“PapaHemingway.”ThiscomplimentreferstohismaincontributionthedevelopmentofanewstyleofwritinginAmerica,thecolloquialstyle.Thisistrueinviewofthefactthathealwaysmanagestochoosewordsconcrete,specific,morecommonlyfoundmoreAnglo-Saxon,causalandconversational,andemploythemofteninasyntaxofshort,simplesentences,whichareorderlyandpatterned,andsometimesungrammatical.Hemingway’sstrengthliesinhisshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Hisshortsentencesarepowerfullyloadedthetensionwhichheseesinlife.Majorworks

InourTimeFifteenshortstories,arrangedinachronologicalorder,introducesNickAdamsfromhischildhoodtoadolescenceandmanhood.In1925,Hemingwaypublishedhisfirstcollectionoffifteenshortstories,InOurTime,portrayingthetypicalHemingwayhero—NickAdam.ItissafetostatethatmostofthelatterworksofHemingwayarearepetitionoftheseNickAdamsstories.TheimageofNickfindsnewerandfullerdimensionsinmorestoriessuchcollectionsasMenWithoutWomen(1927)andWinterTakeNothing(1933).Nick—theprototypeofthewoundedhero,livedinaworldofviolence,disorder,anddeathandlearningthehardwayaboutwhattheworldisabout.Nick’spsychologicalandemotionalwound,togetherwithaphysicalwoundinthewar,alienatehimfromthesociety,makehimleaveforthecountryswamptofishandlearnstoendureasaman.During1930s,hewentontowritetwoimportantworksofnon-fictionwhichreflecthislife-longinterestinviolentsports:GreenHillsofAfrica(1935),aboutbiggamehunting,andDeathintheAfternoon(1936),aboutbullfighting.TheSnowsofKilimanjaro(1936)tellsawoundedAmericanwriterwhoattemptstoredeemhisimaginationfromthecorrosionsofwealthanddomesticstrife.ToHaveandHaveNot(1937)isoneofmanytoshowHemingway’scharacteristicpatternofalonelyindividualstrugglingagainstnatureandtheenvironment.AFarewelltoArmsHemingway’ssecondbigsuccessisAFarewelltoArms(1929),whichcaughtthemoodofthepost-wargenerationandbroughttheinternationalfametoyoungHemingway.LieutenantHenryisshockedintotherealizationthat“Abstractwordssuchasglory,honor,courage,orhallowwereobscene（淫穢的，猥褻的）,”andfeels“alwaysembarrassedbythewordssacred,glorious,andsacrificeandtheexpressioninvain”.AFarewelltoArms

Plot:

FredericHenryisanAmericanservingasaLieutenantofanambulancedivisionintheItalianArmywhofellinlovewithaBritishnurses'aidenamedCatherineBarkley.LaterHenryisseriouslywoundedandCatherinecomes

sotheycanbetogether.Then

shebecomespregnant;Henryisnotupsetwithher,onlyworried.

Hereturnstothefront,onlytofindheisindangerbecauseofhisnationality.HereuniteswithCatherineandtheyfleetoSwitzerlandbyboat.

Together,CatherineandHenrystayinaremotemountaintowncalledMontreux,leadingapeacefullife.WhenCatherinegoesintolabor,theyrushtothehospital.Thedoctorsuggestsacaesarian(刨腹產(chǎn)).Theoperationseemstogowell,butHenrysoonfindsoutthatCatherinehashemorrhaged（出血）andthatthechildisborndead.FinallyHenryleavesthehospitalaloneintherain.Analysisofmajorcharacter

FrederickHenryrepresentstheexperienceofawholenationwhoiswoundedinwaranddisillusionedwithinsanityandfutilityoftheuniverse,inwhichmanisdoomedtobeentrapped.Anaverageembittered（受苦的）manofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent,amanofaction,andoneoffewwords.Anindividualist,aloneevenwithotherpeople,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol.Stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhereonecannothavehappiness,fightingsinglehandedagainstoverwhelmingodds.ThemesThegrimrealityofwar“Graceunderpressure”Manisdoomed1952,TheOldManandTheSea,helpedtowardrestoringhisliteraryimage,sothathewontheNobelPrizein1954.

For84daystheoldCubanfishermanSantiagodoesnotcatchafishbuthedoesnotfeeldiscouraged.He