美國文學(xué)課件11The Literature of the Modernist Period

美國文學(xué)課件11TheLiteratureoftheModernistPeriod1.HistoricalBackgroundWWIandthesenseoflifebeingdislocatedandfragmentedBertrandRussell:tofacelifewith“adespairingcourage”2.Whatismodernism?Thetermmodernismiswidelyusedtoidentifynewanddistinctivefeaturesinthesubjects,forms,concepts,andstylesofliteratureandtheotherartsintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury,butespeciallyafterWorldWar(1914-1918).Modernisminvolvessuddenandunexpectedbreakswithtraditionalwaysofviewingandinteractingwiththeworld.Perceptionoflanguagechanges:Languageis“thick”withmultiplemeaningsandvariedconnotativeforces.Streamofconsciousness—portrayingthecharacter’sinnermonologue3.Imagism意象主義(1912-1917)Namegiventoamovementinpoetry,originatingin1912andrepresentedbyEzraPound,AmyLowell,andothers,aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.

Whatisanimage?EzraPound:Animageis“anintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime”.(一剎那間思想和情感的復(fù)合體)Thesunlightinalemon

makesmewince.T.E.Hulme:“Theimagemustenableone“todwellandlingeruponapointofexcitement,toachievetheimpossibleandconvertapointintoaline”.RichardAldington:“Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.ThreeprinciplesofImagismDirecttreatmentofsubjectsorobjects;Eliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords;Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.(直接處理主客觀事物，刪除一切無助于“表現(xiàn)”的詞語，以口語節(jié)奏代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)格律)

LiterarySourcesofImagismTheImagistMovementdrewfromavarietyofpoetictraditions—Greek,Provencal,JapaneseandChinesepoetry.TheideographicandpictographicnatureofChineselanguage,andvirilelaconismandausterepregnancywhichcharacterizeancientChinesepoetryfascinatedtheImagists.AChineseimagisticpoetry:

AutumnThought(CyrilBirch譯)

Dryvine,oldtree,crowsatdusk.

Lowbridge,streamrunning,cottages,

Ancientroad,westwind,leannag,

Thesunwestering

Andonewithbreakingheartatthesky’sedge.《天凈沙·秋思》馬致遠(yuǎn)枯藤老樹昏鴉，

小橋流水人家，古道西風(fēng)瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。4.EzraPound(1885-1972)Apoet,critic,translator,andliteraryforceofthemodernisteraCantos

《詩章》(1948),atotalof117poemsCathay

《華夏集》,acollectionofChinesetranslationsInaStationoftheMetroAnexampleofPound’sartistictheoryofImagismPound:“Threeyearsago[1911]inParisIgotoutofa"metro"train,andsawsuddenlyabeautifulface,andthenanotherandanother,andthenabeautifulchild’sface,andthenanotherbeautifulwoman,andItriedallthatdaytofindwordsforwhatthishadmeanttome,andIcouldnotfindanywordsthatseemedtomeworthy,oraslovelyasthatsuddenemotion.Iwroteathirty-linepoemanddestroyedit.SixmonthslaterImadeapoemhalfthatlength;ayearlaterImadethefollowingsentence”:InaStationoftheMetroTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.apparition:appearance,somethingwhichshowsup;somethingwhichisnotrealandwhichcannotbeclearlyobserved顯露;幻影petal:花瓣bough:alargebranchofatree大樹枝StudyQuestions(page170)1.Whattwoimagesarejuxtaposed,orplacednexttoeachother,inthepoem?2.WhydoesPoundusetheword“apparition”insteadof“appearance”inthispoem?3.WhatisPoundtryingtosayaboutthepeopleinthestation?Apoemofthissort"istryingtorecordthepreciseinstantwhenathingoutwardandobjectivetransformsitself,ordartsintoathinginwardandsubjective."—Pound人群中這些面龐的閃現(xiàn)；濕漉的黑樹干上的花瓣。（趙毅衡）這幾張臉在人群中幻影般閃現(xiàn)；濕漉漉的黑樹枝上花瓣數(shù)點(diǎn)。（飛白）人群中，這些面孔的鬼影；潮濕的黑樹枝上的花瓣。（余光中）這些面孔浮現(xiàn)于人群；花瓣潮濕的黑樹枝。（顏元叔）

APact(1913)Inhis1909essay"WhatIFeelAboutWaltWhitman,"PounddistastedforWhitman’sexpansiveself-singingstruggleswithanevenmorepowerfulconvictionthatWhitman"isAmerica....Hedoes‘chantthecrucialstage’andheisthe‘voicetriumphant.’"Intheend,PoundsubordinatesthesuperficialquarrelwithWhitman’spoeticmeanstotheprofoundbondoftheircommonoriginandmessage.“IhonourhimforheprophesiedmewhileIcanonlyrecognisehimasaforebearofwhomIoughttobeproud”.“Thevitalpartofmymessage,takenfromthesapandfibreofAmerica,isthesameashis“.

APact(1913)Imakeapactwithyou,WaltWhitman—Ihavedetestedyoulongenough.IcometoyouasagrownchildWhohashadapig-headedfather;Iamoldenoughnowtomakefriends.Itwasyouthatbrokethenewwood,Nowisatimeforcarving.Wehaveonesapandoneroot—Lettherebecommercebetweenus.StudyQuestions1.WhatattitudesdoesthepoetholdtowardWaltWhitman?2.Whatdoesthep