選修八-unit3-inventors-and-inventions知識講解

選修八-unit3-Inventors-and-inventions考綱知識預覽6．

(adj.&n．)當前的，現(xiàn)在的；(水或

氣)流7．

(n.&vt.)小圓點；以小圓點標出8．

(adj.)突然的，意外的9．

(adj.)方便的，便利的，就近的10．

(n.)預料，期待，期望11．

(vt.)監(jiān)控currentdotabruptconvenientexpectationmonitor考綱知識預覽12．

(adj.)被動的，消極的13．

(n.)(評判的)標準，尺度14．

(adj.)有效的，確鑿的15．

(n.)申請，申請表16．

(n.&vt.)文件，檔案；將……歸檔，提交17．

(vt.&n．)輕敲，輕拍；(水)龍頭18．

(vt.)忍受，忍耐，負擔19．

(n.)雜亂20．

(n.)稻草，麥稈，吸管passivecriterionvalidapplicationfiletapbearmessstraw考綱知識預覽1.給……打電話2．有時，偶爾3．著手做某事4．萬一，以免5．交通堵塞6．開始做翻譯詞組callupnowandthensetaboutdoingsth.incasetrafficjamsetouttodo考綱知識預覽7．事實上8．別掛斷，緊緊抓住，稍等9．發(fā)生故障，次序顛倒10．接通電話，通過，(設法)做完11．回復電話12．掛斷電話intruthhangonoutofordergetthroughringbackringoff考綱知識預覽13．就……情況而言14．想出，提出，拿出15．表現(xiàn)自己，表現(xiàn)突出16．將手伸入……中，潛心于……inthecaseofcomeupwithdistinguishoneselfdiveinto考綱知識預覽Thepatentwasgivenin1876，butitwasnotuntilfivedayslaterthatBellsenthisfirsttelephonemessagetohisassistantWatson.這項專利是1876年發(fā)布的，但是貝爾是在五天之后才跟他的助手華生通了第一次電話。背誦句型考綱知識預覽[例句仿寫]

(1)Itisnotuntilyouhavekidsofyourownthatyouknowthehardshipsyourparentssuffered.等你有了孩子之后才知道父母的艱辛。(2)ItwasnotuntilImetyouthatIknewrealhappiness.直到我遇見了你，才知道什么是真正的幸福。巧學活用點擊進入名師一線講壇1.distinguishvi.&vt.辨別；顯示……的差別(1)distinguishbetween...and...區(qū)分/辨別……和……distinguish...from...使……有別于……，使……具有區(qū)別于……的特征bedistinguishedfor...因……而出名distinguishoneself(as...)(作為……)表現(xiàn)突出名師一線講壇(2)distinguishedadj.卓越的，著名的，杰出的distinguishableadj.易分辨的，能區(qū)分的(3)distinguish常用于否定句，且常與can或could連用；tell也可表“辨認，辨別”，常與can或could連用，主要用于否定句和疑問句中。名師一線講壇1．完成句子(1)Youshouldlearnto____________________________(明辨是非)．(2)Thetwinsaresoalikethat__________________(沒有人能分辨得出哪個是哪個)．(3)我弄不清“aboveall”和“firstofall”用法的不同。(漢譯英)__________________________________即境活用名師一線講壇答案：(1)distinguishbetweenrightandwrong

(2)noonecandistinguishonefromtheother

(3)Ican’ttellthedifferencebetweentheusagesof“aboveall”and“firstofall”．名師一線講壇2.bearvt.(bore，borne)忍受；忍耐；負擔(1)beardoing/n./todo忍受……bearsb./sb.’sdoingsth.忍受某人做某事(2)bearsb./sth.out證實；為……作證bearwithsb./sth.耐心對待；容忍bearsth.inmind牢記名師一線講壇2．完成句子(1)Idoubtifthatchair__________________(承受得了你的體重)．(2)She__________________(生了三個孩子)．(3)Hecan’tbear__________________(遭人嘲笑)．即境活用名師一線講壇(4)Youmust__________________(要記住)thatyourparentshopetodependonyoutobecomeagooddoctor.答案：(1)willbearyourweight

(2)hasbornethreechildren

(3)beinglaughedat

(4)bearitinmind名師一線講壇3.associatevt.聯(lián)想，聯(lián)系n．同伴，伙伴(1)associatesb./sth.withsb./sth.把……和……聯(lián)系在一起；由……聯(lián)想到……beassociatedwith...和……有關associatewithsb.與某人交往或常打交道associateoneselfwithsth.聲稱或表示自己贊同某事物(2)associationn．聯(lián)合；聯(lián)想；交往；協(xié)會；團體inassociationwith...與……合伙/合作名師一線講壇3．完成句子(1)I’venever__________________(把你和這個地方聯(lián)系在一起)．(2)Iwouldn’twantto__________________(和他的計劃有任何瓜葛)．(3)Iwishtoforgeteverything__________________(與我以前有關的)andstartanewlife.即境活用名師一線講壇答案：(1)associatedyouwiththisplace

(2)beassociatedwithhisproject(3)associatedwithmypast名師一線講壇4.messn．雜亂，臟亂，臟東西；不整潔或亂七八糟的事v．無所事事，混日子，亂鬧beinamess雜亂無章makeamessof把……搞得一塌糊涂messaround(about)混日子，浪費時間messup搞亂，搞糟名師一線講壇4．完成句子(1)There’s__________________(許多臟東西)toclearup.(2)Thisroom__________________(雜亂不堪)．(3)Thereportyoudidis__________________(亂七八糟)—doitagain.即境活用名師一線講壇(4)Thisillness_________________________________(把我的假期計劃打亂了)．(5)Hespentalldayjust__________________(游手好閑)．(6)Hislatearrival__________________(打亂了)ourplans.答案：(1)alotofmess

(2)isinamess

(3)arealmess

(4)madeamessofmyholidayplans

(5)messingabout

(6)messedup名師一線講壇5.hangon緊握??；堅持下去，繼續(xù)干；(打電話時)等一等hangabout在……蕩來蕩去hangaround等待；逗留，閑蕩hangtogether相符；一致；連貫hangup掛斷電話hanguponsb.突然掛斷某人的電話名師一線講壇5.完成句子(1)I’mafraidthelineisbusy，__________________(你能再等一會嗎)?(2)Iknowyou’retired，buttryto__________________(再堅持一會吧)．答案：(1)wouldyouliketohangon

(2)hangonabitlonger即境活用名師一線講壇6.diveinto(1)跳水(頭朝下)；將手伸入……中；(對活動、問題等)全心投入，潛心研究(2)作“潛心于……”講時和devoteoneselftosth.的意思一樣，但devoteoneselftosth.還有“投身于……，把自己奉獻給……”的意思。名師一線講壇6．完成句子(1)Theboy__________________(跳入河中)fromthebridge.(2)He__________________(將手伸入口袋中)andpulledoutaquarter.(3)He__________________(潛心研究中國歷史)．答案：(1)divedintotheriver

(2)divedintohispocket

(3)divedin/intothehistoryofChina即境活用名師一線講壇7.incase萬一；以免incaseof后加名詞或代詞，意為“要是……，在……的時候”。如：Incaseoffire，ringthebell.“如發(fā)生火災，請速按鈴?！倍鴌ncase后跟句子。inthiscase如果這樣的話inthatcase如果那樣的話inanycase無論如何innocase決不，任何情況下都不名師一線講壇7．完成句子(1)You’dbettertaketheraincoat__________________(以防下雨)．(2)__________________(如果是那樣的話)wehadtogiveuptheplan.(3)我們決不能干這樣的事情。(漢譯英)_________________________________答案：(1)incaseitrains

(2)Inthatcase

(3)Innocasecanwedosuchathing.即境活用專題突破錦囊閱讀中的詞義猜測(3)代詞替代法一般來講，代詞所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句話的前后句中。找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在代詞的位置上，看一看這句話是否合理，與前后的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再最后判定它是否為正確答案。專題一突破閱讀理解專題突破錦囊Manycreativethinkersstatethattheyhavecompletelydevotedthemselvestothesubjectmatteroftheproblem，oftenoverfairlylongperiodsoftime.Indeed，itwouldbestrangeiftheyhadnotdonethis.Nothinginsuchstatementssupportstheideathatthereisanythingverydifferentabouttheproblemsolvingthatleadstodiscoveriesofthegreatcontributionstothesociety.Theactofdiscovery，evenintherelatively例專題突破錦囊predictable(可以預見的)sensethatitoccursineverydaylearning，involves(涉及)a“suddeninsight”whichchangestheproblemsituationintoasolutionsituation.Aswehaveseen，everydaydiscoveryalsorequiresthatthelearnerhavetheknowledgeoftherulesgainedinthepast，whichisinvolvedinthesolution.專題突破錦囊Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”referto?A．Greatcontributionstothesociety.B．Longtimestudyofthesubjectmatter.C．Variousstatementsaboutproblemsolving.D．Completedevotiontoartisticcreation.專題突破錦囊【解析】

this在此段中指代上一句中提到的科學家研究一個問題要花費很長時間的身心投入?！敬鸢浮?/p>

B專題突破錦囊完成下列閱讀理解。(2008年高考天津卷)Wecanachieveknowledgeeitheractivelyorpassively(被動地)．Weachieveitactivelybydirectexperience，bytestingandprovinganidea，orbyreasoning.技巧演練專題突破錦囊Weachieveknowledgepassivelybybeingtoldbysomeoneelse.MostofthelearningthattakesplaceintheclassroomandthekindthathappenswhenwewatchTVorreadnewspapersormagazinesispassive.Conditionedaswearetopassivelearning，it’snotsurprisingthatwedependonitinoureverydaycommunicationwithfriendsandcoworkers.專題突破錦囊Unfortunately，passivelearninghasaseriousproblem.Itmakesustendtoacceptwhatwearetoldevenwhenitislittlemorethanhearsayandrumor(謠言)．專題突破錦囊DidyoueverplaythegameRumor？Itbeginswhenonepersonwritesdownamessagebutdoesn’tshowittoanyone.Thenthepersonwhispersit，wordforword，toanotherperson.Thatperson，inturn，whispersittostillanother，andsoon，throughallthepeopleplayingthegame.Thelastpersonwritesdownthemessagewordforwordasheorshehearsit.Thenthetwowrittenstatementsarecompared.Typically，theoriginalmessagehaschanged.專題突破錦囊That’swhathappensindailylife.Thesimplefactthatpeoplerepeatastoryintheirownwordschangesthestory.Then，too，mostpeoplelistenimperfectly.Andmanyenjoyaddingtheirowncreativetouchtoastory，tryingtoimproveonit，stamping(打上標記)itwiththeirownpersonalstyle.Yetthosewhohearitthinktheyknow.專題突破錦囊Thisprocessisalsofoundamongscholarsandauthors：Astatementofopinionbyonewritermayberestatedasafactbyanother，whomayinturnbequotedbyyetanother；andthisprocessmaycontinue，unlessitoccurstosomeonetoquestionthefactsonwhichtheoriginalwriterbasedhisopinionortochallengetheinterpretationheplaceduponthosefacts.專題突破錦囊【文章大意】本文主要講述了被動習得的弊端。1．Accordingtothepassage，passivelearningmayoccurin________.A．doingamedicalexperimentB．solvingamathproblemC．visitinganexhibitionD．doingscientificreasoning專題突破錦囊解析：選C。推理判斷題。本文主要講述的是在日常生活中，人們對一些說法常常會出現(xiàn)人云亦云并經(jīng)過添油加醋的情況。A、B、D三項都是人們主動習得的情況，C項“參觀展覽”符合文章中講述的被動習得的含義。專題突破錦囊2．Theunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2refersto________.A．a(chǎn)ctivelearning

B．knowledgeC．communicationD．passivelearning解析：選D。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上下文可知it一詞在此指代passivelearning。專題突破錦囊3．TheauthormentionsthegameRumortoshowthat________.A．a(chǎn)messagemaybechangedwhenbeingpassedonB．a(chǎn)messageshouldbedeliveredindifferentwaysC．peoplemayhaveproblemswiththeirsenseofhearingD．peopletendnottobelieveinwhattheyknowasrumor專題突破錦囊解析：選A。推理判斷題。作者以“咬耳朵”游戲為例，旨在說明在信息傳遞過程中，由于傳遞者不斷地加入自己的理解，最終的信息內(nèi)容與原始內(nèi)容會大相徑庭。專題突破錦囊4．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Activelearningislessimportant.B．Passivelearningmaynotbereliable.C．Activelearningoccursmorefrequently.D．Passivelearningisnotfoundamongscholars.解析：選B。通讀全文可知，信息在傳遞過程中可能就改變了原來的意思，因此被動學到的知識可能就不可信了。專題突破錦囊解決問題型議論文寫作模板這類議論文一般分為三部分：發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、分析問題與提出解決問題的建議。1．發(fā)現(xiàn)問題：Inrecentdays，wehavetofaceaproblemthat____________.(陳述問題)Asisoftennoticed，__________.(陳述問題)專題二寫作導與練專題突破錦囊2．分析問題：__________.(分析這一問題存在的危害性)3．提出自己的看法與解決辦法：Withthehelpofmoderntechnology，wenowhavemanymeanstosolveit./Bydoing...，wecan...What’sthemostimportantisthat.../Onlywhen...canwe...專題突破錦囊解決辦法：Firstly，________.Secondly，________.Finally，________.結論：Inaword，itisclear/obviousthat...專題突破錦囊閱讀下面的短文，然后按要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。Waterisessentialtoourlife.Infactoriesitisusedformanufacture.Athomepeopleneeditfordrinking，cookingandwashing.Wateralsogiveslifetotreesandcrops.Itiswaterthatmaintainourphysicallifeandprovidesuswithgreenfreshsurroundings.Sowemaywellsaythatwateristhefoundationofhumanexistence；wecannotlivewithoutit.即時訓練專題突破錦囊Nowpeopleeverywherearetryingtoobtainwaterandmoreandmorewellsareduginthecountryside.Onecanalafteranotherisbuilttoleadriverwatertothebigcitiestomeettheneedsforwater.Insomeareasrainandsnowwateriscarefullystoredforeverydayuse.專題突破錦囊However，sometimes，peopledon’ttakegoodcareofwater.Waterwastesandwaterpollutioncausemoreandmoretroubleforthedevelopmentofindustryandpeople’slivingconditions.Soitisveryimportantthatmeasuresshouldbetakentoeconomizewaterandprotectitfrompollution.專題突破錦囊【寫作內(nèi)容】1．概括短文的內(nèi)容要點，該部分的詞數(shù)大約為30；2．就“TreasureWater”這一主題發(fā)表你的看法，該部分的詞數(shù)大約為120。短文至少包含以下的內(nèi)容：(1)一些人洗澡、洗碗、洗衣服時，一直開著自來水；(2)洗完后沒關緊水龍頭就走了，讓水不停地滴；(3)你對此有何看法？為什么？專題突破錦囊【寫作要求】1．可以使用實例或其他論述方法支持你的論點，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用