中國(guó)古典家具

Unit4ChineseMingandQingFurnitureEnglishforTourismClassicalChinesefurnituredevelopedfromancienttimes.Thechangeofthehabitofkneelingorsittingcross-leggedonaplatformtosittingwithlegspendantonastoolgivesrisetothefurnitureoflevelheight.TheMingfurnitureisCharacterizedbyasimpleandelegantstructurewithfluentlinesandappealingproportions.AndtheQingfurnitureincontrastislargerandmoreimposingwithelaboratecarvingandinlaiddecoration.Bothtypesareofgreatcharmsinworldfurniturebytheirfinematerials,specialworkmanshipandartisticlevel.

ReadingA

ChineseMingandQingFurnitureMajorTypesofFurnitureDisplayedintheGalleryStoolSquarestool:

Asquareseatwithnobackandarms,oneofthebasicform

ofthetype.FoldingstoolAcross-leggedstool,consistingofeightsstraightpiecesofwood.Itiswidelyusedeasytocarry.ChairOfficial’shatarmchairThenamecomesfromitstoprail,whichlookslikeaMingofficialhat.Theonewiththeendsofitstoprailandarmsprotrudingiscalled“Officialhatarmchairwithfourprotrudingends,theonewithoutthatcalled“Southernofficial’shatarmchair”.ArmchairwithcurvedrestWesternerscallithorseshoearmchair.(excludingthefoldingchairwithcurvedrest)FoldingchairwithcurvedbackAfoldingstooladdedwithaback.ThereweretwokindsintheSongdynasty:onewithastraightbackandtheotherwithacurvedback.ThelatterwaspopularintheMingdynasty.TableSquaretableTherearetwotypesofChinesetable.Onecall

“Zhuo”

hasitsfourlegssupportingatthefourcorners;theothercalled“An”thathasitslegsrecessedfromcorners.AlargesquaretableisusuallysitbyeightpeoplecalledinChinese“Baxianzhuo“,

EightImmortalstable.NarrowrectangulartableItcouldbeusedasalutetable,paintingtableorwritingtable.HalftableHalfofthesizeofanEightImmortalstable,andcouldalsobeusedtoextendanEightImmortalstablewhenitisnotlargeenoughforuse.KangtableAshorttableusedonKangs,akindofchair-levelbedthatisusuallybuilt-upwithbricksandcanbeheatedunderneathandalsousedfordaytimesittinginnorthChina.Itisnarrowandlongandofahighlevel.Theonewithaflattopcalled“Pingtou’an”inChinese;theonewithevertedflangesatthetwoendsofthetopcalled“

Qiaotou’an“.NarrowrectangulartablewithrecessedlegsNarrowrectangulartrestletableTheframedfloatingpanelissupportedbytworectangularstands,easytomove.BedCanopybedTherewerefour-orsix-postcanopybedsinancientChina.LuohanbedItisabedwithbackandsiderailings.ScreenFoldingscreenItismadefrommanypanelswhichcanbearrangedindifferentconfigurations.ScreensetinastandIthasitscentralscreenpanelsetinastand.ScreensetinastandwitharemovablepanelIthasitscentralscreenpanelinsertedintogroovesattheinnersidesoftheframe

posts.Sothepanel

is

removable.InkstonescreenAkindofsmallscreenplacedonthenarrowrectangulartablefor

decorationortoprotectthecandlelightfromwind.WoodsPopularlyUsedforChineseMingandQingFurniture

1.ZitanWood,

PterocarpusSantalinusItisoneofthemostprecioushardwoodsintheworld,mainlyfromthetropicalislandsoftheSouthPacificOcean.SomeareasinChina-Yunnan,GuangdongandGuangxi-alsohaveit,butnotinalargequantity.Ittakeshundredsofyearsforthewoodtogrowup.Itisofaverytighttextureandinadarkcolorwithirregulargrainslikecrabcrawsortigerskin.2.HuanghualiWood,

DalbergiaHainanensisMostofthebestMingandQingfurniturewasmadeofHuanghuali

wood

fromHainanIslandofChina.Itishardandinaperfectcolor,neithertoosubduednortooshowy,withdistinctgrainswhichvarygreatly.Itisoneofthegeneraofwoodbelongingtothe

Omosia

family,fromGuangdongandHainanprovinces

ofChina.Beforethe19th

century,fewpiecesof

furnitureweremadeofnewJichiwood.Itisdenseandinapurple-browncolorwithagrainthatformsgoodpatternsofthefeathersneartheneckandwingsofabirdorlandscapescenery.3.JichiWood4.TieliWood,MesuaferreaItisakindofevergreentreefromGuangdongProvince,thelargestofallthehardwoodtrees.ManylargepiecesofMingfurnitureweremadeofit.ItsgrainlooksverysimilartothatofJichiwood,butcoarser.5.JuWood,ZeikovaItisakindofdeciduous

tree,growsintheJiang

su

and

Zhejiangareasinsouth

China.Sothepeopleinthenorth

calledit“Nanyu”(southernelm).Itisharder

thanmostwoodsbutnotexactlyahardwood.TheoldJuwoodhasareddishcolorknownas“Xueju”(bloodJu).ManypiecesoffurnitureinSuzhouandShanghaiweremadeofit.Its

beautifulgrainlookslikemountainspilingupmountains,called“pagodapattern”.6.Rosewood,PterocarpusIndicusTherosewoodtreegrowsinGuangdongandYunnanprovincesofChina,andalsoinIndia,BengalandBurma.Therearetwokinds,oldandnew.TheoldoneisclosetoZitanwood,butneithersodarkincolornorsodenseintexture.VeryfewpiecesofMingandearlyQingfurnitureweremadeofit.

TheshortagesofHuanghuliandoldJichiwoodsgaverisetotheuseofitinthemidandlateQing

period.7.BurlWoodItisactuallynotthenameofaspecifictreebutreferstothewoodcutfromalargeknotortwistedroot.Itcancomefromanykindoftree,suchasNanburlwood,birchburlwood,Hualiburlwood,etc,whichhavedifferentgrainpatterns.Somelookslikelandscape,somelikeclustersofgrapes.Peoplelikethepatternsandusedthemforthefloatingpanelofatableorfordecorativeinlay.Mingfurniture

RepresentingthezenithofChinesefurniture,Mingfurnitureistreasuredforitspreciouswood,comfortabledesign,simpledecorationandsuperbcraftsmanship.MingfurnituredatesfromtheendoftheMing

Dynasty,atransitionaltimeinChinesehistory.DuringthebeginningandthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,austeritywasagovernmentedict.Text-relatedInformation

AtthebeginningoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911),furniturefollowedMingpatternsandstyles.DuringthereignofEmperorsKangxi,YongZheng,andQianLong,QingFurnitureshoweditsownuniquenesswiththeabsorptionofwesternart.Itwaslargerinsizewithgrandeurandpageantry.Engravingwasapopularandimportantmeansoffurnituredecoration.Thesubjectsrangefromauspiciouscharacterpatterns,togeometricpatternsandscenesinnaturewithanimals,mountainsandwaters,flowersandgrass.Colorpainting,especiallygoldpainting,waswidelyused.QingFurniture

After-readingActivity

TrueorFalseExercise

VocabularyExercise

MatchingTrueorFalseExerciseMarkthefollowingstatementswith”T”fortrueand“F”forfalseaccordingtothepassage.()1.InMingandQingdynasties,theheightoffurniturechangedbecausepeople’shabitofsittinghadchanged.()2.ThestructureofMingfurniturewassimpleandelegant,butsmallerthanthatofQingfurniture.()3.BothMingandQingfurnitureparticularaboutmaterials.()4.Foldingstoolswerewidelyusedbothintownsandinthecountry.TTTT()5.Official’shatarmchairgotitsnamebecauseitlookedlikeaMingofficialhat.()6.LuohanbedwasnamedafteraLuohan.().7.Oneofthefunctionsofinkstonewastobeautifytheroom.()8.ThesouthernprovincesofChinaareabundantinZitanwood.()9.Tieliwoodisharderandfinerthananyotherwoods.()10.Burlwoodisakindoftreefoundinmanyplaces.TFTFFFVocabularystudy

giveriseto

:causesth.e.g.Herdisappearancegaverisetothewildestrumors.Protect…from:keepsb.Orsth.safefromharm,injury,etc.

e.g.Inordertoprotectoureyesfromdustandthesunintheopenairwe’dbetterwearsun-glasses.pileup:increaseinquantity,e.g.Herdebtsarepilingupandshehasnomoneytopaythemincontrast(with):actionofcontrastinge.g.Incontrastwiththeirsystem,oursystemseemsveryold-fashioned.besimilar(tosb./sth.):resemblingsb./sth.butnotthesamee.g.Goldissimilarincolortobrass.growup:

(ofpeopleoranimals)reachthestageoffulldevelopment.Becomeadultormaturee.g.Sheisgrowingupfast.VocabularyExercise

Fillintheblankswiththewordsorexpressionsgivenbelow.ChangetheirformswherenecessaryTheywrappedthesaplingswithcottonto_____them_____thecold.2.Nowallthechildrenhave__________andleadanindependentlife.Environmentalproblemshave_______acutedebate.giverisetoprotect…frompileupincontrast(with)besimilargrowupprotectfromgrownupgivenriseto4.Chinaisthebiggestdevelopingcountry,_______________theUnitedStates,thebiggestdevelopedcountry.5.Tomanypeoplewhodon’tunderstandJapaneseandKorean,thetwolanguagesare_________toeachotherinpronunciation.6.Usually,footballplayers________tocelebratetheirvictory.incontrast(with)similarpileupTranslationExercises:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:ClassicalChinesefurniturehasalonghistoryandclearcharacteristics.中國(guó)古典家具發(fā)展歷史久遠(yuǎn)，具有鮮明的特色。Mingfurniturearecharacterizedbyasimpleandelegantstructurewithfluentlinesandappealingproportions.明代家具造型古樸典雅，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，線條流暢，尺度適宜。3.MingandQingfurnitureareofuniquecharmsin

worldfurniturebytheirfinematerials,special

workmanshipandhighartisticlevel.明清家具用料考究，工藝精湛，品位高雅，在世界家具領(lǐng)域中獨(dú)具魅力。4.Foldingscreenismadefrommanypanelswhichcanbearrangedindifferentconfigurations.圍屏由多扇屏風(fēng)組合而成，并可任意折疊。5.Qingfurnitureislargerandmoreimposingwithelaboratecarvingandinlaiddecoration清代家具體重增大，繁紋重飾，精雕細(xì)刻。6.HuanghuailwoodgrowsinHainanprovince.MostpiecesofbestMingandQingfurnitureweremadeofstripes.黃花梨木產(chǎn)于海南省，明清時(shí)絕大多數(shù)的上好家具由此木精制而成。SimulatedWritingLaundryLists洗衣單洗衣（包括濕洗、干洗、熨燙）是酒店的重要工作之一，是酒店管理水平的體現(xiàn)。指定一份詳細(xì)的洗衣單是確保及時(shí)、安全洗衣的重要前提。洗衣單基本上有固定的書(shū)寫(xiě)格式，一般包括五大部分（1）基本情況；（2）濕洗；（3）干洗（4）熨燙；（5）價(jià)格。基本情況包括客人的姓名、房號(hào)、衣物件數(shù)、時(shí)間要求等；濕洗一般用于洗滌粗纖維的衣物，如運(yùn)動(dòng)衫，牛仔服、內(nèi)衣、睡衣等；干洗用于洗滌纖維細(xì)的衣物，如西裝、裙子、領(lǐng)帶等。SampleLAUNDRY/DRYCLEANING&PRESSINGLISTPleasecallExt.13forcollectionPleaseuseblocklettersPleaseIndicateShirtsReturnedDateSpecialInstructionsNameRoomNo.ExpressFoldedNo.ofPiecesSameDateOnHangerGuestcountHotelcountGentle-menUnitPriceRMBAmountGuestcountHotelcountLadiesUnitPriceRMBAmountLaundryDressShirt26.00Dress32.00Shirt24.00DressGown25.00T-shirt20.00Blouse24.00DryCleaningTie20.00Blouse30.00Sweater34.00Slacks34.00West24.00Scarf20.00PressingJacket22.00Skirt20.00Suit(2pcs)35.00Pants22.00Trousers22.00Blouse18.00ThisformmustbecompletedandsignedbytheguestGuest’sSignature:SubTotalPlus100%ExpressChargePlus15%ServiceChargeGrandTotalRMB￥Matchthefollowinggroupsofwordsandphrases.Laundrya.長(zhǎng)褲2.PressingB.睡衣3.Expressc.熨燙4.dressshirtd.睡袍（女）5.Pyjamae.洗衣6.Slacksf.禮服恤7.Blouseg.圍巾8.Dressinggownh.特快9.Scarfi.襯衣（女）ECIFBAJDGSpeakingPracticeHotelSampleConversation1:Information(Br.GreenisgoingtotheInformationDeskwithaletterinhishand.(A:ReceptionistB:Mr.Green)A:Goodmorning,sir.B:Goodmorning.Couldyouhelpmemailthisletter?A:Yes.Haveyoustuckonthestampsyet?B:No.Iamastampcollector.IwanttobysomeChineseStamps.A:(lookingattheenvelope.)isittoSanDiegointheUSA?B:Yes.AndI’liketosenditbyordinaryairmail.A:(Weightingtheletteronthscales.)Fouryuanandeightyfen…B:Thankyou.Hereitis.(Givingthemoney)A:Herearethecommemorationstamps.Pleasestickthemontogetherwiththeairmailstickeronthefrontoftheenvelop.B:Allright.Onemorething,Iamgoingtosendane-mailtosomeofmyfriends.WhereCanIdoit?A:Oh,ifyouhaveyournotebookcomputerwithyou,youcandoitinyourroom.Everyguestroomisequippedwiththetelephoneline.Oryoucansendyoure-