第4章 國(guó)際運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)

ChapterFour

InternationalCargoTransportationInsurance

合肥師范學(xué)院HEFEINORMALUNIVERSITYCase：

某輪從上海港駛往新加坡,在航行中觸礁,造成船底撞穿,海水涌入,部分貨物遭水浸,船長(zhǎng)為避免船舶沉沒(méi),令船強(qiáng)行擱淺,又使船貨發(fā)生損失,由于船舶受損嚴(yán)重,無(wú)法繼續(xù)航行。這次事件造成的損失有:(1)1000箱貨物由于擱淺遭水浸;(2)600箱由于觸礁被水浸;(3)船只由于擱淺受損;(4)額外發(fā)生的員工薪金伙食,燃油費(fèi)用.ProvideInsuranceDoyouknowthemarineinsurance?Whichkindofinsurancedoweshouldelect?Howtodealwithinsurance,whatistheproblemsweshouldpayattentionto?ContentLearningObjectives1.Realizetheperilsandlossesinoceantransport2.LearnthethreebasicinsurancecoverageandadditionalinsurancecoverageunderC.I.C.3.Understandthewaysofpreparingtheapplicationformofinsurance

4.Understandthewaysofstipulatinginsuranceclausesinsalescontract

SectionOneBasicConceptsinInsuranceSectionTwoCoverageofMarineCargoInsuranceSectionThreeOceanMarineCargoClausesofCIC

SectionFourInsuranceTermsinSaleContractSectionOneBasicConceptsinInsuranceI.Cargoinsurance

Cargoinsuranceisacontractwherebytheinsurer(insurancecompany),onthebasisofpremium,undertakestoindemnifytheinsuredagainstlossfromcertainrisksorperilstowhichthecargoinsuredmaybeexposed.Itisanindispensableadjunctofinternationaltrade.

Subjectmatterinsuredreferstothething,item,andsubjectthattheinsuranceisinsured.Itcanbevisibleorinvisible.II.SubjectmatterinsuredIII.Insurer

Theinsurer,alsocalledunderwriter,isthepartytoaninsurancearrangementwhoundertakestoindemnifyforlossesorprovideservice,whichusuallyindicatestheinsurancecompanyortheindividualswhorunaninsurancefirm.ThefollowingaresomecommoninsurersinChina:

Theinsuredisthepartywhoisinsuredagainstlossesandtowhomthecompensationismade.Itusuallyreferstotheownerofthegoods.IV.InsuredV.Insurancepolicy

Insurancepolicyisawritingwherebyacontractofinsuranceismadeinwhichtherightsanddutiesoftheinsurerandtheinsuredaresetout.Itmainlyincludesthefollowinginformation:nameoftheinsurer,nameoftheinsured,subject-matterinsured,insuredvalue,insuredamount,insuranceliability,excludedduties,periodofinsurance,premiumandsoon.

Theinsuredamountistheamountofmoneytheinsurercoversagainstthelossesoftheinsured.Generallyspeaking,theinsuredamountisthemaximizedamountofthecompensationpayabletotheinsured.Thepremiumisimposedonthebasisofinsuredamount.Ininternationaltrade,theinsuredamountisusually110%oftheCIF(CPT)value.Theadditional10%wouldbeusedtocompensatethelossofprofitfromthetransaction.VI.InsuredamountVII.PremiumThepremiumisthemoneypaidbytheinsuredtotheinsurerfortheinsuranceservice.Itisalwaysapercentageoftheinsuredamount.Withthedifferencesininsurancecoverage,commodities,modesoftransportationandportsofdestination,therewouldbedifferentinsurancepercentagesapplied.SectionTwoCoverageofMarineCargoInsuranceI、MarineRisks

Risk

=PerilsoftheSea+ExtraneousRisksMarineperilsrefertothosedangersandriskswhicharebeyondthecontrolofthecaptainwhenthevesselistravelingamongtheocean海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Risk=NaturalCalamities自然災(zāi)害+FortuitousAccident意外事故=Generalextraneousrisks

+SpecialextraneousrisksQuestion:泰坦尼克號(hào)是何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？遇臺(tái)風(fēng)整船傾覆為何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？Theinsurancecompanycoversthreeaspects:risks,lossesandexpensesandcompensatesforthelossesaccordingtodifferentrisks.Naturalcalamity(badweather,thunderandlightening,earthquake,flood,tsunami,etc.)Fortuitousrisks(grounding,stranding,sunk,collision,fire,explosion,missing,etc.)ExtraneousRisksGeneral

ExtraneousRisks(theft,breakage,leakage,contamination,etc.)SpecialExtraneousRisks(militaryaffairs,war,strike,failuretodelivery,refection,etc.）PerilsoftheSea

RISKSII.Losses(海上損失)Losses=Marinelosses+Others

Losses

MarineLossesOthersTotalLossPartialLossGeneralExtraneousRisksSpecialExtraneousRisks

Lossmeansthedamageoraverageorperilsoccurredtogoodscoveredbytheinsurerduringseatransport.1、TotalLoss

Itreferstothelossoftheentirevalueofthesubjectmattertotheinsured,normallyinvolvingthemaximumamountforwhichapolicyisliable.從損失情況看actualtotalloss(實(shí)際全損)constructivetotalloss

(推定全損)Itmeanthatthecargohasbeentotallylostorhasbeendamagedtotheextentthatithaslostitsoriginalusage.Itmeansthecargoisnottotallylost,buttheactualtotallossshallbeunavoidableortherestorationfeestogetherwithothermiscellaneousexpenseswillexceedtoanticipatedamountofprofitwhenthecargoisdeliveredtothedestination.指貨物發(fā)生事故后，認(rèn)為實(shí)際全損已不可避免，或?yàn)楸苊鈱?shí)際全損所需支付的費(fèi)用與繼續(xù)將貨物運(yùn)抵目的地的費(fèi)用之衙超過(guò)保險(xiǎn)價(jià)值。II.Losses(海上損失)ActualTotalLossincludes:具體4種情形：1、totallossofthesubjectmatter保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物完全滅失；2、thetotallossofthevalue喪失原有用途不具商業(yè)價(jià)值；3、Pilferage,theft,lossandarrest所有權(quán)被剝奪，無(wú)法追回；4、theshipbeinglostformorethanhalfayear失蹤半年以上，毫無(wú)音信。如：整船傾覆沉人深海如：茶葉、水泥等被海水浸泡如：戰(zhàn)時(shí)被扣或被海盜搶走保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物遭受保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的事故，使被保險(xiǎn)人失去標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)，而收回標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)，其費(fèi)用已超過(guò)收回標(biāo)的物的價(jià)值。保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物受損后，其修理費(fèi)用超過(guò)貨物修復(fù)后的價(jià)值。constructivetotallossincludes:構(gòu)成情況：保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物受損后，其整理和繼續(xù)運(yùn)往目的港的費(fèi)用，超過(guò)貨物到達(dá)目的港的價(jià)值。保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物的實(shí)際全損已經(jīng)無(wú)法避免，為避免全損所需的施救費(fèi)用，將超過(guò)獲救后標(biāo)的物的價(jià)值。2、Partialloss部分損失

PartiallossreferstothelossofpartofaconsignmentGeneralAverage共同海損

Itisdefinedasapartialanddeliberatesacrificeoftheship,freight,cargo,ortheadditionalexpenseincurredtorescueashipanditscargofromimpendingdangerorforthecommonsafetyoftheadventureunderaperiloftheseaorsomeotherhazards.在海運(yùn)途中，船舶、貨物或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)遭遇共同危險(xiǎn)，為了解除共同危險(xiǎn)，有意采取合理的救難措施，所直接造成的特殊犧牲和支付的特殊費(fèi)用。differentcausesGeneralAverage，GA(共同海損)ParticularAverage

(單獨(dú)海損)TherearefourconditionsformingGA(構(gòu)成共同海損的條件)(1)Thedangerthatthreatsthecommonsafetyofcargoand/orvesselshallbemateriallyexistentandisnotforeseen.船貨確實(shí)遭遇共同危險(xiǎn)。(2)Themeasurestakenbythemastershallbeconsciousandreasonable,whichmeans,GAisman-madebutnotanaccidentalloss.采取的措施必須是合理的、自動(dòng)的和有意識(shí)的。(3)Thesacrificeshallbespecializedandnotcausedbyperilsdirectlyandtheexpenseincurredshallbeadditionalexpensewhichisnotwithintheoperationbudget.犧牲和費(fèi)用支出是非常性質(zhì)的。(4)Theactionsoftheship’smastershallbesuccessfullyinsavingthevoyage.共同海損措施最終必須有效。措施：★自己施救★請(qǐng)人救助★拋貨Fee費(fèi)用：Thelossofsacrificeaswellastheexpensesincurredinageneral按獲益比例分?jǐn)偘咐?jì)算例：船載A、B、C、D四公司貨遇特大臺(tái)風(fēng)，無(wú)法施救或請(qǐng)人救助，經(jīng)船員緊急會(huì)議決定拋貨。D公司貨重且相對(duì)價(jià)值不高（500萬(wàn)美圓），被全部拋入海中，船得以安全到達(dá)目的港。已知：船價(jià)值2000萬(wàn)美圓；A公司貨值1500萬(wàn)美圓；BC公司各貨值1000萬(wàn)美圓，此事如何善后？

屬共同海損，理應(yīng)分?jǐn)倱p失船方應(yīng)分?jǐn)偅?/p>

500×2000/（2000+1500+1000×2+500）=500/3A公司應(yīng)分?jǐn)偅?/p>

500×1500/（2000+1500+1000×2+500）=125B、C公司各應(yīng)分?jǐn)偅?00×1000/（2000+1500+1000×2+500）=500/6D公司應(yīng)分?jǐn)偅?00×500/（2000+1500+1000×2+500）=500/12驗(yàn)算：500/3+500/4+500/6×2+500/12=（500×4+500×3+500×2×2+500）/12=（500×12）/12=500正確2.ParticularAverage(PA)單獨(dú)海損

isalossofthesubject-materinsuredthatiscausedbyaperilinsuredagainstandisnotbythedeliberateactofapersonforcommonbenefit,thatlossmustbesustainedexclusivelybythepersonuponwhomthedamagefalls.是指僅涉及船舶或貨物所有人單方面利益的損失。單獨(dú)海損的特點(diǎn)是：（1）它不是人為有意造成的部分損失。

（2）它是保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物本身的損失。

（3）單獨(dú)海損由受損失的被保險(xiǎn)人單獨(dú)承擔(dān)，但其可根據(jù)損失情況從保險(xiǎn)人那里獲得賠償。II.Losses(海上損失)

請(qǐng)問(wèn)：這1000臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)的損失由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)，屬于何種性質(zhì)？

案例思考1

海輪的艙面上裝有1000臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)，航行中遇大風(fēng)浪襲擊，450臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)被卷入海中，海輪嚴(yán)重傾斜，如不立即采取措施，則有翻船的危險(xiǎn)，船長(zhǎng)下令將余下的550臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)全部拋入海中。案例分析被卷入海中450臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)屬于單獨(dú)海損，由單獨(dú)的貨方承擔(dān)損失。船長(zhǎng)下令拋入海中的550臺(tái)拖拉機(jī)屬于共同海損，由獲救的船方、運(yùn)費(fèi)方和貨方按照獲救后的價(jià)值按比例分?jǐn)?。案例思?某貨輪在航行途中因電線失火，第三艙內(nèi)發(fā)生火災(zāi)，經(jīng)灌水滅火。船體個(gè)別部位的船板被燒，急需補(bǔ)漏。為了船貨的共同安全，船長(zhǎng)決定就近靠港修船，為此，將部分貨物卸到岸上并存?zhèn)}，卸貨過(guò)程中部分貨物受損。事后統(tǒng)計(jì)：①被火燒毀貨物價(jià)值5000美元。②船體個(gè)別部位的船板被燒，損失10

000美元。③因灌水救火被水浸壞貨物損失6000美元。④滅火、修理額外發(fā)生10

000美元的費(fèi)用。⑤卸貨過(guò)程中部分貨物受損1000美元。哪些損失屬于共同海損？案例分析根據(jù)共同海損的構(gòu)成條件，①、②是因火災(zāi)而造成的直接損失，屬單獨(dú)海損。③、④、⑤是因維護(hù)共同安全而造成的特殊損失和產(chǎn)生的額外費(fèi)用，屬于共同海損。Discuss：

thedifferencesbetweenPAandGA共同海損與單獨(dú)海損的區(qū)別？（1）造成海損的原因不同.PAiscauseddirectlybyrisks;GAisman-madelossinordertoremoveoralleviaterisks.（2）承擔(dān)損失的責(zé)任不同。

ThedamagedpartyisresponsibleforlossesincurredinaPA;thelossofsacrificeaswellastheexpensesincurredinaGAsharedamongallparties.III.Charges可彌補(bǔ)的費(fèi)用1.SueandLaborExpenses

(施救費(fèi)用)Theyareextraordinaryexpensesmadeinatimeofperilbytheinsuredtoacttoavertorminimizeanylossofordamagetothesubjectmatterinsured.當(dāng)被保險(xiǎn)貨物遇到保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的災(zāi)害事故時(shí)，被保險(xiǎn)人、或其代理人、或保險(xiǎn)單上受讓人等為防止損失的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，而采取措施所付出的費(fèi)用。（常與單獨(dú)海損費(fèi)用相聯(lián)系）。（無(wú)論有無(wú)效果都予以賠償）Theyareexpensesresultingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbyathirdpartyotherthantheinsured,hisagent,oranypersonemployedbythemtopreservemaritimepropertyfromperilsatsea.當(dāng)被保險(xiǎn)貨物遇到保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)的災(zāi)害事故時(shí)，由無(wú)契約關(guān)系的第三者采取的救助行動(dòng)，獲得成功，而向其支付的報(bào)酬；（常與共同海損費(fèi)用相聯(lián)系）。（無(wú)效果、無(wú)報(bào)酬）2.SalvageCharge(救助費(fèi)用)CoverageofMarineCargoInsurance

海運(yùn)貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)保障的范圍MarineRisks可保障的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Losses可彌補(bǔ)的損失Charges可彌補(bǔ)的費(fèi)用PerilsoftheSea海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)ExtraneousRisks外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)NaturalcalamityFortuitousrisksGeneral

ExtraneousRisksSpecialExtraneousRisksTotalLoss全部損失PartialLoss部分損失actualtotalloss實(shí)際全損constructivetotalloss推定全損GeneralAverage共同海損ParticularAverage單獨(dú)海損SalvageCharge救助費(fèi)用SueandLaborExpenses施救費(fèi)用SectionThreeOceanMarineCargoClausesofCICThefollowingmainlyintroducestheChinaOceanMarineCargoClausesstipulatedbythePeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina(PICC).ChinaInsuranceCoverageconsistsofBasicOceanMarineCargoInsuranceandAdditionalRisks.FPAWPAAllRisksAdditionalRisksGeneralAdditionalRisksBasicOceanMarineCargoInsuranceAdditionalRisks

1、平安險(xiǎn)(FreefromParticularAverage,FPA)

FPAisalimitedformofcargoinsurancewhichonlyprovidescoveragefortotallossesandgeneralaveragelossarisingfromtheactual“marineperils”likevesselbeingstranded,groundedorsunk.Nopartiallossordamageresultedfromnaturalcalamitiesisrecoverable,unlessthesenaturalcalamitiesoccurbeforeorafterfortuitousaccidents.

I.BasicOceanMarineCargoInsurance1）平安險(xiǎn)只涉及海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的損失，不涉及外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的損失；

2）全部損失或意外事故造成的損失都可獲賠；

3）自然災(zāi)害造成的部分損失，若屬共同海損的分?jǐn)偪色@賠，單獨(dú)海損則不能獲賠；

4）自然災(zāi)害前后發(fā)生了意外事故，則都可獲賠。平安險(xiǎn)也叫“自然災(zāi)害單獨(dú)海損不賠險(xiǎn)”ThecoverageofFPA平安險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任范圍判斷下列各題若投平安險(xiǎn)是否賠償？1）運(yùn)輸貨物的船舶在運(yùn)輸途中觸礁，海水涌進(jìn)船艙，將甲商人的5000公噸貨物浸泡2000公噸。賠償2000公噸（意外事故）2）貨物在運(yùn)輸途中遭遇惡劣天氣，海水涌進(jìn)船艙，將乙商人6000公噸貨物浸泡3000公噸。不予賠償（自然災(zāi)害，部分損失）3）貨物運(yùn)輸途中遭遇惡劣天氣，海水涌進(jìn)船艙，將丙商人6000公噸貨物全部浸泡。賠償（自然災(zāi)害，全部損失）4）貨物運(yùn)輸途中遇惡劣天氣，海水涌進(jìn)船艙，將丁商人的6000公噸貨物浸泡3000公噸，之后又觸礁，海水涌進(jìn)船艙，貨物又被浸泡1000公噸。賠償4000公噸（自然災(zāi)害前后發(fā)生意外事故）5）貨物運(yùn)輸途中，自來(lái)水管破裂，將戊商人的8000公噸貨物浸泡3000公噸。不予賠償（非海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失）

I.BasicOceanMarineCargoInsurance2.WPA(orWA,withparticularaverage,withaverage)水漬險(xiǎn)WPAisawiderformofcargoinsurancethatprovidesextensivecoveragainstalllossordamageduetomarineperilsthroughoutthedurationofthepolicy,includingpartiallossordamagewhichmaybeattributedtonaturalcalamitieslikeheavyweather.WPA=FPA+ParticularAverageCausedbyNaturalCalamity平安險(xiǎn)+自然災(zāi)害下的部分損失。注：并非所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的所有損失都賠。哪些不承保？3.AllRisks一切險(xiǎn)AllRisks=WPA+GeneralAdditionalRisks.水漬險(xiǎn)+一般外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失

I.BasicOceanMarineCargoInsurance案例1：

某公司租船運(yùn)貨去倫敦，在某海域遇較大臺(tái)風(fēng)，臺(tái)風(fēng)過(guò)后，整理貨物發(fā)現(xiàn)該公司一部分貨物臺(tái)風(fēng)期間不慎落海，船繼續(xù)前行并安全到達(dá)倫敦。試問(wèn)：1）如投保平安險(xiǎn)，可否獲賠？2）上例如投保水漬險(xiǎn)，可否獲賠？3）一切險(xiǎn)呢？上例如果臺(tái)風(fēng)期間不慎落海貨值50萬(wàn)英鎊，后又與別船相撞導(dǎo)致貨物落海，貨值30萬(wàn)英鎊。如投保平安險(xiǎn)，可否獲賠？獲賠額多少？案例2：某公司租船運(yùn)貨去倫敦，在某海域被戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一方強(qiáng)行征用。試問(wèn)：如投保一切險(xiǎn)可否獲賠？提示：不行，因?yàn)榇藢偬厥馔鈦?lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而特殊外來(lái)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在一切險(xiǎn)中是不承保的。

Exclusionreferstothecasesthattheinsurerisnotliableforthelossesorthedamage.UnderICC,theexclusiontothethreebasiccoverageincludes:Lossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactoffaultoftheinsured;LossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignorLossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsuranceLossordamagearisingfromnormalloss,inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods,lossofmarketanddelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingthereforeRisksandliabilitiesexcludedbytheoceanmarinecargowarrisksclausesandstrike,riotandcivilcommotionclausesofCIC.Exclusions三種基本險(xiǎn)的除外責(zé)任Placeofcommencement&terminationofbasiccoverages:W/W(WarehousetoWarehouse）“倉(cāng)至倉(cāng)條款”

(1)Theunderwriter’sliabilitiescommencefromtheshipper’swarehouseattheportofshipmentevidencedintheinsurancepolicyorcertificateandterminatetillthegoodscoveredenterintotheconsignee’swarehouseattheportofdestinationshowninthesameinsurancedocument.InsuranceDuration保險(xiǎn)期限（保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任的起訖）14January2023Timeofcommencement&terminationofbasiccoverages:2.Theunderwriter’sliabilitiesterminateonthe60thdayaftertheinsuredgoodsareunloadedfromthecarryingvesselattheportofdestinationnomattertheyhaveenteredintotheconsignee’swarehouseornot.3.Theunderwriter’sliabilitiesterminateattheportorplaceofdestinationatthetimewhentheinsuredgoodsaretransshippedtoanyotherportorplacenotmentionedintheinsurancedocument.4.Theunderwriter’sliabilitiesterminateatthewarehousepriorenteringintotheconsignee’swarehouseattheportofdestinationoncetheinsuredgoodsareallocatedorpartiallydeliveredthere.InsuranceDuration保險(xiǎn)期限（保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任的起訖）II.Additionalinsurancecoverage附加險(xiǎn)別

1GeneralAdditionalInsuranceCoverage偷竊提貨不著險(xiǎn)（Theft,PilferageandNon-Delivery:TPND）淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)（FreshWaterandRainDamage）滲漏險(xiǎn)（RiskofLeakage）短量險(xiǎn)（RiskofShortage）鉤損險(xiǎn)（HookDamage）污染險(xiǎn)（RiskofContamination）碰損破碎險(xiǎn)（RiskofClashandBreakage）生銹險(xiǎn)（RiskofRust）串味險(xiǎn)（RiskofOdour）受潮受熱險(xiǎn)（DamageCausedbyHeatingandSweating)說(shuō)明：一般附加險(xiǎn)不能作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)項(xiàng)目投保，而只能在投保平安險(xiǎn)或水漬險(xiǎn)后加保。一切險(xiǎn)是否可以加保一般附加險(xiǎn)呢？投保一切險(xiǎn)后不必加保一般附加險(xiǎn)。Payattentionto：Noadditionalriskcanbepurchasedtoinsuregoodsindependently.SincethescopeofcoverofgeneraladditionalrisksisalreadyincludedintothatofAllRisks,itisnotnecessaryforthegoodstobeinsuredbyadditionalrisksifitisinsuredbyAllRisks.2)SpecialAdditionalRiskSpecialadditionalriskdiffersfromgeneraladditionriskinthattheformercoverslossordamagecausedbysomespecialextraneousreasonssuchaspolitics,law,regulationsandwar.Ontheotherhand,likegeneraladditionalrisk,specialadditionalriskscannotbeusedtoinsuregoodsaloneeither.Specialadditionalrisksinclude:*WarRisk*StrikeRisk*Ondeckrisk*Importdutyriskclause*Rejectionrisk……DurationofWarrisksPlaceofcommencement&terminationofwarrisks:Commencingwhentheinsuredgoodsareloadedonthecarryingvesselorthelighter/bargeattheportofshipmentandterminatingwhentheyareunloadedfromthevesselorlighter/bargeattheportofdestination.Timeofcommencement&terminationofwarrisks:Terminatingonthe15thdaystartingfromthemidnightofthedaywhenthecarryingvesselarrivesatthedestinationiftheinsuredgoodsarenotunloadedfromthevesselorbarge.Iftheinsuredgoodsaretransshippedduringthevoyagetodestination,theunderwriter’sliabilitiesterminateonthe15thdaycountingfromthemidnightofthedaythecarryingvesselarrivesattheportoftransshipmentnomatterthegoodsareunloadedfromthevesselornot,andtheunderwritercontinuestotakeitsliabilitieswhenthegoodsarereloadedtoavesselsailingtothedestination.SectionFourInsuranceTermsinSaleContract

第四節(jié)買賣合同中的保險(xiǎn)條款I(lǐng)nsurancetermsmaydifferunderdifferenttradeterms:FOB、CFR（FAS、FCA、CPT、EXW）

“Insurancetobecoveredbythebuyer”DES、DEQ（DAF、DDU、DDP）

“InsurancetobecoveredbytheSeller”CIF*、CIP*“theclausesshouldbemadeasclearaspossible”I.Insuranceclauses保險(xiǎn)條款WoodlogsneedthecoverageofFPAorICC(B)sincetheycouldbelostbutnotdamaged,whileplywoodshouldbecoveredbyWPAorICC(B)sinceitcanbelostanddamaged,butlesspronetodamageorlossbyextraneousrisksthanfinishedproducts.Finally,todecidewhichcoverageshouldbetakenonehavetoconsiderthefollowingfactors:1.natureandcharacteristicsofthegoods;2.packingconditions;3.transportationroutineandtheportsrelated;4.seasonoftransportation;5.changesofthemarket;6.theusualpracticeofcountries.II.Choiceofinsurancecoverage

保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別的約定*1、按實(shí)事求是和雙贏的原則，根據(jù)商品、季節(jié)、地理、政局等合理選擇險(xiǎn)種；1）基本險(xiǎn)的選擇水漬險(xiǎn)的費(fèi)率約相當(dāng)于一切險(xiǎn)的1/2，平安險(xiǎn)約相當(dāng)于一切險(xiǎn)的1/3。一切險(xiǎn):毛、棉、麻、絲、綢、服裝類和化學(xué)纖維類商品，遭受損失的可能性較大，如粘污、鉤損、偷竊、短少、雨淋等。平安險(xiǎn):低值、裸裝的大宗貨物如礦砂、鋼材、鑄鐵制品水漬險(xiǎn):不大可能發(fā)生碰損、破碎商品，如鐵釘、鐵絲、螺絲等小五金類商品。2）主險(xiǎn)與附加險(xiǎn)靈活使用一切險(xiǎn)+黃曲霉素險(xiǎn):如某些含有黃曲霉素的食物（花生、油菜籽、大米），往往會(huì)因超過(guò)進(jìn)口國(guó)對(duì)該毒素的限制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而被拒絕進(jìn)口、沒(méi)收或強(qiáng)制改變用途，從而造成損失。平安險(xiǎn)（水漬險(xiǎn)）+破碎險(xiǎn)：玻璃制品、陶瓷類的日用品或工藝品等產(chǎn)品，石棉瓦(板)、水泥板、大理石等建筑材料類商品，會(huì)因破碎造成損失。平安險(xiǎn)（水漬險(xiǎn)）+受熱受潮險(xiǎn)：麻類商品，受潮后會(huì)發(fā)熱、引起霉變、自燃等帶來(lái)?yè)p失。2、按慣例，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)、罷工險(xiǎn)等特殊附加險(xiǎn)由買方付費(fèi)賣方辦理，如有波動(dòng)也由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。3、未約定，賣方只負(fù)責(zé)保最低險(xiǎn)種。保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別的選擇貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)實(shí)務(wù)Theinsuranceamountisthehighestamountfortheinsurershallcompensate.Premiumiscalculatedbasedontheamountandtherate.Equation1:Insuredamount=CIF(CIP)price×(1+percentageofaddition)Equation2:Premium=insuranceamount×premiumrate(percentage)Equation3:CIF(CIP)price=CFR(CPT)price+PremiumCIF(CIP)price=CFR(CPT)price+Premium=CFR(CPT)price+insuranceamount×premiumrate(percentage)=CFR(CPT)price+CIF(CIP)price×(1+percentageofaddition)×premiumrate(percentage);III.Calculationofinsuranceamountandpremium

Examplecalculation:OriginalquotationmadebyexporterAforarticleXis$1000perM/TCFRLondon.SupposetheimporterasksforCIFprice,insurancetobemadefor110%oftheinvoicevalueagainstAllRisks(itspremiumrateis1%).PleasecalculatethenewCIFprice.

Answer:∵CIFprice=CFRprice/[1-Premiumrate×(1+percentageofaddition)]=1000/[1-(1%×110%)]=$1011∴ThenewCIFpriceis$1011.III.Calculationofinsuranceamountandpremium

計(jì)算：保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算

一批貨物由青島出口某國(guó)。CIF總額是30000USD，投保一切險(xiǎn)（保費(fèi)率0.6%）及戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)（保費(fèi)率0.03%）加一成投保，應(yīng)交保費(fèi)多少？

I＝30000X（1＋10%）×（0.6%＋0.03%）

＝207.9USD

某貨物CFR單價(jià)為8000DSD/T，投保一切險(xiǎn)（保費(fèi)率1%）加一成投保，求CIF單價(jià)。

CIF=CFR+I=CFR+CIF×（1+10%）×1%CIF=CFR/（1-110%×1%）=8000÷0.989=8088.98(USD/T)IV.InsuranceDocuments保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)Definition保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)的定義Aninsurancedocumentistheevidenceoftheinsurancecontractenteredintobytheinsurerandtheapplicantortheinsurant．Itservesasadocumentdefiningtheobligationsoftheinsurerandtheinsurant．Itisalsothedocumentaccordingtowhichtheinsurantlodgesaclaimandtheinsurersettlesaclaimwhenthelossordamagewhichisanswerableunderthetermsofthecoverageoccurs．UnderCIFandCIPcontracts，thesellermustprovidethebuyerwithinsurancedocuments．Andinsurancedocumentsarenegotiablebyendorsement．TypesofInsuranceDocuments保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)的種類

1．InsurancePolicy保險(xiǎn)單

2．InsuranceCertificate保險(xiǎn)憑證

3．Endorsement批單

4．InsuranceDeclaration保險(xiǎn)通知書(shū)Validperiodofclaim索賠期限

enthedamageorlossesoccurwithintheinsuredperiod.Andtheperiodforinsuranceclaimhasitslimitation,whichisusually2yearsfromthedatewhenthecargoisunloadedfromthevessel.Namely,theinsuredhavetoclaimforthelosseswithin2yearsortheinsuredwillbedeprivedoftherightofclaim.Whentheinsuredbecomeawareofthelossesorthedamage,heissupposedtoinformtheinsurancecompanyoritsagentrightaway.2.Adviceoflosses損失通知

V.Insuranceclaim保險(xiǎn)索賠3.

Thesurveyagentandclaimsettlementagent檢驗(yàn)或理賠代理機(jī)構(gòu)

Uponreceivingtheadvice,theinsurer,thesurveyortheclaimsettlementagentshouldimmediatelytakecorrespondentactions,likeinspectingthelosses,workingouttheproposalsforrescue,identifyingtheliabilitiesandissuingtheinspectionreport...andiftheclaimisfoundtobejustifiable,payindemnitytotheinsured.Apartfrominformingtheinsurerofthelosses,theinsuredshouldaskthecarrierandotherrelatedpartiesfortheevidenceoflossesofordamagetothegoods.Ifitisfoundtobetheirfault,claimshouldbemadeinwrittenimmediately.Theinsuredshouldtakesuitablemeasurestoremedythegoodsorputthemoutofdanger.4.Claimfordamagesonthecarrierandotherpartiesconcerned.向承運(yùn)人或相關(guān)人員索賠

5.Takesuitablemeasures采取合理的施救措施

Whenclaimingcompensation,theinsuredshouldofferthefollowingdocuments:insurancepolicyorcertificate,invoice,packinglist,weightmemo,surveyreport,andothersifnecessary.6.Prepareclaimdocument備妥索賠證據(jù)

Afterpayingtheclaimtotheinsured,theinsurerwilltaketheplaceoftheinsuredtoalltherightsofthegoods,includingtheclaimsagainstthethirdparty.Theinsured,afterreceivingthecompensation,willsignaletterofsubrogationtotheinsurer.7.Rightofsubrogation代位追償權(quán)

Tobecoveredbythesellerfor110%oftheinvoicevalue,coveringAllRisks&WarRiskasperCICdated1/1/1981.

保險(xiǎn)由賣方按發(fā)標(biāo)金額的110%投保一切險(xiǎn)、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn)，以中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司1981年1月1日的中國(guó)保險(xiǎn)條款為準(zhǔn)。買賣合同中的保險(xiǎn)條款實(shí)例FortransactionsconcludedonCIFbasis,itisunderstoodthattheinsuranceamountwillbe110%oftheinvoicevalueagainsttherisksspecifiedintheS/C.Ifadditionalinsuranceamountorcoverageisrequired,theextrapremiumistobebornebythebuyer.

以CIF成交的交易，應(yīng)以發(fā)票金額的110%投保合同中所規(guī)定的險(xiǎn)別。如果要提高投保金額或加保其他險(xiǎn)別，則由此產(chǎn)生的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)由買方支付。買賣合同中的保險(xiǎn)條款實(shí)例

Thesellershallcovertheinsurancefor110%ofthetotalinvoicevalueagainstICC(A),asperInstituteCargoClauses(A)dated1/1/1982.

保險(xiǎn)由賣方按發(fā)票金額的110%投保倫敦貨物協(xié)會(huì)險(xiǎn)A險(xiǎn)，以倫敦保險(xiǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)1982年1月1日貨物（A）險(xiǎn)條款為準(zhǔn)。練習(xí)：買賣合同中的保險(xiǎn)條款

MARINEINSURANCEPOLICYOFCERTIFICATEINDUPLICATE,

INDORSEDINBLANK,FORFULLINVOICEVALUEPLUS10PERCENTSTATINGCLAIMPAYABLEINTHAILANDCOVERINGFPAASPEROCEANMARINECARGOCLAUSEOFTHEPEOPLE’SINSURANCECOMPANYOFCHINADATED1/11981,INCLUDINGT.P.N.D.LOSSAND/ORDAMAGECAUSEDBYHEAT,SHIP’SSWEATANDODOOUR,HOOP-RUST,BREAKAGEOFPACKING.

保險(xiǎn)單或保險(xiǎn)憑證一式二份，空白背書(shū)，按發(fā)票金額加10%投保，聲明在泰國(guó)賠付，根據(jù)中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司1981年1月1日的海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款投保平安險(xiǎn)，包括偷竊提貨不著，受熱船艙發(fā)汗，串味，鐵箍銹損，包裝破裂所導(dǎo)致的損失。

FORExampleCasestudyCase1:OurexporterexportedaloadofcargotoaMiddle-EastcountryunderCIFtermsandcoveredWPAinadditiontoTPND,butthevesselwasdetainedasaresultoftheIran-Iraqwar.Theimporterlodgedaclaimtotheinsurancecompany.Cantheimporterbecompensated?Case1:

解析：偷竊提貨不著險(xiǎn)是指被保貨物整件被偷或從整件中竊取一部分，以致貨到目的地后收貨人提取不著整件的貨物。從本例來(lái)看，顯然不是屬于這種情況，所以保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。

CasestudyCase2:Ourexporterexported1,000balesofgrayclothtoAustralia,coveringWPA100baleswerewettedasaresultofleakageofthepipeduringtransit.Shouldtheinsurancecompanymakeindemnities?我國(guó)某外貿(mào)公司向澳大利亞出口坯布1000包，投保水漬險(xiǎn)，貨在海運(yùn)途中因船艙使用水管漏水，致使該批貨中100包浸水漬，問(wèn)保險(xiǎn)公司是否賠償？Analysis:Theinsurancecompanyisnotliableunlessfreshwaterraindamagewascovered.

不賠，應(yīng)加保淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)。

CasestudyCase3:Avesselcollapsedwithflowingicebergsontheseaandacrackwasfoundedononesideofthevessel.Seawaterfloodedinandpartofthecargowaswet.Thecaptainhadtocallatthenearestporttodrainoffwaterandafterwardsthrewoffsomebulkygoodsintotheseatomakethevesselfloating.Whichpartbelongstogeneralaverageandwhichbelongstoparticularaverage?

CasestudyCase4:有一貨輪在海中與流冰相撞，船身一側(cè)裂口，海水涌進(jìn)，艙內(nèi)部分貨物遭浸泡，船長(zhǎng)不得不將船就近駛上淺灘，進(jìn)行排水，修補(bǔ)裂口，而后為了起浮又將部分笨重貨物拋入海中，問(wèn)哪些是單獨(dú)海損？哪些是共同海損？

CasestudyCase4:Analysis:ParticularAverage:crackofthevesselandpartofthecargoundergonesoaking;GeneralAverage:thevesselshippedtothenearestportandthelossesthereafter.單獨(dú)海損：船體撞裂和部分貨物遭受浸泡。共同海損：船只駛上淺灘并由此產(chǎn)生的一系列損失。

Casestudy

Case5:Avesselwithcompartment1andcompartment2caughtafireduringthetripandcompartment1wasonfire.However,thecaptainmistakenlythoughtbothcompartmentswereonfireandorderedthecrewtoputoutthefirewithwatercannons.Lossesare:themainenginewasdamaged;(2)twolotsofgoodsincompartment1,onelotwasburneddownpartiallyandtheotherwaswaterlogging.Whichbelongstoparticularaverageandwhichbelongstogeneralaverage?

Casestudy

Case5:某貨輪在航行途中機(jī)艙發(fā)生火災(zāi)，船上甲乙兩艙，火災(zāi)蔓延到甲艙。船長(zhǎng)誤以為甲乙兩艙都著火，命令對(duì)兩艙同時(shí)高壓水龍滅火施救，損失情況：(1)主機(jī)燒壞，(2)甲艙兩批貨，A批貨物部分被火燒毀。B批滅火時(shí)遭水浸。問(wèn)：哪些是單獨(dú)海損？哪些是共同海損？

Casestudy

Case5:Analysis:Particular